Acknowledgements |
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xxii | |
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xxiii | |
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xxxv | |
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1 Introduction and general principles |
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1 | (28) |
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2 | (10) |
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1.1.1 Traditional Theory: Harm to Others |
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3 | (3) |
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6 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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1.1.4 Contemporary Theories of Criminal Law |
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7 | (1) |
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1.1.5 The Need for Minimal Criminalisation--Are There Too Many Crimes? |
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8 | (2) |
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10 | (2) |
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1.2 Presumption of Innocence and the Burden of Proof |
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12 | (4) |
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1.2.1 The General Principle |
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12 | (2) |
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1.2.2 Exceptions to the Prosecution Bearing the Burden of Proof |
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14 | (2) |
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1.3 Classification of Crimes and Courts |
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16 | (2) |
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1.3.1 Classification of Crimes |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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1.4 Procedure and Fair Trial Rights |
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18 | (2) |
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18 | (2) |
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20 | (1) |
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1.5 Police Powers, Miscarriages of Justice and Victims |
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20 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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1.5.2 Miscarriages of Justice |
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20 | (1) |
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21 | (1) |
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1.6 Sources of the Criminal Law including the ECHR |
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21 | (3) |
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1.6.1 Statute and Common Law |
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22 | (1) |
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1.6.2 The Draft Criminal Code 1989 |
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22 | (1) |
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1.6.3 The European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR) |
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22 | (2) |
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1.7 Crime in England and Wales Today |
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24 | (2) |
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24 | (2) |
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1.7.2 Black and Ethnic Minorities |
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26 | (1) |
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26 | (3) |
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2 Actus reus: acts, omissions and causation |
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29 | (58) |
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30 | (11) |
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2.1.1 What does Actus Reus Mean? |
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30 | (7) |
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2.1.2 Coincidence/Correspondence of Actus Reus and Mens Rea |
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37 | (4) |
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2.2 Omissions: Liability for Failing to Act in Breach of Duty |
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41 | (21) |
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2.2.1 Introduction: Acts and Omissions |
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41 | (1) |
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2.2.2 Statutory Offences of Failing to Act in Breach of Duty: Conduct Crimes |
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42 | (1) |
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2.2.3 Common Law Offences: Commission by Omission--Result Crimes and the Five Duty Situations |
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42 | (15) |
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2.2.4 Criticisms of Omissions Liability |
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57 | (4) |
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61 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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62 | (25) |
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63 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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64 | (18) |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (4) |
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3 Mens rea: intention, recklessness, negligence and gross negligence |
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87 | (52) |
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88 | (24) |
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88 | (2) |
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3.1.2 Context: Intention and Murder |
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90 | (1) |
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3.1.3 Intention: Ordinary Meaning |
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90 | (1) |
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3.1.4 Legal Meaning: Type 1---Direct Intent |
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90 | (1) |
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3.1.5 Type 2---Oblique or indirect intent: foresight of a virtual certainty |
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91 | (9) |
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3.1.6 Oblique Intent is a Flexible Concept |
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100 | (2) |
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3.1.7 The Distinction between Motive and Intention |
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102 | (2) |
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104 | (1) |
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3.1.9 Doctors, Palliative Care and Double Effect |
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104 | (1) |
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105 | (2) |
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107 | (2) |
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3.1.12 Transferred Malice |
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109 | (3) |
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112 | (16) |
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113 | (1) |
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3.2.2 The Ordinary Meaning of Recklessness |
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114 | (1) |
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3.2.3 The Current Legal Definition: Subjective Recklessness |
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114 | (4) |
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3.2.4 Caldwell Recklessness: 1982-2003 |
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118 | (2) |
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3.2.5 Subjective Recklessness Restored: 2003 Onwards |
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120 | (5) |
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3.2.6 Was the House of Lords in RvG right to reverse CaldweIR |
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125 | (1) |
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3.2.7 How to Distinguish Recklessness from Intention |
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126 | (1) |
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3.2.8 How to Distinguish Recklessness from Negligence |
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126 | (1) |
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126 | (1) |
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3.2.10 Evaluation and Conclusion |
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127 | (1) |
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3.3 Negligence and Gross Negligence |
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128 | (11) |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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3.3.3 The Distinction between Negligence and Recklessness |
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130 | (1) |
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3.3.4 Should Negligence be a Basis of Fault? |
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130 | (1) |
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130 | (4) |
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134 | (5) |
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4 Strict, vicarious and corporate liability |
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139 | (45) |
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140 | (26) |
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140 | (1) |
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4.1.2 Strict v Absolute Liability |
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140 | (2) |
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4.1.3 The Statutory Context: The Presumption of Mens Rea |
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142 | (6) |
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4.1.4 The Exceptions to Mens Rea |
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148 | (14) |
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4.1.5 Strict Liability and the ECHR |
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162 | (2) |
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4.1.6 Evaluation: Arguments for and against Strict Liability |
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164 | (2) |
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166 | (18) |
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4.2.1 Introduction: What is a Corporation? |
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167 | (1) |
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4.2.2 Vicarious Liability |
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167 | (2) |
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4.2.3 Direct Corporate Liability |
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169 | (10) |
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4.2.4 Evaluation of the 2007 Act |
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179 | (5) |
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5 Secondary participation: parties to a crime |
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184 | (43) |
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5.1 Definition of Parties |
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185 | (1) |
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5.2 Accessories: Conditions for Liability |
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185 | (17) |
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186 | (9) |
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195 | (7) |
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5.3 Where P Goes Beyond the Joint Plan to Commit Another Offence |
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202 | (14) |
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202 | (2) |
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5.3.2 `Joint Enterprise' Before Jogee |
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204 | (2) |
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5.3.3 The Law After Jogee |
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206 | (7) |
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5.3.4 Is the Law After Jogee Satisfactory? |
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213 | (3) |
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5.4 Liability of A can be Higher than that of P |
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216 | (2) |
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5.4.1 Liability of A can be Higher |
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217 | (1) |
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5.4.2 Accessories and Justificatory Defences |
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218 | (1) |
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5.5 Defences to Secondary Participation: Withdrawal from a Joint Venture |
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218 | (4) |
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5.5.1 Planned Enterprises: There must be Timely, Unequivocal Communication of Withdrawal where Practical and Reasonable |
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219 | (1) |
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5.5.2 Spontaneous Enterprises: Withdrawal without Communication may be Effective |
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220 | (1) |
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5.5.3 Joint Venture Going beyond the Agreed Plan |
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221 | (1) |
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5.5.4 Reform of Withdrawal |
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222 | (1) |
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5.6 Can Victims be Accessories? |
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222 | (1) |
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223 | (2) |
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225 | (2) |
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227 | (21) |
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230 | (9) |
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230 | (1) |
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6.1.2 Killing and Causation |
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230 | (1) |
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231 | (7) |
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6.1.4 Under the Queen's Peace |
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238 | (1) |
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6.1.5 The `Death Within a Year and a Day' Rule No Longer Applies |
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239 | (1) |
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239 | (4) |
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6.2.1 Background: Malice Aforethought |
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239 | (2) |
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6.2.2 Criticisms of Intention |
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241 | (1) |
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6.2.3 Intention to Commit GBH/Serious Harm |
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241 | (2) |
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6.3 The Sentence for Murder |
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243 | (1) |
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244 | (1) |
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245 | (3) |
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7 Homicide 2: voluntary and involuntary manslaughter |
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248 | (76) |
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7.1 Voluntary Manslaughter |
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249 | (36) |
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7.1.1 Introduction to Voluntary Manslaughter |
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249 | (1) |
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7.1.2 Diminished Responsibility |
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249 | (15) |
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264 | (21) |
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285 | (1) |
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7.2 Involuntary Manslaughter: Unintentional Killings |
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285 | (33) |
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286 | (1) |
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7.2.2 Reckless Manslaughter |
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286 | (2) |
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7.2.3 Manslaughter by Gross Negligence |
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288 | (11) |
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7.2.4 Unlawful and Dangerous Act (Constructive) Manslaughter |
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299 | (19) |
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7.3 Homicide-related Offences |
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318 | (6) |
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7.3.1 Causing Death by Dangerous Driving |
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318 | (1) |
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7.3.2 Causing Death by Careless or Inconsiderate Driving |
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318 | (1) |
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7.3.3 Causing Death by Driving While Unlicensed, Disqualified or Uninsured |
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319 | (1) |
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319 | (1) |
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7.3.5 Infant and Child Killing |
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319 | (5) |
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8 Defences of incapacity and mental conditions |
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324 | (56) |
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326 | (17) |
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326 | (1) |
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8.1.2 The Relationship between Insanity, Automatism and Diminished Responsibility |
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327 | (1) |
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8.1.3 TheTest for Insanity: The M'Naghten Rules |
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328 | (11) |
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339 | (1) |
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8.1.5 The Verdict and Disposal Provisions |
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339 | (1) |
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8.1.6 Criticisms of Insanity |
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340 | (1) |
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341 | (2) |
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343 | (10) |
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344 | (1) |
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344 | (1) |
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344 | (1) |
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8.2.4 External Causes of Involuntary Action |
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345 | (1) |
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8.2.5 Self-induced Automatism is No Defence |
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346 | (5) |
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8.2.6 Automatism Requires Total Destruction of Voluntary Control/Consciousness in Driving Cases |
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351 | (1) |
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8.2.7 Criticisms of the Defence |
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351 | (1) |
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352 | (1) |
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353 | (21) |
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353 | (1) |
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8.3.2 Crimes of Basic and Specific Intent |
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354 | (2) |
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8.3.3 Intoxication is not a `Defence' but a Denial of MR |
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356 | (1) |
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8.3.4 Voluntary Intoxication: The Majewski Rule |
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357 | (3) |
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360 | (1) |
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8.3.6 Involuntary Intoxication |
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361 | (3) |
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364 | (2) |
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8.3.8 Voluntary Intoxication and Defences: Drunken Mistake |
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366 | (5) |
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8.3.9 Criticisms of Majewski |
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371 | (2) |
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373 | (1) |
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374 | (6) |
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8.4.1 The Age of Criminal Responsibility: Doli Incapax |
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374 | (1) |
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8.4.2 Criticism: Was it Right to Abolish the Presumption? |
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375 | (1) |
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376 | (4) |
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380 | (72) |
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9.1 Duress and Duress of Circumstances |
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381 | (29) |
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382 | (1) |
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9.1.2 The Test for Duress |
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383 | (11) |
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9.1.3 Limitations on the Defence: Voluntary Association with Criminals: Rv Hasan |
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394 | (3) |
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9.1.4 Limitations on the Defence: Murder, Attempted Murder and Treason |
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397 | (7) |
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9.1.5 Duress of Circumstances |
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404 | (4) |
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408 | (1) |
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409 | (1) |
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410 | (11) |
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410 | (1) |
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9.2.2 The Test for Necessity |
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411 | (1) |
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411 | (8) |
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9.2.4 Non-medical Cases: Self-help and Direct Action |
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419 | (2) |
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421 | (1) |
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9.3 Public and Private Defence |
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421 | (25) |
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422 | (2) |
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9.3.2 The Necessity for Force: A Subjective Test |
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424 | (14) |
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9.3.3 The Degree of Force Must be Reasonable: An Objective Test: s76(7) |
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438 | (5) |
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9.3.4 Lethal Force and the ECHR |
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443 | (3) |
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446 | (1) |
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446 | (6) |
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447 | (1) |
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448 | (1) |
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9.4.3 Mistake and Strict Liability |
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449 | (1) |
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9.4.4 Mistake and Offences of Negligence |
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449 | (1) |
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9.4.5 Irrelevant Mistakes |
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449 | (3) |
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10 Non-fatal offences against the person |
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452 | (63) |
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455 | (9) |
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456 | (1) |
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456 | (8) |
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464 | (1) |
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464 | (3) |
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464 | (1) |
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464 | (2) |
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10.2.3 Mens Rea of Assault and Battery |
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466 | (1) |
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10.3 Aggravated Assaults: Actual Bodily Harm, s47 OAPA 1861 |
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467 | (4) |
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467 | (1) |
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468 | (3) |
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471 | (1) |
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10.4 Malicious Wounding and Grievous Bodily Harm: s20 OAPA 1861 |
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471 | (6) |
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472 | (1) |
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472 | (3) |
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475 | (2) |
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10.5 Causing Grievous Bodily Harm with Intent: si8 OAPA 1861 |
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477 | (3) |
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477 | (1) |
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478 | (1) |
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478 | (1) |
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479 | (1) |
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10.6 Defences to Assault: Consent |
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480 | (21) |
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10.6.1 The Public Interest |
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480 | (1) |
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10.6.2 `Public Interest Exceptions': Consent Provides a Defence |
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481 | (12) |
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10.6.3 Consent Induced by Fraud is No Defence |
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493 | (7) |
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10.6.4 Capacity to Consent |
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500 | (1) |
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10.6.5 D's Mistaken Belief in Consent |
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500 | (1) |
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10.7 Defences to Assault: Lawful Chastisement |
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501 | (1) |
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501 | (1) |
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501 | (1) |
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10.8 Racially and Religiously Aggravated Assaults |
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501 | (4) |
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10.8.1 Racial and Religious Aggravated Offences |
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501 | (1) |
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10.8.2 Section 28 Crime and Disorder Act 1998 |
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502 | (1) |
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10.8.3 Section 28(1)(a): Demonstration of Racial/Religious Hostility |
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502 | (1) |
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10.8.4 Section 28(1)(b): Racial/Religious Motivation |
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503 | (1) |
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10.8.5 Section 28(4):'Racial Group' |
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503 | (2) |
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10.9 The Protection from Harassment Act 1997 |
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505 | (4) |
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506 | (1) |
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10.9.2 Actus Reus: Harassment |
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507 | (1) |
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508 | (1) |
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508 | (1) |
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509 | (2) |
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509 | (1) |
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510 | (1) |
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510 | (1) |
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511 | (1) |
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511 | (4) |
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10.11.1 Offences Against the Person |
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511 | (1) |
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512 | (3) |
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515 | (41) |
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11.1 The Sexual Offences Act 2003 |
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517 | (1) |
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518 | (31) |
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11.2.1 Definition of Rape |
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518 | (2) |
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520 | (20) |
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540 | (4) |
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544 | (1) |
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11.2.5 The Rationale of Rape |
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544 | (1) |
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11.2.6 Why is Rape so Controversial? The Justice Gap |
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545 | (4) |
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11.3 Assault by Penetration |
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549 | (1) |
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550 | (3) |
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11.4.1 Section 78:'Sexual' |
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551 | (2) |
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11.5 Causing Sexual Activity without Consent |
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553 | (3) |
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12 Property offences 1: theft, robbery and handling |
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556 | (69) |
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558 | (50) |
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558 | (1) |
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559 | (31) |
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590 | (18) |
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608 | (7) |
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609 | (1) |
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610 | (4) |
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614 | (1) |
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615 | (10) |
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615 | (1) |
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616 | (5) |
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621 | (4) |
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13 Property offences 2: fraud and making off without payment |
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625 | (20) |
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626 | (15) |
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13.1.1 The Fraud Act 2006 |
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626 | (1) |
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13.1.2 Section 2: Fraud by False Representation |
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627 | (8) |
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13.1.3 Section 3: Fraud by Failing to Disclose Information |
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635 | (1) |
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13.1.4 Section 4: Fraud by Abuse of Position |
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636 | (2) |
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13.1.5 Section 11: Obtaining Services Dishonestly |
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638 | (3) |
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13.2 Making off Without Payment |
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641 | (4) |
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641 | (1) |
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642 | (3) |
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14 Property offences 3: burglary, blackmail and criminal damage |
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645 | (36) |
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646 | (12) |
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646 | (2) |
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14.1.2 Actus Reus of Both Offences |
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648 | (7) |
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655 | (1) |
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14.1.4 Aggravated Burglary |
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656 | (2) |
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658 | (6) |
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658 | (1) |
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659 | (5) |
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664 | (1) |
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664 | (17) |
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664 | (1) |
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665 | (8) |
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673 | (2) |
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14.3.4 Racially or Religiously Aggravated Criminal Damage |
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675 | (1) |
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14.3.5 Criminal Damage with Intent or Recklessness as to Endangering Life |
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675 | (3) |
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678 | (3) |
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15 Inchoate offences: attempt, conspiracy and assisting and encouraging under the Serious Crime Act 2007 |
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681 | (38) |
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682 | (13) |
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682 | (1) |
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683 | (6) |
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689 | (3) |
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692 | (3) |
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695 | (1) |
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695 | (14) |
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696 | (1) |
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697 | (7) |
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704 | (1) |
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15.2.4 Conspiracy to Defraud |
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705 | (2) |
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15.2.5 Conspiracy to Corrupt Public Morals and Conspiracy to Outrage Public Decency |
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707 | (1) |
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708 | (1) |
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15.3 The Serious Crime Act 2007: Encouragement and Assistance |
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709 | (10) |
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709 | (1) |
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15.3.2 Problems with the Old Law of Incitement |
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710 | (1) |
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15.3.3 Section 44: Intending to Assist or Encourage |
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710 | (1) |
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15.3.4 Section 45: Assisting or Encouraging Believing an Offence will be Committed |
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711 | (1) |
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15.3.5 Section 46: Encouraging or Assisting Offences Believing One or More will be Committed |
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712 | (3) |
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715 | (1) |
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716 | (3) |
Index |
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719 | |