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E-grāmata: Composting Handbook: A how-to and why manual for farm, municipal, institutional and commercial composters

Edited by , Edited by , Edited by , Edited by (Compost Research and Education Foundation (CREF) and Minnesota Composting Council (MNCC), USA), Edited by (Carbon Clarity, Ltd., Rushden,), Edited by (Professor Emeritus, Cobleskill College of Agriculture and Technology, State University of New York, USA), Edited by
  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 03-Dec-2021
  • Izdevniecība: Academic Press Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780323856034
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  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 03-Dec-2021
  • Izdevniecība: Academic Press Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780323856034
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The Composting Handbook provides a single guide to the science, principles and best practices of composting for large-scale composting operations facing a variety of opportunities and challenges converting raw organic materials into a useful and marketable product.

Composting is a well-established and increasingly important method to recycle and add value to organic by-products. Many, if not most, of the materials composting treats are discarded materials that would otherwise place a burden on communities, industries, farms and the environment. Composting converts these materials into a valuable material, compost, that regenerates soils improving soils for plant growth and environmental conservation.

The Composting Handbook expands on previously available resources by incorporating new information, new subjects and new practices, drawing its content from current scientific principles, research, engineering and industry experience. In both depth and breadth, it covers the knowledge that a compost producer needs to succeed. Topics include the composting process, methods of composting, equipment, site requirements, environmental issues and impacts, business knowledge, safety, and the qualities, uses and markets for the compost products.

The Composting Handbook is an invaluable reference for composting facility managers and operators, prospective managers and operators, regulators, policy makers, environmental advocates, educators, waste generators and managers and generally people interested in composting as a business or a solution. It is also appropriate as a textbook for college courses and a supplemental text for training courses about composting or organic waste management.
Contributors xxiii
Preface xxvii
Acknowledgments and appreciations xxix
Chapter 1 Why compost?
1(26)
Robert Rynk
Leslie Cooperband
Cary Oshins
Holly Wescott
Jean Bonhotal
Mary Schwarz
Ronda Sherman
Sally Brown
1 Introduction
1(3)
2 Benefits and drawbacks of composting
4(2)
3 Economic benefits of composting
6(4)
3.1 Revenue from processing or "gate" fees
6(1)
3.2 Saleable product
6(1)
3.3 Useable product
7(1)
3.4 Animal bedding substitute
7(1)
3.5 Destruction of weed seeds, pathogens, and reduced pesticide costs
8(1)
3.6 Reduced disposal costs
8(1)
3.7 Reduced handling costs
9(1)
3.8 Expanded outlets for organic residuals
9(1)
3.9 Improve manure management
9(1)
4 Environmental benefits of composting
10(6)
4.1 Soil health and plant vigor
10(1)
4.2 Nutrient retention
10(1)
4.3 Water conservation
11(1)
4.4 Plant disease suppression
11(1)
4.5 Erosion control
12(1)
4.6 Pathogen destruction
12(1)
4.7 Destruction of hormones, antibiotics, and pesticide residues
12(1)
4.8 Treatment of animal mortalities
12(1)
4.9 Low risk of environmental impacts from compost use
13(1)
4.10 Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions
13(3)
5 The drawbacks
16(4)
5.1 Time and money
16(1)
5.2 Land and site
17(1)
5.3 Odor
17(1)
5.4 Weather
18(1)
5.5 Diversion of manure and crop residues from cropland
18(1)
5.6 Potential loss of nitrogen
18(1)
5.7 Slow release of nutrients
19(1)
5.8 Uncertain availability of nitrogen
19(1)
5.9 Risk of losing farm or nonprofit classification
19(1)
6 Facts and fiction of composting and compost
20(5)
6.1 Composting is an art; composting is a science
20(1)
6.2 Composting is a natural process
20(1)
6.3 Composting is aerobic
20(1)
6.4 Composting does not create odors, when properly done
21(1)
6.5 Composting is thermophilic
21(1)
6.6 Composting is impractical in cold climates
21(1)
6.7 Meats, fats, and oils should not be composted
22(1)
6.8 Compost can be made in a week
22(1)
6.9 Composting and compost are safe and environmentally beneficial
22(1)
6.10 Compost is compost; all composts are created equal
22(1)
6.11 Compost sells itself
23(1)
6.12 Compost suppresses plant diseases
23(1)
6.13 Compost is "organic"
23(1)
6.14 Compost is a fertilizer
23(1)
6.15 Compost contains "heavy metals"
24(1)
6.16 Composting makes nutrients more available to plants
24(1)
6.17 Compost is humus
24(1)
References
25(2)
Chapter 2 Enterprise planning
27(24)
Susan Antler
Leslie Cooperband
Craig S. Coker
Mary Schwarz
Robert Rynk
1 Introduction
27(1)
2 Starting a composting enterprise
28(4)
3 Assessing your resources
32(1)
4 SWOT analysis
32(3)
4.1 Strengths
33(1)
4.2 Weaknesses
33(1)
4.3 Opportunities
33(1)
4.4 Threats
33(2)
5 Defining success--start with the end mind
35(2)
5.1 Vision and mission
35(1)
5.2 Goal setting
36(1)
6 Scoping out availability of feedstocks and markets for compost
37(1)
7 Determine compost facility regulatory requirements
38(1)
8 Planning human resource needs of a compost enterprise
39(2)
9 Production planning--the business of manufacturing
41(2)
10 Financial strategy--the business of business
43(3)
11 Enterprise planning--case study
46(2)
References
48(3)
Chapter 3 The composting process
51(52)
Cary Oshins
Frederick Michel
Pierce Louis
Tom L. Richard
Robert Rynk
1 Introduction
51(2)
2 What happens during composting?
53(3)
3 Changes in the materials during composting
56(3)
4 Factors affecting the composting process
59(29)
4.1 Oxygen
60(4)
4.2 Aeration
64(1)
4.3 Turning
65(3)
4.4 Moisture
68(2)
4.5 Nutrient and the carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratio
70(3)
4.6 Physical factors: particle size, structure, porosity, free air space, and permeability
73(4)
4.7 Bulk density
77(2)
4.8 Pile size
79(1)
4.9 pH
80(3)
4.10 Temperature
83(3)
4.11 Time
86(2)
5 Curing
88(1)
6 When is it done?
89(1)
7 Composting microbiology
90(6)
7.1 Microbial functions
95(1)
7.2 Microbial sources
95(1)
References
96(7)
Chapter 4 Compost feedstocks
103(56)
Robert Rynk
Mary Schwarz
Tom L. Richard
Matthew Cotton
Thomas Halbach
Stefanie Siebert
1 Introduction
103(3)
2 Feedstock value
106(1)
3 Feedstock characteristics
107(4)
3.1 Moisture
108(1)
3.2 C:N ratio
108(1)
3.3 Particle size
109(1)
3.4 Bulk density
109(1)
3.5 pH
109(1)
3.6 Organic matter, volatile solids, and ash
110(1)
3.7 Nutrients
110(1)
3.8 Soluble salts
111(1)
3.9 Odor risk
111(1)
4 Feedstock contaminants
111(4)
4.1 Physical contaminants
111(2)
4.2 Chemical contaminants
113(2)
4.3 Trace elements
115(1)
4.4 Biological contaminants
115(1)
5 Biodegradability
115(2)
6 Combining feedstocks--amendments and recipes
117(11)
6.1 Approaches to developing recipes
118(4)
6.2 The prominence of moisture and C:N ratio
122(1)
6.3 Recipe math
123(5)
7 Determining feedstock characteristics
128(4)
8 Common feedstocks for composting
132(20)
8.1 Yard trimmings
133(2)
8.2 Wood
135(1)
8.3 Paper
135(1)
8.4 Food waste
136(1)
8.5 Biosolids
137(1)
8.6 Livestock and poultry manure
137(2)
8.7 Agricultural crop and processing residue
139(1)
8.8 Food processing waste
139(1)
8.9 Fish and seafood processing waste
140(1)
8.10 Anaerobic digestate
141(1)
8.11 Compostable plastics
141(3)
8.12 Inorganic and organic extras
144(8)
References
152(7)
Chapter 5 Passively aerated composting methods, including turned windrows
159(38)
Frederick Michel
Tim O'Neill
Robert Rynk
Jane Gilbert
Steven Wisbaum
Thomas Halbach
1 Introduction
159(4)
2 Passively aerated static piles
163(6)
2.1 Basic principles
163(1)
2.2 Pile configuration and size
164(3)
2.3 Pile management
167(2)
3 Techniques to improved passive aeration--passively aerated windrow system and natural aeration static pile
169(2)
4 Turned windrow composting
171(22)
4.1 Basic principles
171(3)
4.2 Turning principles
174(3)
4.3 Windrow management
177(4)
4.4 Timing and frequency of turning
181(4)
4.5 Turning equipment
185(8)
References
193(4)
Chapter 6 Forced aeration composting, aerated static pile, and similar methods
197(74)
Frederick Michel
Tim O'Neill
Robert Rynk
Jane Gilbert
Matthew Smith
John Aber
Harold Keener
1 Introduction
197(2)
2 Aerated static pile
199(52)
2.1 General principles
200(4)
2.2 Pile configurations and dimensions
204(4)
2.3 Feedstock preparation, pile construction, and turning
208(3)
2.4 Aeration direction--positive versus negative
211(5)
2.5 Aeration system synopsis
216(4)
2.6 Aeration--how much?
220(5)
2.7 Fans and fan pressure
225(5)
2.8 Aeration floor
230(11)
2.9 Aeration control
241(10)
3 Variations of aerated static piles
251(11)
3.1 Bins and bunkers
252(4)
3.2 Buildings
256(2)
3.3 Aerated static pile under microporous covers
258(4)
4 Methods combining turning and forced aeration of windrows and piles
262(4)
4.1 Forced aeration turned windrows
262(1)
4.2 Extended piles (aka. Trapezoidal, block, or table composting)
263(3)
References
266(5)
Chapter 7 Contained and in-vessel composting methods and methods summary
271(36)
Frederick Michel
Tim O'Neill
Robert Rynk
Michael Bryant-Brown
Van Calvez
Ji Li
John Paul
1 Introduction
271(3)
2 Basic principles
274(2)
3 Agitated bays
276(5)
4 Turned/agitated vessels
281(6)
4.1 Earth Flow
282(3)
4.2 Hot Rot systems
285(2)
5 Aerated beds and bays in buildings and halls
287(1)
6 Silos
288(2)
7 Rotating drums
290(4)
8 Tunnels
294(2)
9 Moveable and modular aerated containers
296(4)
9.1 Modular containers within a composting site
296(2)
9.2 Transportable containers between sites
298(2)
10 Methods for on-site composting of food waste
300(2)
11 Summary: comparing the composting methods
302(2)
References
304(3)
Chapter 8 Composting animal mortalities
307(34)
Jean Bonhotal
Mary Schwarz
Robert Rynk
Johannes Biala
Jane Gilbert
Robert Michitsch
1 Introduction
307(3)
2 Mortality composting--basic principles
310(1)
3 Pathogen elimination, risk management, and regulatory requirements
311(7)
3.1 Pathogen elimination
312(4)
3.2 Risk management
316(1)
3.3 Regulatory requirements
316(2)
4 Feedstock characteristics and requirements
318(4)
4.1 Carcass characteristics
318(1)
4.2 Amendments--carbon sources--bulking agents
319(3)
5 Methods and techniques
322(8)
5.1 Passively aerated piles and bins
322(8)
6 Sizing guidelines for passively aerated pies and bin
330(2)
7 Other mortality composting methods
332(3)
7.1 Forced-aerated static piles and bins
332(1)
7.2 In-vessel composting
333(1)
7.3 Rotating drums
334(1)
8 Managing mortality composting operations
335(1)
8.1 Process monitoring
335(1)
8.2 Pathogen control
335(1)
References
336(5)
Chapter 9 Composting operations and equipment
341(68)
Scott Gamble
Craig S. Coker
Frank Franciosi
Robert Rynk
1 Introduction
341(1)
2 Material handling equipment
342(11)
2.1 Front-end loaders
343(3)
2.2 Excavators
346(1)
2.3 Fork lifts
347(1)
2.4 Dump trucks, end dumps, and wagons
348(1)
2.5 Conveyors
349(4)
3 Feedstock receiving and handling
353(9)
3.1 Feedstock inspection
353(1)
3.2 Receiving wet feedstocks
354(1)
3.3 Handling liquid feedstocks
355(2)
3.4 Removing contaminants
357(4)
3.5 Temporary storage of feedstocks
361(1)
4 Amendment handling and storage
362(1)
5 Feedstock preprocessing
363(15)
5.1 Size reduction
364(1)
5.2 Size reduction equipment
364(7)
5.3 Mixing
371(7)
6 Composting operations
378(11)
6.1 General pile and windrow formation
378(3)
6.2 Windrow turning
381(1)
6.3 Combining piles and windrows
381(1)
6.4 Adding water to windrows and piles
382(7)
7 Curing
389(3)
8 Postprocessing
392(11)
8.1 Screening
392(2)
8.2 Screening equipment
394(6)
8.3 Film plastic removal
400(3)
8.4 Drying
403(1)
9 Finished compost storage
403(1)
10 Blending compost products
404(1)
11 Bagging
405(2)
References
407(2)
Chapter 10 Site planning, development, and environmental protection
409(92)
Matthew Cotton
Robert Rynk
Lorrie Loder-Rossiter
Andrew Carpenter
1 Introduction
409(2)
2 Compost-site regulations
411(2)
3 Environmental and community considerations
413(2)
4 Site selection/evaluation
415(11)
4.1 Location
416(2)
4.2 Proximity to sensitive land uses
418(2)
4.3 Available land
420(1)
4.4 Electricity
421(1)
4.5 Water
421(1)
4.6 Access and infrastructure
422(1)
4.7 Mobile phone and internet services
423(1)
4.8 Site surface
423(1)
4.9 Depth to groundwater
424(1)
4.10 Drainage, land slope, and topography
424(1)
4.11 Site visibility
425(1)
5 Site development
426(10)
5.1 Access and security
426(2)
5.2 Drainage and stormwater control
428(3)
5.3 Utilities and facilities
431(5)
6 Site layout
436(1)
7 Composting pad construction
437(13)
7.1 Existing soils
442(2)
7.2 Amended soils
444(1)
7.3 Engineered pad surfaces
445(2)
7.4 Lime-stabilized soil
447(1)
7.5 Soil cement
448(1)
7.6 Roller-compacted concrete
448(1)
7.7 Asphalt (Macadam)
449(1)
7.8 Concrete
450(1)
8 How much space? Estimating the area for composting
450(14)
8.1 Estimating the composting pad area
451(3)
8.2 Curing area
454(7)
8.3 Compost storage area
461(1)
8.4 Areas for feedstock receiving, mixing, and storage
461(2)
8.5 Areas for specific operations
463(1)
9 Building--roof and enclosures
464(4)
9.1 The environment within
465(1)
9.2 Building options
466(2)
10 Handling run-on/runoff
468(26)
10.1 Stormwater Pollution Prevention Planning
469(1)
10.2 Runoff characteristics and constituents
470(5)
10.3 Runoff system design considerations
475(7)
10.4 Runoff storage (ponds)
482(5)
10.5 How much runoff?
487(7)
References
494(7)
Chapter 11 Process management
501(48)
Robert Rynk
Jeff Ziegenbein
Cary Oshins
Nanci Koerting
James Hardin
1 Introduction
501(3)
2 Odor
504(1)
3 Temperature
504(10)
3.1 Temperature monitoring procedures
505(4)
3.2 Temperature measuring devices
509(1)
3.3 Temperature signals and responses
510(4)
4 Monitoring moisture content
514(9)
4.1 Evaluating moisture content by hand and experience
515(2)
4.2 Determining moisture by weight and drying
517(4)
4.3 Electronic moisture probes
521(1)
4.4 Moisture signals
522(1)
5 Oxygen and carbon dioxide monitoring
523(5)
5.1 O2 and CO2 monitoring devices
523(3)
5.2 Oxygen signals
526(2)
6 Bulk density and free air space
528(1)
7 Monitoring pH
528(3)
7.1 pH measurement methods
528(2)
7.2 pH signals
530(1)
8 Monitoring soluble salts (electrical conductivity)
531(1)
9 Conservation of nitrogen and organic matter
531(11)
9.1 Conserving nitrogen
532(4)
9.2 Conserving carbon and organic matter
536(1)
9.3 Feedstock additives that conserve nitrogen and greenhouse gasses
537(3)
9.4 Capture and containment
540(2)
References
542(7)
Chapter 12 Odor management and community relations
549(78)
Tim O'Neill
Robert Rynk
Ginny Black
Anna F. Bokowa
1 Introduction
549(2)
2 Odor regulations--"All Over the Map"
551(3)
3 The nature of composting odors
554(5)
4 The anatomy of an odor problem
559(1)
5 The nature of the nuisance
559(3)
6 Minimizing odors through site selection and management
562(3)
6.1 Site selection and layout
562(2)
6.2 Facility management
564(1)
7 Odor generation during composting
565(4)
7.1 Oxygen
565(1)
7.2 Temperature
566(2)
7.3 Feedstock mix properties
568(1)
8 Strategies to reduce the generation of odors
569(10)
8.1 Reducing odor generation from receiving and preprocessing
570(1)
8.2 Reducing odor generation from active composting
571(5)
8.3 Reducing odor generation from curing
576(1)
8.4 Reducing odor generation from stormwater
577(2)
9 Capture and control of odors once generated
579(1)
10 Capture
580(12)
10.1 Pile surface irrigation
581(1)
10.2 Applied biocover
581(1)
10.3 Fabric covers
582(1)
10.4 Negative aeration
582(1)
10.5 Buildings
583(2)
10.6 In-vessel composting
585(1)
10.7 Control methods
586(1)
10.8 Bionlters
587(5)
11 Odor migration and dispersal
592(12)
11.1 Plumes and puffs
593(2)
11.2 Atmospheric factors
595(6)
11.3 Topography
601(1)
11.4 Distance
602(2)
12 Neighbor and community relations--complaints and more
604(5)
12.1 Neighborhood and community serenity commandments
604(4)
12.2 Odor complaint response
608(1)
13 Odor characterization and measurement
609(10)
13.1 Parameters used to characterize odors
609(3)
13.2 Odor measurement
612(7)
References
619(8)
Chapter 13 Safety and health principles and practices for composting facilities
627(58)
Nellie J. Brown
Jane Gilbert
Ginny Black
Robert Rynk
1 Introduction
627(1)
2 Hierarchy of controls
628(5)
3 Safety and health regulations
633(1)
4 Safety concerns at composting sites
633(16)
4.1 General equipment and site safety
633(7)
4.2 Safety provisions for specific operations
640(9)
5 Physiological health concerns
649(7)
5.1 Noise
649(1)
5.2 Physiological demands: overexertion, sprains, or strains
650(1)
5.3 Heat stress
650(4)
5.4 Cold stress
654(1)
5.5 Exposure to sunlight--ultraviolet radiation
655(1)
6 Biological and chemical health concerns
656(10)
6.1 Routes of entry
656(3)
6.2 Chemical hazards
659(1)
6.3 Dust
659(1)
6.4 Biological hazards
660(6)
7 Prevention and preparedness
666(9)
7.1 Reducing exposure to safety and health hazards
667(1)
7.2 Medical monitoring: to establish a health baseline and to evaluate health
667(2)
7.3 Personal protective equipment
669(1)
7.4 Emergency action planning and fire response
670(1)
7.5 Fire preparation
671(1)
7.6 Means of exiting from a building
672(1)
7.7 First aid
673(2)
References
675(10)
Chapter 14 Facility management
685(52)
Robert Rynk
Nanci Koerting
Jeff Ziegenbein
James Hardin
Cary Oshins
Nellie J. Brown
Nancy J. Lampen
Dan Lilkas-Rain
1 Introduction
685(3)
2 Administrative functions
688(5)
2.1 Regulatory requirements
688(1)
2.2 Tips for employee hiring and management
688(2)
2.3 Training
690(1)
2.4 Documents and records
691(2)
3 Managing the carbon footprint
693(2)
4 Weights and measures
695(9)
4.1 Traditional measurement tools
695(2)
4.2 Technical measuring tools
697(7)
5 Materials analysis
704(10)
5.1 Professional laboratory analysis
705(2)
5.2 "In-house" testing
707(1)
5.3 Sample collection
707(7)
6 Managing with the weather/seasons
714(5)
6.1 Exposure to weather extremes
715(2)
6.2 Precipitation
717(2)
7 Preventing and managing fires
719(8)
7.1 Surface fires
720(2)
7.2 Spontaneous combustion
722(4)
7.3 Fire readiness
726(1)
8 Preventing and managing nuisance conditions
727(4)
References
731(6)
Chapter 15 Compost characteristics and quality
737(40)
Richard Stehouwer
Leslie Cooperband
Robert Rynk
Johannes Biala
Jean Bonhotal
Susan Antler
Tera Lewandowski
Hilary Nichols
1 Introduction
737(2)
2 Typical and typically variable, compost product qualities
739(5)
3 Compost performance characteristics
744(12)
3.1 pH
744(1)
3.2 Soluble salts
745(1)
3.3 Organic matter and organic carbon
746(1)
3.4 Nutrient content
747(4)
3.5 C/N ratio
751(1)
3.6 Particle size
751(1)
3.7 Bulk density
752(1)
3.8 Water holding capacity
753(1)
3.9 Stability and maturity
753(3)
4 Aesthetic characteristics
756(2)
4.1 Physical contaminants (impurities)
756(1)
4.2 Color, odor, and moisture
757(1)
5 Safety characteristics
758(7)
5.1 Pathogens and pathogen inactivation (sanitization, pasteurization)
758(2)
5.2 Chemical contaminants
760(5)
5.3 Sharps
765(1)
6 Compost quality standards
765(3)
7 Compost testing assurance
768(1)
8 Laboratory analysis of compost products
769(3)
References
772(5)
Chapter 16 Compost use
777(70)
Monica Ozores-Hampton
Johannes Biala
Gregory Evanylo
Britt Faucette
Leslie Cooperband
Nancy Roe
Jeffrey A. Creque
Dan Sullivan
1 Introduction
777(1)
2 General considerations for compost use
778(19)
2.1 Improving soils
781(2)
2.2 Supplying plant nutrients (it's mostly about N, but P and K deliver value to)
783(6)
2.3 Sequester carbon in soils
789(5)
2.4 Using compost as mulch to manage soil erosion, water, and weeds
794(3)
3 Compost application rates
797(8)
3.1 Target soil organic matter level
799(2)
3.2 Target nutrient applications rate
801(4)
4 Equipment for spreading compost
805(5)
5 Specific agricultural, horticultural, and forestry applications
810(13)
5.1 Field crops (small grains, maize, fiber crops, hay, and pasture)
810(3)
5.2 Vegetable crops
813(3)
5.3 Small fruits
816(3)
5.4 Compost use in vineyards
819(2)
5.5 Tree crops
821(2)
5.6 Forest crops
823(1)
6 Nursery and greenhouse applications
823(5)
6.1 Field nursery production
825(1)
6.2 Container nursery production
825(1)
6.3 Greenhouse production of seedlings and annual crops
826(2)
7 Turf and landscape applications
828(6)
7.1 Turf establishment and maintenance
828(2)
7.2 Landscaping
830(2)
7.3 Surface mulching
832(1)
7.4 Manufactured soils for rooftop gardens
833(1)
8 Erosion control and stormwater management
834(4)
References
838(9)
Chapter 17 Compost use for plant disease suppression
847(32)
Deborah A. Neher
Harry A. Hoitink
Johannes Biala
Robert Rynk
Ginny Black
1 Introduction
847(26)
1.1 History of organic amendments used for plant disease suppression
847(3)
1.2 Plant diseases prone to suppression by compost
850(4)
1.3 Compost organisms that suppress plant diseases
854(1)
1.4 Specific versus general compost-mediated disease suppression
854(6)
1.5 Compost factors that affect disease suppression
860(11)
1.6 Indicators of suppression
871(1)
1.7 Conclusions
872(1)
References
873(6)
Chapter 18 Compost marketing and sales
879(34)
Ron Alexander
Rod Tyler
Mary Schwarz
Jeff Ziegenbein
1 Introduction
879(1)
2 Marketplace for compost
880(4)
3 The Product(s)--compost(s)
884(4)
4 Marketing concepts
888(7)
4.1 Marketability
888(1)
4.2 Positioning
889(1)
4.3 Product branding
890(1)
4.4 Market development
891(4)
5 Market options
895(6)
5.1 Market versus self-use
895(1)
5.2 Feedstocks versus market characteristics
896(1)
5.3 Volume versus value markets--market hierarchies
897(1)
5.4 Bulk versus packaged products sales
898(1)
5.5 Derivative products
899(2)
5.6 Distribution options
901(1)
6 Market planning
901(6)
7 Compost sales
907(4)
7.1 The compost supplier and salesperson
907(1)
7.2 Prospecting
908(1)
7.3 Lead generation
909(1)
7.4 The sales call
909(1)
7.5 Compost sales tools and services
910(1)
References
911(2)
Chapter 19 Composting economics
913(32)
Craig S. Coker
Mark King
Jane Gilbert
Jonathan M. Rivin
Rudy Wentz
Mary Schwarz
Britt Faucette
Rod Tyler
1 Introduction
913(1)
2 Economics overview
914(15)
2.1 Revenue/savings items
916(6)
2.2 Expense items
922(5)
2.3 Typical costs
927(2)
3 The big picture
929(5)
3.1 Case study
932(2)
4 Economics of compost use
934(8)
4.1 Nutrient value of compost
936(3)
4.2 Compost use in sediment and erosion control
939(3)
References
942(3)
Appendices 945(2)
Sources of photographs and external graphics 947(6)
Index 953
Dr. Rynk has been researching and teaching about processing of waste and agricultural materials for over 30 years. His areas of expertise include waste management, biomass processing and conversion, natural treatment processes, odor management, spontaneous combustion and energy conversion and conservation. He is internationally recognized for his work and expertise in the field of composting. He has authored numerous publications about composting, waste management and energy. He holds a Professional Engineering license in Agricultural Engineering. He is a regular instructor for composting training schools and workshops, nationally and internationally. He is co-instructor and co-developer for the Foundations of Composting” workshop, held annually at the U.S. Composting Council conference. Bob was the editor and lead author for the original On-Farm Composting Handbook, which is the precursor to The Composting Handbook. Bob is Professor Emeritus with The State University of New York College of Agriculture and Technology at Cobleskill. Ginny Black served on the Compost Councils Research and Education Foundation Board of Trustees since 1995, chairing the organization since 2014. She served on the US Composting Council's Board of Directors from 1995 to 2010. She currently chairs the Minnesota Composting Council (MNCC), a non-profit organization founded in 2012. The MNCC is a State Chapter of the US Composting Council, working with composters, businesses, and the public sector to divert and process organic materials to compost facilities. Ginny served as a technical staff person for recycling and composting with the Minnesota State Agency's from 1987 to 2013, setting up recycling and composting programs throughout the state of MN. In her last 12-years she focused exclusively on promoting reduction and composting of organic materials. She also served on the City of Plymouth's city council from 1995 to 2013 and was the Councils Representative to the City's Environmental Quality Commission. Dr Jane Gilbert has a background in microbiology and biochemistry and has been involved in the organics recycling sector for over twenty-five years. She is the former chief executive of the UK Composting Association, co-founder of the European Compost Network and the current Chair of the International Solid Waste Associations Biological Treatment Working Group. Jane is a Fellow of the UKs professional body, the Chartered Institution of Wastes Management, and is an ISWA International Waste Manager. Over the years, she has authored a number of technical publications on composting and the benefits of compost use. Jane trades as Carbon Clarity, providing consultancy, training and writing services. Equipped with degrees in Agriculture (Organic Farming) and Environmental Science, Johannes has worked in organics recycling, composting and the use of recycled organics products for over 35 years both in Australia and overseas. He has extensive experience as consultant and researcher in all key areas of the organics recycling supply chain, including source separation, processing and use of recycled organic products in agriculture & horticulture. Throughout his career, Johannes successfully straddled the waste management, organics processing and agricultural worlds, being able to work and deliver significant outcomes in all of them. In 2017 he established the Centre for Recycling of Organic Waste and Nutrients (CROWN) at the University of Queenslands School of Agricultural and Food Sciences (Australia). CROWNs activities cover the sourcing, processing and use of all municipal, commercial and agricultural organic waste and nutrient streams, focusing on the beneficial use of raw and composted organic resources for land management and plant production purposes, including the development of next-generation organo-mineral fertilisers Mary Schwarz has been in the education, outreach, and research arena for 40 years, the last 15 of which were at Cornell Waste Management Institute (CWMI) in managing organic residuals. Her specific areas of expertise include composting, especially mortality and animal by-product composting and the use of manure solids as bedding. In her work with CWMI she has become internationally recognized for expertise in the field of composting. She has authored numerous publications about composting, mortality composting, manure solids as bedding and carbon footprint. She holds a Bachelor of Science in Animal Science and a Master of Arts in Teaching Agriculture, Extension and Adult Education. Leslie Cooperband, along with her husband Wes Jarrell, own and operate Prairie Fruits Farm & Creamery in Champaign Illinois. In business since 2005, they milk goats raised on pasture and make artisan cheeses. They also host agritourism activities. Prior to becoming a full-time goat farmer and cheese maker, Leslie received her Ph.D. in soil science from The Ohio State University in 1992. She began her professional work in composting and compost use while working as a research scientist at the University of Marylands Wye Research Center-1993-1997 (Delmarva Peninsula, MD). She was a professor of soil science at the University of Wisconsin Madison from 1997-2004, where she developed a research and extension program around composting and compost use. When she and her husband moved to Champaign Urbana in 2003, her work shifted gradually from academia to full-time farming. She has written numerous publications on composting and compost use. These days, she does her best to compost her goat farms manure and enjoy its benefits.