An unparalleled more than you will ever need to know reef and fish-only aquarium guide for tropical marine ornamentals authored by an extensively experienced and qualified coral reef expert specialised in keeping reef fish and invertebrates in both commercial and domestic settings. The Manual elucidates all areas of saltwater husbandry and system design which ensures the reader's success. Combines cutting-edge scientific and practical knowhow explained in simple terms.
An exquisitely illuminated prestigious hardbacked volume with 626 A4 pages, with a 50-millimetre spine, and nearly 1,290 compelling images exploring captive and wild reef ecology that guides the layperson to Advanced Aquarist.
Learn unrivalled efficacious life support and husbandry for domestic aquaria, commercial ventures, or objective scientific studies.
Discover a vast assortment of money-saving "reef hacks".
Comprehend why and devise effective mitigating strategies.
Redress design flaws and optimise established systems.
Effortlessly maintain and operate a vibrant reef while seamlessly replenishing trace elements.
Develop instinctive and insightful fish and coral care.
Explore DIY and proprietary reef and fish-only lighting solutions.
Acquire pest-, nuisance algae-, and nutrient-management skills.
Determine fish and coral compatibility.
Become a talented aquascaper versed in compositional theory and manufacture DIY agarocrete sump bricks.
Learn coral propagation The Reef RanchTM way.
Fully comprehend embryo to first polyp, microbial symbiont acquisition, feeding, beneficial microbes for corals, and reef conservation.
Prevent bleaching and safely accelerate skeletal growth.
Microscopically diagnose and prevent coral and fish diseases and prepare and use DIY immunostimulants and safe efficacious remedies.
Formulate trace element preparations and treatments, source natural calcium reactor media and limes, and recharge granular ferric oxide.
Ease into livestock management for commercial enterprises by merging exportation or importation with acclimation, disease control, and cross-contamination avoidance protocols.
Recenzijas
Preface
People are naturally drawn to water, a stroll along a riverbank or a visit to the beach. The boundary between that close enough to touch hidden world appears to fascinate all ages from toddlers to the elderly. Our development is inextricably linked to aquatic ecosystems inasmuch as their animals are a valuable source of nourishment and we must regularly hydrate.
I spent many hours in cars as a young boy travelling to Scarborough or Robin Hood's Bay during which I would ask persistently, "are we there yet?" Sea air is remarkable and rock pools are crammed with life that captivates, which enhance our existence and form treasured and often hilarious memories.
I began keeping marines in the mid-seventies after freshwater fish from the age of four. Saltwater aquaria are superior in several ways. Wild fish effortlessly adjust to captivity and become quirky family members, and balanced seawater has an unrivalled clarity, while its inhabitants reflect and fluoresce an affluence of vibrant colours. Unusual and wonderful animals and plants inhabit extraordinary oceanic surroundings; how could they fail to enlarge our reality.
Suppliers of marine ornamentals are forced to operate within economic constraints. Tropical collectors and exporters must feed their families, whereas retail outlets must build and run electricity-expending commercial fish-only and reef installations. And despite the desirability of a fully stocked vibrant reef and the almost addictive nature of the hobby, reef aquarists are also limited financially. By necessity they must purchase costly equipment, consumables, and reimburse their utility company.
Retail workers receive minimum wage which is testament to their lifelong commitment to these fascinating and frequently intelligent animals. Yet staff turnover is disproportionate. Many lack the experience and knowledge required to assemble and operate efficacious life support systems that nurture sea life. Nascent hobbyists are reliant on the advice provided by their local outlet, so repeated failure and bitter disappointment drives 65 percent of newcomers to relinquish their reef within the first year.
Herein lies everything necessary to successfully design and operate ornamental marine life support systems from commercial to domestic or fish-only to reef, while cost-free dissemination of this volume to tropical exporters facilitates the development of environmentally sound and sustainable practices that empowers and promotes these future custodians of wild reef ecology.
Papildus informācija
Table of Contents
Guidance
xvii
Introduction
Fundamental Water Chemistry, Corals and Wild Reefs, 1
Saltwater, 1
Decompression Sickness, 2
Gas Bubble Disease (GBD) of Fish, 2
pH, 2
Nitrogen Cycle: Brief Overview, 2
What are Corals? 3
Plankton, 5
The Trade Winds, 6
Reefs, 6
Reef Types, 7
Reef Zones: Macrohabitats, 8
Coral Bleaching, 10
El Nino, La Nina Southern Oscillations, 10
Toxicology, 11
Inorganic Reef Nutrition, 11
Ocean Mixing, 12
Nutrients in the Wild, 13
Phosphorus and Environmental Concerns, 14
Carbon Dioxide: Environmental Concerns, 14
Conservation in the Tropics, 15
Ocean Currents, Gyres, 17
Ocean Currents and Environmental Concerns, 17
Plastic Pollution and Environmental Concerns, 17
Non-Native (Invasive) Species: A Real Threat, 19
System Design
"In-Tank" or Sump Systems, 20
Protein Exportation, 20
Deep Sand Beds and Plenums: Definitions, 20
"In-Tank" Systems, 21
Sump Substrates, 21
Denitrifying Filters, 21
The Buzz! 23
What is new or popular? 23
Glass Aquaria, 25
Ram Ventilation, 25
Floor Strength, 26
Is the floor horizontal? 26
Volumetric Calculations, 26
Acrylic versus Glass, 27
Aquarium Manufacturers, 27
Water Movement: Degas/Regas, 27
Vaporisation/Trickle Towers, 28
Suggested Flow Rates, 28
"In-Tank" Head Calculations, 30
Gravity-Fed Flow Rates, 30
Aquarium Cabinets, 31
The Shape of the Main Display, 31
System Positioning, 32
Electrical Supply, 33
Glass Bow Fronted and Corner Aquaria, 35
Sumps, Commercial Systems, 35
Fish Only Systems, 36
Improving System Degas/Regas Competency: Enhancement Techniques, 36
Commissioning Domestic Sump Systems, 36
Airline Blockages, 37
Fish-Only Systems: Purification Sequence, 38
Heating: Domestic, 40
Heating: Commercial, 41
Ultraviolet (UV) Sterilisers, 41
Reef Sumps: Harnessing Nature, 43
Mechanical Pre-filtration: Detrital Removal, 43
Nitrogen Cycling, 44
A Refugium: Lighting the Sump, 44
Atoms, Molecules, Isotopes and Moles: An Introduction, 45
Phosphate Test Kits, 45
Reverse Lighting, 46
Refugia Suitable Macroalgae, 46
Glass Cutting, 47
System Capacities, 47
More about Pipework and Fabrications, 48
Styrene, Fiberglass, UPVC formulations and ABS, 48
Filtration: The Main Display, 49
Osmosis, 49
Osmotic Shock, 49
"Nitrate Machines": A Concept, 49
Purchasing R/O Water, 50
Living Rock and Alternatives, 50
Curing Live Rock, 50
Potential Pests: Hitchhikers, 51
Purchasing Cured Living Rock, 52
Live Rock Quantities, 53
"In-Tank" Flow Devices, 54
Sources, Flowrates and Device Location, 56
"In-Tank" Systems: Processing Protein, 56
Reef Lighting
The Electromagnetic (EM) Spectrum, 58
The Retina: Basic Physiology, 59
Colour Vision: how we see colours, 59
Additive Colours, 59
Colour Space, 61
The Chromaticity Diagram, 62
Fluorescent Tubes, 63
Some Chemistry, 64
Fluorescent Lamp Reactions, 65
Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lighting (CCFL), 65
Moonlight, 65
Lighting: Running Costs, 66
Luminaires, 67
The Inverse Square Law, 67
Electronic Ballasts, 67
The digital accessible lighting interface (DALI), 68
EnOcean Alliance Self-Powered Wireless Devices, 68
Niagra AX DALI Lighting Controls, 68
APEX Aquarium Controller by Neptune, 68
Lumen Maintenance, 69
Backlighting a Display, 69
The Kinetic Theory of Matter, 69
The Kelvin Correlated Colour Temperature (CCT) of Lamps, 69
Luminous Efficacy, 70
Radiant Flux, 70
Luminous Flux, 71
Lux, 71
Scientific Notation, 72
Moles, 72
Reflectors, 72
The Coralvue Lumen Bright Reflector, 73
Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR), 73
Photosynthetically Useful Radiation (PUR), 74
Seneye Reef Monitor, 75
Daily Light Integral, 75
Light Efficiency and Heat, 75
Aquarium Temperature, 76
Clip-on Fans, 76
Colour Rendering Index (CRI), 77
The Retina and Cone Sensitivity, 77
A Little More Chemistry, 77
Atomic Configuration and The Periodic Table, 77
Different Forms of Hydrogen, 78
The Halogens, 78
Ionic Bonding, 78
Polar Solvents and Ions, 78
pH, 79
Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs), 79
Efficiency Droop, 80
GaN-on-GaN LEDs, 80
Stokes Shift, 80
Working Temperatures of Lamps: Thermal Management, 80
Compact Fluorescent Lamps, 80
MR16 Low Voltage DC Halogen Lighting, 81
Metal Halide, 81
Metal Halide Operation, 81
Metal Halide Ballasts, 82
Inductive Ballasts (Chokes) versus Electronic Ballasts, 82
Electronic Control Gear (ECG), 83
Halide Dimming, 83
Operating life: Electronic Ballasts, 84
Ceramic Discharge Metal Halide Lamps (CDMs), 86
Light Emitting Diodes: Binning, 88
LED Technology: Early Challenges, 88
Sunlight Penetration into Seawater, 90
Wavelengths that Routinely Irradiate Corals, 90
Light Penetration, 91
The use of Granular Activated Carbon (GAC), 91
GAC and Head and Lateral Line Erosion (HLLE), 92
The Solar Zenith Angle, 92
Diffuse Light Attenuation Coefficients and Secchi Depth, 93
Natural Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR), 94
Some Biochemistry, 94
Cellular Membranes, 94
Zooxanthellae Divergent Growth Forms (Morphologies), 95
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP), 95
Reduction/Oxidation Reactions - REDOX, 95
NAD+/NADH and NADP+/NADPH, 96
Photosynthesis, 96
Factors Influencing Photosynthesis, 97
The Mehler Reaction, 97
Temporary Hardness (Alkalinity), 98
Carbonate Alkalinity, 98
Coral Bleaching, 99
Enzymes, 100
Reactive Oxygen Species, 101
Anthozoa, 102
Hot Spots and Coral Acclimation, 103
Coral Colouration, 103
Further Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 104
Epigenetics, 104
Dinoflagellate and Coral Absorption Spectra, 104
Livestock: Appearance, 105
What wavelengths do we provide? 106
LED Fittings: The Design, 106
Power Supplies: LED Drivers, 108
Heat Transfer and Cooling, 109
Soldering, 111
DIY COB Floodlight Conversion to Reef Lighting, 113
Emission Analysis: Modified COB LED Floodlight, 114
Applying Light, 115
DIY Fluorescent Luminaires, 115
Salt Splash, 116
Baseline DLI and PAR, 116
Light Orientation and Shading, 117
Monitoring Spectral Emissions, 118
System Maintenance
Fish-Only Systems, 120
Reef Systems, 120
Mains Water Supplies versus Reverse Osmosis (R/O) Water, 120
Chlorine: Toxicity to Fish, 121
Chloramine: Effects on Biological Filtration, 121
Reverse Osmosis (R/O) Water, 122
R/O Water Storage, 122
Installing a R/O Water Filter, 124
Deionising (Di) Resin/Ion Exchange Resin, 124
Sodium Hydroxide (Lye) Preparation and Washing, 125
Plumbing R/O Filters, 126
Hand Cleansing, 126
Fish-Only System Nutrient Maintenance, 126
Ammonia Gas: Toxicity, 127
Median Lethal Concentration 50 (LC50), 128
Ammonium Excretion and Nitrogenous Compounds in Marine Teleosts, 129
Gill: Ammonia/Ammonium Liberation, 129
Chloride Cells: Function, 129
Nitrite Toxicity, 130
Nitrogen: Bacterial Biotransformation/Detoxification, 131
Autotrophic, Heterotrophic and Mixotrophic: Definitions, 132
Maturing Fish-Only Systems, 134
Live Nitrifying Bacteria: Inoculation, 134
The Eye Parasite, 134
Ammonia Binding Inoculum Liquid (ABIL), 135
"Bacteria in Bottles", 135
Reef Systems and Biological Filtration, 136
Weaning Fish: Non-living Diets, 137
Frozen Food: Preparation, 137
Maturing Reef Systems, 138
Captive Reefs: Function versus Malfunction, 139
Glass Cleaning, 140
Acquiring Mature Living Rock, 140
Clownfish Disease: Selecting Fish, 141
Acclimating Fish, 141
Coral Acclimation: Commercial and Domestic, 143
The Preparation of Synthetic Seawater, 145
Specific Gravity, 145
Salt Formulations, 145
Seawater Preparation and Conditioning, 146
Commercial Top Up, Auto Top Up and Dosing Pumps, 146
The Safest Electronic Auto Top Up, 147
The Safe Use of Ozone, 147
Identifying Yellow Water, 149
Ozone Administration: Commercial Fish-Only Systems, 149
Ozone in Reefs, 150
Two-Part Reef Epoxy: Precautionary Notes, 151
Gram Positive/Negative Bacteria, 151
Denitrification, 152
Ammonia Oxidising Archaea (synonym: Archaebacteria), 153
Heterotrophic Nitrification/Denitrification, 153
Dissimilatory Nitrate/Nitrite Reduction to Ammonium (DNRA), 153
Anaerobic Ammonia Oxidation (ANAMMOX), 154
Deep Sand Beds/Plenums, 155
The Maintenance of Deep Substrate, 157
Feeding Corals, 159
Carbon Dosing, 162
Carbon Dosing or "In-Tank" Deep Substrate: Which is worse? 163
Heterotrophic "Bacteria in Bottles", Aquarium "Cleaners", 165
Phosphorus, 165
The Phosphorus Cycle, 166
The Carbon Cycle, 167
The Sponge Loop, 169
Oceanic Nitrogen Fixation, 169
Nitrogen and Phosphorus Uptake: The Redfield Hypothesis, 169
Nitrogen Fixation and Oceanic Carbon Cycling, 170
Nutrients and Oxidant/Reductant Cycling, 170
Reef Communities, 172
Refugia, 173
Phosphate Testing at Low Resolution, 173
If Phosphate Concentrations Rise, 174
Recharging Granular Ferric Oxide (GFO), 175
Toxicology, 175
Chemical Compounds, 175
Water of Crystallisation, 175
Lanthanum Chloride: Mass Phosphate Export, 175
Atomic "Weights", 176
pH Probe Calibration, Measurements and Storage, 177
Bunding, 178
Aerobic Nitrifying and Fine Particle Filtration: "Nitrate Machines" a hypothesis, 178
Cleaning Deep Substrate, 178
Logical Leaps and Proposed Solutions, 179
Safe Sustainable Deep Substrate..? 180
Eutrophic Conditions: Review and Supplemental, 180
DIC Availability in Brown SPS: A Growth-Limiting Factor, 181
Coral Calcification, 181
Calcium, Magnesium and Carbonate/Bicarbonate Management, 181
Chemical Additions, 182
Kalkwasser, 183
Calcium Reactors, 185
Bubble Counters, 186
Calcium Reactor Media, 187
Fitting Silicon Tubing, 189
Cleaning Filter Socks, 189
Cleaning Protein Skimmers, 189
Void Spaces within Pumps, 189
Neodymium Magnets Toxicity and Use, 190
Pump Maintenance, 190
Gas Bubble Disease (GBD): Diagnosis, 191
Pipework: Gluing, 192
Livestock Husbandry During System Shutdown, 193
Commercial Supply Pump Intakes, 193
Bernoulli's Principle, 193
The Venturi Effect, 193
Protein Skimmers, 194
Marine Safe Stainless Steel, 195
Ultraviolet (UV) Sterilisers, 196
Phenols and Terpenoids: Removal, 196
Buffering, 196
Hydrogen Sulphide: Toxicity to Fish, 199
Calcium Carbonate/Bicarbonate, 199
Mineral and Trace Element Supplementation, 200
Strontium, 200
Silicate, 204
An Iron Supplement, 207
Marine Substrate: Oxic/Anoxic Zonation, 208
Other Considerations, 208
Aluminium, 210
Nuisance Algae: Causes and Solutions, 211
Dinoflagellates, Raphidophytes and Cyanobacteria: Infections in Mariculture, 212
Nuisance Algae: Control, 213
Diseases of Corals
Introduction, 216
Aspergillosis, 219
Black Band Disease (BBD), 220
Bacterial Infections and Bleaching, 222
White Band Disease (WBD), 223
Viruses: A Simplified Overview, 223
Coral plague (CP), 223
White Pox (WPX; synonym: Acroporid Serriatosis; APS), 225
Uncharacterised: Lethal Coral Ailments, 225
Yellow Blotch Syndrome (YBS), 225
Dark Spot Syndrome (DSS), 226
Stony Coral Tissue Loss Disease (SCTLD), 226
Red Band Disease (RBD), 226
Rapid Tissue Necrosis (RTN), 227
Brown Band Disease (BrB), 227
Skeletal Eroding Band (SEB), 228
White Syndromes, 229
Coral and Symbiont Viruses, 229
Host/Parasite Interactions, 229
Algal Galls, 229
Brown Jelly Syndrome, 230
Diseased Sponges, 230
Diseases of Echinodermata, 230
Coral Microbiomes: The Holobiont, 231
Coral Immunity, 231
Clams, 231
Discussion, 231
Preventative Measures and Treatments, 232
Beneficial Microbes for the Mucosal Microbiome, 233
Diseases of Fish
Gas Bubble Disease (GBD), 234
Hydrogen Sulphide Gas (H2S), 234
Gill Pathology, 234
Diagnostic Techniques: Microscopy, 235
Diagnostics: Skin Scrapes, Gill Biopsies and Microscopy, 235
Sedation, 235
Sampling, 237
Microscopes, 237
Histological Mounts, 239
Staining, 240
Innate/Adaptive Immunity, Immunoglobulins (Igs) and Immune Function, 240
Molecular Architecture Acuity, 240
Pathogenic Chromists of Fish, 244
Stomatogenesis, 245
Brooklynellosis of Fish, 245
Scuticociliatosis: Uronema marinum and other Scuticociliates, 248
Cryptocaryon irritans (Marine "White Spot"), 251
Host/Parasite Interactions, Virulence, and Fish Populations, 253
An Alleged Carrier, 254
The "disease is always present" debate: myth or reality? 254
Guaranteeing the Correct Chain of Supply, 256
Human Malarial Treatments, 257
Immunostimulants, 258
Myxozoan Parasites of Fish, 260
Amoebic Gill Disease (AGD) of Fish, 267
Viruses of Fish, 268
Lymphocystis disease virus 1, 268
Ranavirus, 270
Purines, Pyrimidines, Nucleosides and Nucleotides, 271
Salmonids and Triploidy, 278
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), 282
Pathogenic Algae, 283
Parasitic and Toxic Dinoflagellates of Fish, 288
The Families Pfiesteriaceae and Thoracosphaeraceae (Dinoflagellata), 290
Parasitic and Toxigenic Raphidophytes (Chromista: Heterokonta), 293
Pathogenic Cyanobacteria, 295
Toxic Diatoms, 298
Pathogenic "Algae": Control, 300
Microsporidia of fish, 301
Bacterial Diseases of Marine Fish, 307
Svedberg (S): A Definition, 309
Granulomas, 320
Mitosporic Fungal Diseases, Mycoses of Fish, Fungi Imperfecti, 332
Scytalidium, 337
Chemotherapeutics: Critical information proceed with caution! 338
Calculations, 340
Copper/Formalin Remedy: Commercial and Domestic Formulations, 341
The Class Monogenea (Flukes), 342
Gyrodactylus, 342
Neobenedenia, 343
Black Spot Disease: "Turbellaria" of Fish, 345
Tapeworms of Marine Fish, 346
Digenean Parasites of Fish, 352
Acanthocephala: Thorny-Headed Worms, 354
Clinical Signs in Aquaculture, 356
Anthelmintic Drugs, 358
Prophylactic Praziquantel, 358
Flubendazole Systemic Treatment, 360
Parasitic Isopods, 361
Parasitic Copepods of Fish, 363
Control, 367
Parasitic Nematodes of Fish, 368
Fish Compatibility
Competitive Feeding, 376
System Volume: Behavioural Effects, 377
Species-Specific Macrohabitat Requirements, 377
New Additions, 377
Clownfish, 377
Groups, 379
Returning Unwanted Fish, 380
Size of Adversary, 381
Plan Ahead, 381
Reef Caretakers, 381
Tangs/Surgeonfish, 381
Sand-Sifting Gobies, 382
Jawfish, 382
Pigmy Angels, 383
Grammas/Dottybacks, 383
Basslet, 383
Reef Safe Wrasse, 383
Exclusively Ornamental Reef Safe Teleosts, 384
Firefish/Fire Goby, 384
Coral Gobies, 384
Cardinalfish, 384
Hawkfish, 384
Perchlet, 386
Filefish, 386
Anthias, 386
Blennies, 386
Rabbitfish/Foxface, 386
Non-Reef Safe Fish, 387
Lionfish, 387
Weaning Lionfish and Carnivores, 388
Frogfish, 389
Hogfish, 389
Non-Reef Safe Wrasse, 389
Parrotfish, 390
Squirrelfish/Soldierfish, 390
Snappers, 391
Triggerfish, 391
Pufferfish/Blowfish, 392
Boxfish/Cowfish, 393
Groupers, 394
Sweetlips/Grunts, 394
Moray Eels, 394
Butterflyfish, 394
Bannerfish, 395
Moorish Idol, 395
Batfish, 395
Sole/Flounder, 397
Angelfish, 398
Fish Compatibility Table 6. 399
Coral Compatibility
Coral Aggression Compounds, 402
SPS colonies, 402
Mesenterial Filaments, 403
Feeding Tentacles, 403
LPS corals, 403
Anemones, 403
Sweeper Tentacles, 403
"Soft" Coral Defence, 403
Coral Compatibility Tables 7., 8., 9. & 10. 405-407
Aquascaping and Decor
Denitrification and Hydrogen Sulphide, 408
Excessive Flow, 409
Fish Macrohabitats and Territory, 409
Living Rock, "Eco-friendly" Alternatives and Denitrification, 409
Reef Supports, 410
"Do Not Try This at Home!" 410
Glass Reinforced Plastic (GRP) Grid, 411
Flow Devices, 411
Wave Makers, 411
Pipework and Spray Bars, 412
Internal Backgrounds, 413
Lightboxes, 413
Filtration Equipment and Sumps, 413
Polyurethane Expanding Foams, 413
Shells and Hydrogen Sulphide, 413
Trapping Water or Air Beneath Colonies, 413
Two-Part Reef Epoxy: The Risks, 414
Reef/"Frag" Racks, 414
The Vision, 414
Shading, 415
Illumination Angles, 415
Backscatter, 415
Dump Buckets, 416
Viewing Angles, 417
Compositional Theory, 417
Symmetry and the Rule of Thirds, 417
Leading Lines/Spirals, 418
Triangles and Geometry, 418
Negative Space, 418
Shadows, 418
The Seven Principles of Composition, 418
Balance, 418
Space, 418
Emphasis, 418
Movement, 418
Contrast/Stratification, 419
Patterns/Repetition, 419
Unity/Harmony, 419
Coral Placement, 419
The Design, 420
A Guide to Form, 421
The Correct Height, 422
Warning Cement: Hexavalent Chromium (Cr VI), 423
Artificial Rock (Agarocrete): Underlying Reef Constructs, 424
Brine Cure, 426
Domestic Reef Superstructures, 426
Nylon Nuts and Bolts, 427
Plug-in Unions, 427
Thorite Cement, 428
Resin Decor, 428
Agarocrete Sump Bricks, 429
Silicone Corals and Artificial Reef Inserts, 429
Shotcrete and Gunite, 431
Attaching Corals, 433
Stainless Steel Wire, 434
Super Glue and Gels, 434
Beautifying Bare-Bottom Displays, 435
"Faux Sand Beds", 436
Coral Propagation and Reef Conservation
Disasters Created by Mistake or Well-Intentioned Conservationists, 439
Environmental Pollution, 439
Reef Conservation, 439
Scleractinian Reproductive Strategies, 441
Embryogenesis, Planula, Spat and Primary Polyp Development, 442
Symbionts and Microbial Affiliates, 442
Coral Cultivation, 442
Gamete Collection, 443
Reef Rehabilitation, 443
Coral Nurseries, 443
Ramet Cultivation, 445
Pruning Donor Colonies, 447
Genet Collection and Recruitment, 447
Settlement, 448
Embryo to First Polyp, 449
Lighting, 449
Coral Feeding, 450
Reef Pests
Parasitic Copepods of Corals, 452
Chemical Control, 454
"Red Planaria" Convolutriloba retrogemma and Related Genera, 454
Coral RX Pro, 457
"Acropora-Eating" Flatworms (AEFW), 458
"Montipora-Eating" Flatworms (MEFW) Prosthiostomum montiporae, 460
Exaiptasia species "Glass Anemones", 461
Majano Anemones, 461
Aquilonastra burtoni, Patiria pectinifera and Asterina Species of Starfish, 462
Parasitic Mollusc Gastropods, 464
Predatory Snails and Cowries, 469
Mollusc Mating, 469
Flamingo Tongues, Cyphoma gibbosum (Caenogastropoda: Ovulidae), 469
Zoanthid Palytoxin: The Risks, 473
Zoa Pox, 473
Sea Spiders, Pycnogonids (Arthropoda: Pycnogonidae), 476
Detrimental "Stowaway" Crabs, 480
Bristle, Polychaete Worms, 481
Nuisance Algae, 483
Appendix I
Glossary, 487
Appendix II
Bibliography, 492
Appendix III
The Periodic Table, 598
Index
599
An innate fish enthusiast, marine seasoned at twelve, and creator of The Reef Ranch (TM). Over a decade of professional experience in accredited analytical chemistry and microbiology laboratories. Over forty-five years of experience in domestic/commercial marine system design, management, and livestock husbandry. Bachelor of Science Honours in Biotechnology, Master of Research in Applied Fish Biology, and the founder of the concept bacteriophage therapy of coral disease.
