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E-grāmata: Comparative Grammar of the Early Germanic Languages

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  • Formāts: 436 pages
  • Sērija : Studies in Germanic Linguistics 3
  • Izdošanas datums: 05-Oct-2018
  • Izdevniecība: John Benjamins Publishing Co
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9789027263131
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Comparative Grammar of the Early Germanic LanguagesPalielināt
  • Formāts: 436 pages
  • Sērija : Studies in Germanic Linguistics 3
  • Izdošanas datums: 05-Oct-2018
  • Izdevniecība: John Benjamins Publishing Co
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9789027263131
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Fulk’s Comparative Grammar offers an overview of and bibliographical guide to the study of the phonology and the inflectional morphology of the earliest Germanic languages, with particular attention to Gothic, Old Norse / Icelandic, Old English, Old Frisian, Old Saxon, and Old High German, along with some attention to the more sparsely attested languages. The sounds and inflections of the oldest Germanic languages are compared, with a view to reconstructing the forms they took in Proto-Germanic and comparing those reconstructed forms with what is known of the Indo-European protolanguage. Students will find the book an informative introduction and a bibliographically instructive point of departure for intensive research in the numerous issues that remain profoundly contested in early Germanic language history.
List of figures
xii
List of abbreviations
xiii
Preface xiv
Chapter 1 Introduction
1(34)
1.1 Early Germanic phonology and morphology: general bibliography
1(1)
1.2 The Indo-European background of Germanic
1(3)
1.3 Distinguishing characteristics of Germanic
4(1)
1.4 The position of Germanic within the Indo-European family
5(4)
1.5 Substrate influence upon Germanic
9(2)
1.6 The reconstruction of Proto-Germanic
11(1)
1.7 Germanic loanwords in Finnish
12(1)
1.8 The three branches of Germanic
12(2)
1.9 The grouping of the three Germanic branches
14(3)
1.10 The development of Northwest Germanic and the Ingvaeonic problem
17(2)
1.11 East Germanic
19(3)
1.12 Provenance of the Goths
22(1)
1.13 The Runic records
23(1)
1.14 North Germanic
24(1)
1.15 West Germanic
25(1)
1.16 Old English
26(2)
1.17 Old Frisian
28(1)
1.18 Old Saxon
29(1)
1.19 Old Low Franconian
30(1)
1.20 Old High German
30(5)
PHONOLOGY
Chapter 2 Prosodic Features and the Syllable
35(8)
2.1 The Proto-Indo-European lexical accent
35(1)
2.2 Lexical accent in Proto-Germanic
36(2)
2.3 Quantity in early Germanic
38(1)
2.4 Syllable division in early Germanic
39(2)
2.5 Prokosch's law
41(2)
Chapter 3 The Vowels of Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Germanic
43(12)
3.1 The vowels of Proto-Indo-European
43(3)
3.2 The short vowels in early Germanic
46(1)
3.3 The long vowels in early Germanic
47(2)
3.4 The diphthongs in early Germanic
49(2)
3.5 The sources of e2
51(1)
3.6 Ablaut in Proto-Germanic
52(1)
3.7 Summary tables of Indo-European vowel developments
53(2)
Chapter 4 Changes of Stressed Vowels in Germanic
55(24)
4.1 Compensatory lengthening upon loss of a nasal consonant
55(1)
4.2 Shortening in closed syllables
55(1)
4.3 Redistribution of the Proto-Germanic short mid and high vowels: lowering
55(2)
4.4 Redistribution of the Proto-Germanic short mid and high vowels: raising
57(2)
4.5 Changes of stressed vowels in Gothic
59(1)
4.6 Changes of stressed vowels in the Northwest Germanic protolanguage
60(1)
4.7 Front mutation
61(6)
4.8 Back mutation
67(3)
4.9 Changes of stressed vowels and diphthongs in Proto-Norse
70(1)
4.10 Changes of stressed vowels and diphthongs in the protolanguage of West Germanic
71(1)
4.11 Changes of stressed vowels in North Sea Germanic
72(1)
4.12 Changes of stressed vowels and diphthongs in Anglo-Frisian
72(1)
4.13 Changes of stressed vowels in early Old English
73(2)
4.14 Changes of stressed vowels in Old Frisian
75(1)
4.15 Changes of stressed vowels in Old Saxon
76(1)
4.16 Changes of stressed vowels in Old Low Franconian
76(1)
4.17 Changes of stressed vowels in Old High German
77(1)
4.18 Summary table of Germanic stressed vowels
77(2)
Chapter 5 The Germanic Vowels in Syllables of Lesser Stress
79(20)
5.1 General remarks
79(1)
5.2 Short vowels of final syllables
79(3)
5.3 Bimoric vowels and diphthongs of final syllables
82(2)
5.4 Trimoric vowels and diphthongs
84(3)
5.5 Changes of medial vowels in the early preliterary period
87(3)
5.6 Later preliterary changes of medial and final vowels
90(6)
5.7 Vowels in prefixes
96(1)
5.8 Sievers' law
97(2)
Chapter 6 Consonants
99(42)
6.1 The Proto-Indo-European consonants
99(1)
6.2 The glottalic theory
100(1)
6.3 Laryngeal consonants in Germanic
101(1)
6.4 Grimm's law
102(3)
6.5 Exceptions to Grimm's law
105(2)
6.6 Venter's law
107(3)
6.7 The chronology and dating of Grimm's and Venter's laws
110(2)
6.8 Geminates in Proto-Germanic
112(2)
6.9 Geminate obstruents and Kluge's law
114(3)
6.10 The Verscharfung
117(3)
6.11 Further consonant changes common to all the Germanic languages
120(2)
6.12 Consonant changes in Gothic
122(1)
6.13 Gothic pl-
123(1)
6.14 Consonant changes in Proto-Norse
123(3)
6.15 West Germanic consonant gemination
126(3)
6.16 Other consonant changes in the West Germanic protolanguage
129(1)
6.17 Consonant changes in North Sea Germanic and Anglo-Frisian
130(1)
6.18 Consonant changes in Old English
131(1)
6.19 Consonant changes in Old Frisian
132(1)
6.20 Consonant changes in Old Saxon
133(1)
6.21 The High German Consonant Shift
133(3)
6.22 Other consonant changes in Old High German
136(5)
MORPHOLOGY
Chapter 7 Nouns
141(40)
7.1 Noun formation in Proto-Indo-European and Germanic
141(1)
7.2 The inflections of Proto-Indo-European root-stems
142(1)
7.3 The inflectional categories of Germanic nouns
143(1)
7.4 Accent and ablaut in nouns
144(1)
7.5 Vocalic stems
144(1)
7.6 a-stem nouns
144(1)
7.7 The simple a-stems
145(1)
7.8 Origin and development of a-stem inflections
146(4)
7.9 They ja-stems
150(1)
7.10 They ja-stems in Gothic
150(1)
7.11 They ja-stems in Northwest Germanic
151(2)
7.12 The wa-stems
153(1)
7.13 The o-stems
154(1)
7.14 The simple o-stems
154(1)
7.15 Origin and development of o-stem inflections
155(1)
7.16 They jo-stems
156(1)
7.17 Origin and development of jo-stem inflections
157(1)
7.18 The wo-stems
157(1)
7.19 The i-stems
158(1)
7.20 The masculine and neuter i-stems
158(1)
7.21 Origin and development of masculine and neuter i-stem inflections
159(2)
7.22 The feminine i-stems
161(1)
7.23 Origin and development of feminine i-stem inflections
162(1)
7.24 The u-stems
163(1)
7.25 Origin and development of u-stem inflections
164(1)
7.26 The consonantal stems
165(1)
7.27 The root-stems
165(2)
7.28 Origin and development of the root-stems and their inflections
167(1)
7.29 The n-stems
168(1)
7.30 The an-stems
168(1)
7.31 Origin and development of an-stem inflections
169(2)
7.32 The on-stems
171(1)
7.33 Origin and development of on-stem inflections
172(1)
7.34 The in-stems
172(1)
7.35 The r-stems
173(1)
7.36 Origin and development of r-stem inflections
174(2)
7.37 The s-stems
176(1)
7.38 Origin and development of s-stem inflections
177(1)
7.39 The nd-stems
178(1)
7.40 Origin and development of nd-stem inflections
178(1)
7.41 The dental stems
179(1)
7.42 The heteroclitic stems
180(1)
Chapter 8 Pronouns
181(27)
8.1 Types of pronouns in Proto-Germanic
181(1)
I Personal Pronouns
8.2 Personal pronouns of the first person
181(4)
8.3 Personal pronouns of the second person
185(3)
8.4 Reflexive pronouns
188(1)
8.5 Possessive adjectives
188(2)
II Anaphoric Pronouns
8.6 Anaphoric pronouns in Proto-Indo-European
190(1)
8.7 Anaphoric pronouns in Germanic
190(3)
III Demonstrative Pronouns
8.8 Demonstrative pronouns in Germanic
193(1)
8.9 Demonstrative pronouns in Proto-Indo-European
193(1)
8.10 The inherited demonstrative pronoun in Germanic
194(4)
8.11 Distal demonstrative pronouns in Germanic
198(1)
8.12 Proximal demonstrative pronouns
198(3)
IV Remaining Types of Pronouns
8.13 Interrogative pronouns
201(2)
8.14 Relative pronouns
203(1)
8.15 Indefinite pronouns
204(4)
Chapter 9 Adjectives
208(14)
9.1 Adjective inflection in Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Germanic
208(1)
I Indefinite (strong) adjectives
9.2 The unmarked strong declension of monosyllabic heavy stems
209(3)
9.3 Variant stem types in the unmarked strong declension
212(1)
9.4 The ja- and jo-stems
213(1)
9.5 The wa- and wo-stems
214(1)
9.6 The i- and u-stems
215(1)
II Definite (weak) adjectives
9.7 Definitions, distribution, derivation
216(1)
9.8 Inflectional patterns
216(2)
9.9 The declension of participles
218(1)
III Comparison of adjectives
9.10 The comparative degree
218(1)
9.11 The superlative degree
219(1)
9.12 Distribution of suffixes
219(1)
9.13 Suppletive comparison
220(2)
Chapter 10 Numerals
222(15)
I Cardinals
10.1 The numerals 1-4
222(4)
10.2 The numerals 5-10
226(1)
10.3 The numerals 11-19
227(1)
10.4 The lower decads, 20-60
228(2)
10.5 The upper decads, 70-120
230(2)
10.6 The higher cardinals
232(1)
III Ordinals and Varia
10.7 `First', `second', and `third'
233(1)
10.8 `Fourth' to `twelfth'
233(1)
10.9 The higher ordinals
234(1)
10.10 Varia
235(2)
Chapter 11 Adverbs, Prepositions, Conjunctions
237(5)
11.1 Monomorphemic adverbs
237(1)
11.2 The composition of adverbial stems
237(2)
11.3 Regular comparison of adverbs
239(1)
11.4 Suppletive comparison
240(1)
11.5 Prepositions
240(1)
11.6 Conjunctions
241(1)
Chapter 12 Verbs
242(96)
I The Proto-Indo-European Background of the Germanic Verb
12.1 Categories and aspects of verbs in Proto-Indo-European
242(2)
12.2 Verb tenses and stems in Proto-Indo-European
244(1)
12.3 Primary, secondary, and derived verbs in Proto-Indo-European
245(4)
12.4 Personal inflections of verbs in Proto-Indo-European
249(1)
12.5 The middle voice in Proto-Indo-European
250(1)
12.6 The moods of Proto-Indo-European
251(1)
12.7 Non-finite verb forms
252(1)
12.8 Particles and the Proto-Indo-European verb
253(1)
II Germanic Verb Morphology
12.9 The general nature of the restructuring of the Germanic verb system
254(1)
12.10 Morphological restructuring of root, stem, and inflection in Proto-Germanic
255(1)
III Strong Verbs
A Stem formation
12.11 The general nature of strong verbs
255(1)
12.12 Productivity
256(1)
12.13 Derivation of Proto-Germanic ablaut patterns: classes I---III
257(1)
12.14 Derivation of Proto-Germanic ablaut patterns: classes IV-V
257(1)
12.15 Derivation of Proto-Germanic ablaut patterns: class VI
258(2)
12.16 Derivation of Proto-Germanic ablaut patterns: class VII
260(1)
12.17 Venter's law in strong verbs
261(2)
12.18 Aorist presents
263(2)
12.19 Strong verbs with so-called weak presents
265(1)
12.20 Preterites of class VII in Northwest Germanic
266(4)
12.21 Contracted verbs
270(1)
12.22 The verba pura
271(1)
B Inflection
12.23 A comparative paradigm of strong verb inflection
272(2)
12.24 Inflection of the present indicative active in Proto-Germanic
274(3)
12.25 Inflection of the preterite indicative in Proto-Germanic
277(2)
12.26 Inflection of the present subjunctive active in Proto-Germanic
279(2)
12.27 Inflection of the preterite subjunctive in Proto-Germanic
281(1)
12.28 Inflection of the imperative in Proto-Germanic
282(1)
12.29 The passive and middle inflections
283(1)
12.30 Formation and inflection of non-finite strong verb forms
284(1)
12.31 Characteristics of the seven strong classes in the individual early Germanic languages
285(6)
IV Weak Verbs
12.32 The nature of weak verbs
291(1)
12.33 Origin of the dental suffix
292(2)
A Weak verbs of class 1
12.34 Stem formation
294(1)
12.35 Inflection
295(1)
12.36 Variation in the stem
296(3)
12.37 Verbs without *-i-in the preterite
299(2)
12.38 Development of the inflections of the present stem
301(2)
12.39 Development of inflections of the preterite stem
303(1)
B Weak verbs of class
2(302)
12.40 Stem formation
304(1)
12.41 Inflection
305(1)
12.42 Morphological variation
306(1)
12.43 Historical development
306(2)
C Weak verbs of class
3(305)
12.44 Stem formation
308(1)
12.45 Inflection
308(2)
12.46 Morphological variation
310(1)
12.47 Historical development
310(3)
D Weak verbs of class 4
12.48 Stem formation
313(1)
12.49 Inflection
313(1)
12.50 Historical development
314(2)
V Preterite-Present Verbs
12.51 Stem formation
316(1)
12.52 Inflection and forms
316(1)
12.53 Inventory by corresponding strong class
317(4)
12.54 Historical development
321(2)
VI Athematic verbs
12.55 Inventory
323(1)
12.56 The verb `be'
323(2)
12.57 Historical development of `be'
325(3)
12.58 The verb `will'
328(1)
12.59 Historical development of `will'
328(2)
12.60 The verb `do'
330(1)
12.61 Historical development of `do'
331(3)
12.62 The athematic verb `go'
334(1)
12.63 Historical development of `go'
335(1)
12.64 The athematic verb `stand'
336(2)
References 338(38)
Index verborum 376
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