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E-grāmata: Complete Criminal Law: Text, Cases, and Materials

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(Former Senior Lecturer in Law, London Metropolitan University), (Associate Lecturer in Law, The Open University), (Senior Lecturer in Law, The Open University)
  • Formāts: 776 pages
  • Sērija : Complete
  • Izdošanas datums: 26-May-2022
  • Izdevniecība: Oxford University Press
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780192668561
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Complete Criminal Law: Text, Cases, and MaterialsPalielināt
  • Formāts: 776 pages
  • Sērija : Complete
  • Izdošanas datums: 26-May-2022
  • Izdevniecība: Oxford University Press
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780192668561
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Complete Criminal Law provides students with choice extracts, supported by clear author commentary and useful learning features. The explanations and examples in this textbook have been crafted to help students hone their understanding of criminal law.

The Complete titles are ambitious in their scope; they have been carefully developed with teachers to offer law students more than just a presentation of the key concepts. Instead they offer a complete package. Only by building on the foundations of the subject, by showing how the law works,
demonstrating its application through extracts from cases and judgments, and by giving students the tools and the confidence to think critically about the law will they gain a complete understanding.

Digital formats

This edition is available for students and institutions to purchase in a variety of formats, and is supported by online resources.

The e-book offers a mobile experience and convenient access along with functionality tools, navigation features, and links that offer extra learning support: www.oxfordtextbooks.co.uk/ebooks

The book is also supported by online resources, including:
- Additional coverage of misuse of drugs offences
- Multiple choice questions
- Answer guidance to the problem questions posed in the book
- Answer guidance to the thinking points in the book
- Extra exam style questions with answer guidance

Recenzijas

Strikes exactly the right balance between providing a sound introduction to the subject...whilst still being comprehensive...combined with a user-friendly layout and a variety of innovative techniques to aid students' learning * Graeme Brown, Assistant Professor in Criminal Law, Durham University * A fantastic book...a complete package. The book and combined online support provides...a detailed and highly effective learning pathway. If a learner followed the logical structure and took advantage of the online support they would be guaranteed success on any criminal law module * Louis Martin, Senior Lecturer, Staffordshire University * Particularly user-friendly and accessible...the unique features make it ideal * Andra le Roux-Kemp, Associate Professor in Law, University of Lincoln *

Acknowledgements xxvi
Table of cases
xxvii
Table of legislation
xxxviii
1 Introduction to the criminal justice system
1(34)
1.1 What is crime?
2(7)
1.1.1 Moralism
3(1)
1.1.2 The harm principle
4(2)
1.1.3 Paternalism
6(1)
1.1.4 Politicisation
6(1)
1.1.5 Critical legal theory
7(1)
1.1.6 Feminism
7(1)
1.1.7 Critical race theory
8(1)
1.2 How are crimes investigated, tried, and punished?
9(8)
1.2.1 Police
10(1)
1.2.2 Crown Prosecution Service
10(1)
1.2.3 The age of criminal responsibility
11(1)
1.2.4 Classification of crimes
11(1)
1.2.5 Elements of crimes
12(2)
1.2.6 The courts
14(1)
1.2.7 Procedure and fair trial rights
14(2)
1.2.8 Sentencing
16(1)
1.3 How much should we punish?
17(4)
1.3.1 Over-criminalisation
17(2)
1.3.2 Fear of crime vs reality
19(1)
1.3.3 Should we be punishing more?
20(1)
1.4 What does the prosecution have to prove?
21(4)
1.4.1 The presumption of innocence and the burden of proof
22(2)
1.4.2 Exceptions to the prosecution bearing the burden of proof
24(1)
1.5 How is criminal law created?
25(2)
1.5.1 Statute and common law
25(1)
1.5.2 The Draft Criminal Code 1989
25(1)
1.5.3 The European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR)
25(2)
1.6 Is there adequate access to justice?
27(3)
1.6.1 Access to justice
27(1)
1.6.2 Miscarriages of justice
28(1)
1.6.3 Victims
28(1)
1.6.4 Unequal effects of crime
29(1)
1.7 Conclusion
30(5)
2 Actus reus: the conduct element
35(55)
2.1 Voluntary acts
36(4)
2.1.1 Actus reus by conduct
37(1)
2.1.2 Voluntariness
37(3)
2.2 Actus reus by omission
40(21)
2.2.1 Introduction: acts and omissions
40(1)
2.2.2 Statutory offences of failing to act
41(1)
2.2.3 Common law offences: the five duty situations
41(15)
2.2.4 Criticisms of omissions liability
56(4)
2.2.5 Evaluation
60(1)
2.2.6 Reform
60(1)
2.3 Actus reus by circumstances
61(1)
2.4 Actus reus by results: causation
62(21)
2.4.1 Introduction
62(1)
2.4.2 Factual causation
63(1)
2.4.3 Legal causation
64(17)
2.4.4 Reform
81(1)
2.4.5 Evaluation
81(2)
2.5 Coincidence of actus reus and mens rea
83(7)
2.5.1 Coincidence of actus reus and mens rea in time and the continuing act exception
83(7)
3 Mens rea: blameworthy states of mind
90(71)
3.1 Intention
92(22)
3.1.1 Introduction
92(1)
3.1.2 Intention and murder
92(1)
3.1.3 Intention: ordinary meaning
93(1)
3.1.4 Legal meaning: type 1---direct intent
94(1)
3.1.5 Legal meaning: type 2---oblique or indirect intent
94(9)
3.1.6 Oblique intent is a flexible concept
103(2)
3.1.7 The distinction between motive and intention
105(2)
3.1.8 Mercy killings
107(1)
3.1.9 Doctors, palliative care, and double effect
107(1)
3.1.10 Evaluation
108(2)
3.1.11 Reform
110(2)
3.1.12 Transferred malice
112(2)
3.2 Recklessness
114(14)
3.2.1 Introduction
114(1)
3.2.2 The ordinary meaning of recklessness
115(1)
3.2.3 The current legal definition: subjective recklessness
116(4)
3.2.4 Caldwell recklessness: 1982-2003
120(1)
3.2.5 Subjective recklessness restored: 2003 onwards
121(5)
3.2.6 How to distinguish recklessness from intention
126(1)
3.2.7 How to distinguish recklessness from negligence
126(1)
3.2.8 Reform
126(1)
3.2.9 Evaluation and conclusion
126(2)
3.3 Negligence and gross negligence
128(3)
3.3.1 Negligence
128(1)
3.3.2 Negligent mistake
129(1)
3.3.3 The distinction between negligence and recklessness
129(1)
3.3.4 Should negligence be a basis of fault?
129(1)
3.3.5 Gross negligence
130(1)
3.4 Strict liability
131(30)
3.4.1 Introduction
131(1)
3.4.2 Strict vs absolute liability
132(1)
3.4.3 The statutory context: the presumption of mens rea
133(6)
3.4.4 The exceptions to mens rea
139(13)
3.4.5 Strict liability and the ECHR
152(3)
3.4.6 Evaluation: arguments for and against strict liability
155(6)
4 Murder and voluntary manslaughter
161(58)
4.1 Actus reus of murder
165(10)
4.1.1 The common law definition of murder
165(1)
4.1.2 `Unlawful killing'
165(1)
4.1.3 Killing and causation
165(1)
4.1.4 A `human being'
166(8)
4.1.5 Under the Queen's peace
174(1)
4.2 Mens rea of murder
175(4)
4.2.1 Background: malice aforethought
175(1)
4.2.2 Criticisms of intention
176(1)
4.2.3 Intention to commit GBH/serious harm
177(2)
4.3 The sentence for murder
179(1)
4.4 Criticism
180(1)
4.5 Reform
181(1)
4.6 Voluntary manslaughter: introduction
182(1)
4.7 Diminished responsibility
183(13)
4.7.1 Introduction
184(1)
4.7.2 Abnormality of mental functioning: s2(1)
185(1)
4.7.3 Recognised medical condition: s2(1)(a)
185(5)
4.7.4 Substantial impairment: s2(1)(b)
190(3)
4.7.5 An explanation for D's acts: s2(1)(c)
193(1)
4.7.6 Burden of proof and the ECHR
194(1)
4.7.7 How is diminished responsibility different from insanity?
194(1)
4.7.8 The defence in context
195(1)
4.7.9 Conclusion
195(1)
4.8 Loss of control
196(19)
4.8.1 Introduction
197(2)
4.8.2 Definition of the defence
199(2)
4.8.3 Loss of self-control: s54(1)
201(2)
4.8.4 The qualifying triggers
203(7)
4.8.5 The objective test: s54(1)(c)
210(4)
4.8.6 Conclusion
214(1)
4.9 Suicide pacts
215(4)
5 Involuntary and corporate manslaughter
219(58)
5.1 Involuntary manslaughter: unintentional killings
220(35)
5.1.1 Introduction
221(1)
5.1.2 Reckless manslaughter
221(2)
5.1.3 Manslaughter by gross negligence
223(14)
5.1.4 Unlawful and dangerous act (constructive) manslaughter
237(18)
5.2 Homicide-related offences
255(3)
5.2.1 Causing death by dangerous driving
256(1)
5.2.2 Causing death by careless or inconsiderate driving
256(1)
5.2.3 Causing death by driving while unlicensed, disqualified, or uninsured
256(1)
5.2.4 Infanticide
257(1)
5.2.5 Child and vulnerable adult killing
257(1)
5.3 Corporate manslaughter
258(19)
5.3.1 The idea of corporate liability
258(1)
5.3.2 Vicarious liability
259(1)
5.3.3 Direct corporate liability
260(4)
5.3.4 Corporate manslaughter
264(7)
5.3.5 Evaluation of the 2007 Act
271(6)
6 Defences of incapacity and mental conditions
277(49)
6.1 Insanity
278(16)
6.1.1 Introduction
279(1)
6.1.2 The burden of proof and the verdict
280(1)
6.1.3 The test for insanity: the M'Naghten Rules
281(9)
6.1.4 Criticisms of insanity
290(2)
6.1.5 Reform
292(1)
6.1.6 Conclusion
293(1)
6.2 Automatism
294(7)
6.2.1 Introduction
294(1)
6.2.2 Definition
294(1)
6.2.3 Burden of proof
295(1)
6.2.4 External causes of involuntary action
295(1)
6.2.5 Self-induced automatism
296(4)
6.2.6 Driving cases
300(1)
6.2.7 Criticisms of the defence
301(1)
6.2.8 Reform
301(1)
6.3 Intoxication
301(19)
6.3.1 Introduction
302(1)
6.3.2 The Majewski rule
302(2)
6.3.3 Intoxication is not a `defence' but a denial of mens rea
304(2)
6.3.4 Crimes of basic and specific intent
306(1)
6.3.5 Dutch courage
307(1)
6.3.6 Alcohol-related conditions
308(1)
6.3.7 Involuntary intoxication
309(3)
6.3.8 Dangerous drugs
312(2)
6.3.9 Voluntary intoxication and defences: drunken mistake
314(4)
6.3.10 Criticisms of the intoxication rules
318(2)
6.3.11 Reform
320(1)
6.4 The relationship between the defences
320(6)
6.4.1 Intoxication, insanity, and automatism
320(6)
7 Defences of compulsion
326(72)
7.1 Duress and duress of circumstances
327(30)
7.1.1 Introduction
328(1)
7.1.2 The test for duress
329(12)
7.1.3 Limitations on the defence: voluntary association with criminals
341(3)
7.1.4 Limitations on the defence: murder, attempted murder, and treason
344(6)
7.1.5 Duress of circumstances
350(4)
7.1.6 Compulsion
354(2)
7.1.7 Reform
356(1)
7.2 Necessity
357(11)
7.2.1 Introduction
357(1)
7.2.2 The test for necessity
357(1)
7.2.3 Medical cases
358(6)
7.2.4 Non-medical cases: self-help and direct action
364(3)
7.2.5 Reform
367(1)
7.3 Public and private defence
368(25)
7.3.1 Introduction
368(3)
7.3.2 The necessity for force: a subjective test
371(13)
7.3.3 The degree of force must be reasonable: an objective test
384(5)
7.3.4 Lethal force and the ECHR
389(3)
7.3.5 Reform
392(1)
7.4 Mistake
393(5)
7.4.1 Introduction
393(1)
7.4.2 Relevant mistakes
394(1)
7.4.3 Mistake and strict liability
395(1)
7.4.4 Mistake and offences of negligence
395(1)
7.4.5 Irrelevant mistakes
396(2)
8 Non-fatal offences against the person
398(64)
8.1 Assault
400(8)
8.1.1 Definition
400(1)
8.1.2 Actus reus
401(7)
8.1.3 Mens rea
408(1)
8.2 Battery
408(4)
8.2.1 Definition
408(1)
8.2.2 Actus reus
409(1)
8.2.3 Mens rea of assault and battery
410(1)
8.2.4 Strangulation or suffocation
411(1)
8.3 Aggravated assaults: actual bodily harm
412(4)
8.3.1 Definition
412(1)
8.3.2 Actus reus
412(3)
8.3.3 Mens rea
415(1)
8.4 Malicious wounding and grievous bodily harm
416(6)
8.4.1 Definition
416(1)
8.4.2 Actus reus
417(3)
8.4.3 Mens rea
420(2)
8.5 Causing grievous bodily harm with intent
422(2)
8.5.1 Definition
422(1)
8.5.2 Actus reus
422(1)
8.5.3 Mens rea
423(1)
8.5.4 Acid-throwing
423(1)
8.6 Defences to assault: consent
424(20)
8.6.1 The public interest
425(1)
8.6.2 `Public interest exceptions': consent provides a defence
425(12)
8.6.3 Consent induced by fraud is no defence
437(7)
8.6.4 Capacity to consent
444(1)
8.6.5 D's mistaken belief in consent
444(1)
8.7 Defences to assault: lawful chastisement
444(1)
8.7.1 Parents
445(1)
8.7.2 Teachers
445(1)
8.8 Racially and religiously aggravated assaults
445(4)
8.8.1 Racial and religious aggravated offences
445(1)
8.8.2 Section 28 Crime and Disorder Act 1998
446(1)
8.8.3 Section 28(1)(a): demonstration of racial/religious hostility
446(1)
8.8.4 Section 28(1)(b): racial/religious motivation
447(1)
8.8.5 Section 28(4):'racial group'
447(2)
8.9 Public order offences
449(3)
8.9.1 Introduction
450(1)
8.9.2 Riot
450(1)
8.9.3 Violent disorder
451(1)
8.9.4 Affray
451(1)
8.9.5 Fear or provocation of violence
451(1)
8.9.6 Harassment, alarm, or distress
451(1)
8.9.7 Stirring up hatred
452(1)
8.10 Protection from Harassment Act 1997
452(4)
8.10.1 Introduction
452(2)
8.10.2 Actus reus: harassment
454(1)
8.10.3 Mens rea
455(1)
8.10.4 Stalking
455(1)
8.11 Coercive control
456(2)
8.11.1 Introduction
456(1)
8.11.2 Actus reus
456(1)
8.11.3 Mens rea
456(1)
8.11.4 Evaluation
457(1)
8.12 Reform
458(4)
8.12.1 Offences against the person
458(1)
8.12.2 Consent
459(3)
9 Sexual offences
462(41)
9.1 The Sexual Offences Act 2003
464(1)
9.2 Rape
465(31)
9.2.1 Definition of rape
465(2)
9.2.2 Actus reus
467(20)
9.2.3 Mens rea
487(4)
9.2.4 Marital rape
491(1)
9.2.5 The rationale of rape
492(1)
9.2.6 Why is rape so controversial? The justice gap
492(4)
9.3 Assault by penetration
496(1)
9.4 Sexual assault
497(3)
9.4.1 Section 78: `sexual'
498(2)
9.5 Causing sexual activity without consent
500(3)
10 Property offences 1: theft, robbery, burglary, and handling
503(77)
10.1 Theft
505(49)
10.1.1 Introduction
505(1)
10.1.2 Actus reus
506(29)
10.1.3 Mens rea
535(19)
10.2 Robbery
554(7)
10.2.1 Introduction
554(1)
10.2.2 Actus reus
555(4)
10.2.3 Mens rea
559(2)
10.3 Burglary
561(12)
10.3.1 Introduction
562(2)
10.3.2 Actus reus of both offences
564(7)
10.3.3 Mens rea
571(1)
10.3.4 Aggravated burglary
572(1)
10.4 Handling
573(7)
10.4.1 Introduction
573(1)
10.4.2 Actus reus
574(3)
10.4.3 Mens rea
577(3)
11 Property offences 2: fraud and other property offences
580(41)
11.1 Fraud
581(15)
11.1.1 The Fraud Act 2006
582(1)
11.1.2 Section 2: fraud by false representation
582(7)
11.1.3 Section 3: fraud by failing to disclose information
589(1)
11.1.4 Section 4: fraud by abuse of position
590(3)
11.1.5 Section 11: obtaining services dishonestly
593(1)
11.1.6 Criticisms of the Fraud Act 2006
594(2)
11.2 Making off without payment
596(2)
11.2.1 Introduction
596(1)
11.2.2 Actus reus
596(1)
11.2.3 Mens rea
597(1)
11.3 Blackmail
598(6)
11.3.1 Introduction
598(1)
11.3.2 Actus reus
599(4)
11.3.3 Mens rea
603(1)
11.4 Criminal damage
604(17)
11.4.1 Introduction
604(1)
11.4.2 Actus reus
605(7)
11.4.3 Mens rea
612(2)
11.4.4 Racially or religiously aggravated criminal damage
614(1)
11.4.5 Criminal damage with intent or recklessness as to endangering life
614(3)
11.4.6 Arson
617(4)
12 Inchoate offences
621(40)
12.1 Attempt
622(14)
12.1.1 Definition
622(1)
12.1.2 Actus reus
623(7)
12.1.3 Mens rea
630(3)
12.1.4 Impossibility
633(2)
12.1.5 Reform
635(1)
12.2 Conspiracy
636(14)
12.2.1 Introduction
636(1)
12.2.2 Actus reus
637(9)
12.2.3 Impossibility
646(1)
12.2.4 Conspiracy to defraud
646(2)
12.2.5 Conspiracy to corrupt public morals and conspiracy to outrage public decency
648(2)
12.2.6 Reform
650(1)
12.3 The Serious Crime Act 2007: encouragement and assistance
650(11)
12.3.1 Introduction
651(1)
12.3.2 Problems with the old law of incitement
651(1)
12.3.3 Section 44: intending to assist or encourage
651(2)
12.3.4 Section 45: assisting or encouraging believing an offence will be committed
653(1)
12.3.5 Section 46: encouraging or assisting offences believing one or more will be committed
654(3)
12.3.6 Defences
657(1)
12.3.7 Conclusion
658(3)
13 Secondary participation: parties to a crime
661(44)
13.1 Definition of parties
662(1)
13.2 Accessories: conditions for liability
663(16)
13.2.1 Actus reus
663(9)
13.2.2 Mens rea
672(7)
13.3 Where P goes beyond the joint plan to commit another offence
679(14)
13.3.1 Definition
679(2)
13.3.2 `Joint enterprise' before Jogee
681(2)
13.3.3 The law after Jogee
683(7)
13.3.4 Is the law after Jogee satisfactory?
690(3)
13.4 Liability of A can be higher than that of P
693(2)
13.4.1 Liability of A can be higher
694(1)
13.4.2 Accessories and justificatory defences
695(1)
13.5 Defences to secondary participation: withdrawal from a joint venture
695(4)
13.5.1 Planned enterprises: there must be timely, unequivocal communication of withdrawal where practical and reasonable
696(1)
13.5.2 Spontaneous enterprises: withdrawal without communication may be effective
697(1)
13.5.3 Joint venture going beyond the agreed plan
698(1)
13.5.4 Reform of withdrawal
698(1)
13.6 Can victims be accessories?
699(1)
13.7 Reform
700(1)
13.8 Evaluation
701(4)
Index 705
The late Janet Loveless was a Senior Lecturer in Law at London Metropolitan University. During her career she was also a member of the LLM Board of London University Examiners and a partner of a London legal aid firm of solicitors.







Mischa Allen has over 20 years' experience of teaching and examining criminal law on undergraduate and GDL courses and was previously Course Leader for the GDL at London Metropolitan University. She is an Associate Lecturer in Law at the Open University.





Caroline Derry is a Senior Lecturer in Law at the Open University. She has practised as a barrister and solicitor and has over twenty years' teaching experience; she was previously LLB Law Course Leader at London Metropolitan University.
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