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E-grāmata: Computer-Aided Highway Engineering [Taylor & Francis e-book]

(Asian Institute of Transport Development, New Delhi, INDIA), (TechSOFT Engineering Services, New Delhi, INDIA)
  • Formāts: 488 pages, 118 Tables, black and white; 164 Line drawings, black and white; 86 Halftones, black and white; 250 Illustrations, black and white
  • Izdošanas datums: 25-Aug-2021
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press
  • ISBN-13: 9781003045830
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  • Taylor & Francis e-book
  • Cena: 231,23 €*
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Computer-Aided Highway EngineeringPalielināt
  • Formāts: 488 pages, 118 Tables, black and white; 164 Line drawings, black and white; 86 Halftones, black and white; 250 Illustrations, black and white
  • Izdošanas datums: 25-Aug-2021
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press
  • ISBN-13: 9781003045830
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Taylor & Francis e-booksMore info about Taylor & Francis e-books
Rokasgrāmatas mājas lapa: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781003045830
Computer Aided Highway Engineering is aimed at developing professional knowledge in the field of highway engineering with adequate skills in planning, designing and implementation of the highway project with an exposure of hands on training of computer software in designing the worldwide road infrastructures. It discusses Digital Terrain Model (DTM) using satellite data including highway geometric, pavement and tunnel design, supported by relevant tutorials. Quantity estimation, cost estimation and production of various types of construction drawings are described in detail with theory and tutorials backed by real project data.











Recognizes the role of information and computer technology in various aspects of highway design.





Reviews different tasks for feasibility studies and DPR with software applications.





Explores topographic survey, Digital Terrain Model (DTM) and highway geometrics and, pavement and drainage design.





Discusses project estimations for various revisions of the engineering work.





Includes HEADS Pro along with chapter wise tutorials containing design and field data, tutorial guides and various tutorial videos.

This volume is aimed at Professionals in Civil Engineering, Highway Engineering, Transport Planning and Town Planning and Traffic Engineering.
Preface xxv
Acknowledgment xxix
Chapter 1 Project Overview and Highway Engineering
1(12)
1.1 General
1(1)
1.2 Build Operate and Transfer (BOT) Annuity Model
2(4)
1.2.1 Concessions, Build Operate Transfer (BOT), and Design Build
2(1)
1.2.1.1 Operate (DBO) Projects
2(1)
1.2.2 Overview of Concessions, BOTs, and DBO Projects
2(1)
1.2.3 Key Features
3(1)
1.2.3.1 Concessions
3(1)
1.2.3.2 BOT Projects
4(2)
1.2.4 Contractual Structure
6(1)
1.3 The Hybrid Annuity Model (HAM)
6(2)
1.3.1 The Importance
7(1)
1.3.2 Why the Project Authority, Developer Builder and Public Should Care
7(1)
1.4 Feasibility Study
8(1)
1.4.1 Preparation of Feasibility Studies Report (FSR)
8(1)
1.5 Detail Project Report (DPR)
9(3)
1.5.1 Preparing the DPR
9(1)
1.5.1.1
Chapter 1: Introduction
9(1)
1.5.1.2
Chapter 2: Socioeconomic Profile
10(1)
1.5.1.3
Chapter 3: Traffic Surveys, Analysis, and Forecast
10(1)
1.5.1.4
Chapter 4: Engineering Surveys and Investigation Report
11(1)
1.5.1.5
Chapter 5: Improvement Proposals and Preliminary Design
11(1)
1.5.1.6
Chapter 6: Cost Estimate
12(1)
1.5.1.7
Chapter 7: Conclusion
12(1)
Bibliography
12(1)
Chapter 2 Design Standards
13(24)
2.1 General
13(1)
2.2 Highway Detail Engineering
13(12)
2.2.1 Design Criteria
13(1)
2.2.2 Terrain Classification
13(1)
2.2.3 Lane Requirement
14(1)
2.2.4 Lane Width
14(1)
2.2.5 Shoulders
14(1)
2.2.6 Medians
15(1)
2.2.7 Side Slopes
15(1)
2.2.8 Right of Way (ROW)
15(1)
2.2.9 Cross Sectional Elements
16(1)
2.2.10 Super Elevation
16(1)
2.2.11 Plain and Rolling Terrain
16(1)
2.2.12 Hilly Terrain
16(1)
2.2.13 Standards for Interchange Elements
16(1)
2.2.14 Median Openings
17(1)
2.2.15 Underpasses/Cattle Crossings
17(1)
2.2.16 Standards for Interchanges
18(1)
2.2.17 Standards for At-Grade Intersections
19(1)
2.2.18 Subsurface Drainage
19(1)
2.2.19 Surface Drainage
19(1)
2.2.20 Design Standards for Bridges/Structures
19(1)
2.2.21 Width of New Bridges
20(1)
2.2.22 Minor Bridges
21(1)
2.2.23 Major Bridges
21(1)
2.2.24 Rail Over Bridges (ROBs)
21(1)
2.2.25 Underpasses
21(1)
2.2.26 Flyovers
22(1)
2.2.27 Planning for New Bridges
22(1)
2.2.28 Planning for New Culverts
22(1)
2.2.29 Design Loading
23(1)
2.2.30 Carriageway Live Load
23(1)
2.2.31 Tractive and Braking Force
23(1)
2.2.32 Footpath Live Load
24(1)
2.2.33 Wind Forces
24(1)
2.2.34 Seismic Forces
24(1)
2.2.35 Buoyancy Effects
24(1)
2.2.36 Codes and Publications
24(1)
2.2.37 Deck Levels of Structures
24(1)
2.3 Roadway Capacity and Levels of Service (LOS)
25(2)
2.3.1 Level of Service (LOS)
25(1)
2.3.2 Design Vehicle
25(1)
2.3.3 Capacity Analysis
25(2)
2.4 Design Speed
27(3)
2.4.1 Driving Speed
27(1)
2.4.2 Selecting of Design Speed
27(1)
2.4.3 Effect of Terrain
27(1)
2.4.4 Posted Speed Related to Design Speed
28(1)
2.4.5 Existing Roads
29(1)
2.4.6 Locations of Changing Design Speed
29(1)
2.4.7 Interchanges
29(1)
2.4.8 Reduction Below Standards
30(1)
2.5 Sight Distance
30(5)
2.5.1 General
30(1)
2.5.2 Driver's Eye Height and Object Height
30(1)
2.5.3 Stopping Sight Distance (SSD)
31(1)
2.5.4 Safe Passing Sight Distance (SPSD) or Overtaking Sight Distance (OSD)
32(1)
2.5.5 Decision Sight Distance (DSD)
33(2)
2.5.6 Maintaining Sight Distances
35(1)
2.5.7 Provision of Safe Passing Site Distance
35(1)
Bibliography
35(2)
Chapter 3 Introduction to Computer Applications
37(12)
3.1 General
37(1)
3.2 Topographical Maps or Aerial Survey Data Processing
37(1)
3.3 Processing of Topographic Survey Data by Total Station Instrument
38(1)
3.4 Processing of Cross Section Survey Data by Autolevel Instrument
39(1)
3.5 Processing of Bearing Line Survey Data
39(1)
3.6 Processing of Ground Elevation Data by Satellite Downloaded from Internet
40(1)
3.7 The Contours are Superimposed on the Satellite Imagery
40(1)
3.8 Ground Modeling
41(1)
3.9 Triangulation and Contours
41(1)
3.10 Tutorial Videos
42(1)
3.11 New Highway or Low-Cost Rural Road Design with Uniform Single or Dual Carriageway
42(1)
3.12 New Highway, Expressway, or Freeway Design with Multiple Sections
42(1)
3.13 Highway, Expressway, or Freeway Widening with Multiple Sections
43(1)
3.14 Hill Road Design
43(1)
3.15 Designof At-Grade Intersections
43(1)
3.16 Designof Multi-Level Grade Separated Interchanges
44(1)
3.17 Design of Flexible and Rigid Pavement
44(1)
3.18 Design of Highway Drainage
44(1)
3.19 Modes of Data Processing
44(3)
3.19.1 New/Open Project Workspace
45(1)
3.19.1.1 Selecting the Processing Mode as New/Open Project Workspace
45(1)
3.19.2 New/Open a Project Data File
46(1)
3.19.3 New/Open a Text Data File
46(1)
Bibliography
47(2)
Chapter 4 Topographical Survey and Data Collection
49(48)
4.1 General
49(1)
4.2 Topographical Surveys and Investigations
49(3)
4.2.1 Reconnaissance and Alignment
49(1)
4.2.2 Topographic Surveys
50(1)
4.2.2.1 Longitudinal and Cross Sections
51(1)
4.2.2.2 Details of Utility Services and Other Physical Features
51(1)
4.3 Traverse Survey and Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM) Applications
52(23)
4.3.1 Correcting a Traverse by Bowditch's Method
59(7)
4.3.2 Correcting a Traverse by the Transit Rule
66(4)
4.3.3 Closed Link Traverse
70(1)
4.3.4 Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM)
71(4)
4.4 Total Station Survey
75(2)
4.5 Cross Section Survey by Autolevel
77(1)
4.6 Geographic Coordinate System Transformations
78(9)
4.6.1 Geographic Coordinate System Transformation Methods
79(2)
4.6.2 Geographic Coordinate System Transformation Formulas
81(1)
4.6.2.1 Geographic/Geocentric Conversions
81(1)
4.6.2.2 Offsets
82(1)
4.6.2.3 Geocentric Translations
83(1)
4.6.2.4 Abridged Molodenski Transformation
84(1)
4.6.2.5 Helmert Transformation
84(3)
4.7 Computer-Aided Design of Processing for Coordinate Conversion
87(1)
4.8 Triangulation
88(6)
4.8.1 Delaunay Triangulation and Algorithm
88(1)
4.8.1.1 The Delaunay Triangulation has the Following Interesting Properties
89(1)
4.8.1.2 Developing a Delaunay Triangulation
90(1)
4.8.1.3 Degeneracies
90(1)
4.8.1.4 Data Structures
91(1)
4.8.1.5 Shape Refinement
91(1)
4.8.1.6 Complexity
92(1)
4.8.1.7 Environment for Implementation
93(1)
4.8.1.8 Various Modules in the Triangulation Process
93(1)
4.8.1.9 Application to Three-Dimensional Geoscientific Modeling
93(1)
4.9 Contours
94(1)
4.10 Computer-Aided Design Application in Survey Data Processing
95(1)
Bibliography
96(1)
Chapter 5 Design of Horizontal Alignment
97(14)
5.1 General
97(1)
5.2 Design Considerations
97(1)
5.3 Maximum Superelevation
98(1)
5.4 Minimum Curvature
98(2)
5.5 Calculation of Superelevation
100(1)
5.6 Transition Curves
100(4)
5.6.1 Applications
100(1)
5.6.2 Length of Transition Curve
101(1)
5.6.3 Length of Superelevation in Applications
102(1)
5.6.4 Application of Superelevation
103(1)
5.7 Widening on Curves
104(1)
5.8 Later Clearances
105(3)
5.9 Computer-Aided Design of Horizontal Alignment
108(1)
Bibliography
108(3)
Chapter 6 Design of Vertical Alignment
111(12)
6.1 General
111(1)
6.2 Design Considerations
111(1)
6.3 Vertical Curves
112(3)
6.4 Gradient
115(1)
6.4.1 Maximum Gradient
115(1)
6.4.2 Minimum Gradient
116(1)
6.5 Visibility
116(1)
6.6 Choice of Longitudinal Profile
117(1)
6.7 Visual Appearance of Vertical Geometry
117(1)
6.8 Combining Horizontal and Vertical Alignment
118(1)
6.9 Vertical Clearances
118(2)
6.10 Computer-Aided Design of Vertical Alignment
120(1)
Bibliography
120(3)
Chapter 7 Design of Cross Section Elements
123(16)
7.1 General
123(1)
7.2 Basic Cross Section Elements
123(1)
7.3 Limits of Right of Way (ROW)
123(1)
7.4 Side Slopes
124(3)
7.5 Verges
127(1)
7.6 Service Reservations
127(1)
7.7 Shoulders and Curb Clearances
128(1)
7.7.1 Shoulders
128(1)
7.7.2 Curb Clearances
128(1)
7.8 Clearances to Structures
129(1)
7.9 Clearances to Safety Barriers
130(1)
7.10 Lane Widths
130(1)
7.11 Median Widths
131(2)
7.11.1 Provisions
131(1)
7.11.2 Narrow Medians
132(1)
7.11.3 Intermediate Medians
132(1)
7.11.4 Wide Medians
133(1)
7.11.5 Normal Widths for Medians
133(1)
7.12 Cross Slopes
133(1)
7.13 Gutters and Drainage Ditches
134(1)
7.14 Other Elements Within the Cross Section
134(3)
7.14.1 Auxiliary Lanes
134(1)
7.14.2 Service Roads
134(1)
7.14.3 Bridges
135(1)
7.14.4 Tunnels
136(1)
7.15 Computer-Aided Design of Road Cross Sections
137(1)
Bibliography
137(2)
Chapter 8 Estimation of Earthwork and Pavement Quantities
139(22)
8.1 General
139(1)
8.1.1 Estimation of Areas and Volumes
139(1)
8.1.2 Irregular Shapes
139(1)
8.2 "Give and Take" Lines
139(1)
8.3 Counting Squares
140(1)
8.4 Trapezoidal Rule
140(1)
8.5 Simpson's Rule
141(1)
8.6 Calculations for Earthwork Volumes
142(9)
8.6.1 Volume from Cross Sections
144(1)
8.6.1.1 Sections Level Across
144(1)
8.6.1.2 Sections with Crossfall
145(2)
8.6.1.3 Sections Part in Cut and Part in Fill
147(2)
8.6.1.4 Sections of Variable Level
149(2)
8.7 Computation of Volumes
151(9)
8.7.1 Volumes by Mean Areas
151(1)
8.7.2 Volumes by End Areas
152(2)
8.7.3 Volumes by Prismoidal Formula
154(6)
8.8 Computer-Aided Estimation of Earthworks and Pavement Quantities
160(1)
Bibliography
160(1)
Chapter 9 Design Drawings
161(52)
9.1 General
161(1)
9.2 Drawings Requirement
161(1)
9.3 Sequence and Scales of Drawings
161(1)
9.4 Features of Drawings
162(1)
9.4.1 Cover or Title Page
162(1)
9.4.2 Drawing Index
162(1)
9.5 Key Plan
162(1)
9.6 Location Plan
163(1)
9.7 Abbreviation, Symbol, and Legend Plan
163(1)
9.8 Elements of Curve Plan
163(1)
9.9 Superelevation Details Plan
163(1)
9.10 Typical Road Cross Section and Pavement Details Plan
164(1)
9.11 Alignment Control Plan
164(1)
9.12 Plan Drawing and Longitudinal Profile Drawing
164(1)
9.13 Plan Drawing
165(1)
9.14 Longitudinal Profile Drawing
165(1)
9.15 Cross Section Plan
165(1)
9.16 Junction Details Plans
166(1)
9.17 Junction Details
166(1)
9.18 Traffic Signal Details
166(1)
9.19 Road Marking Plan
166(1)
9.20 Traffic, Guide, and Temporary Sign Plans
167(1)
9.21 Drainage Plans
167(1)
9.22 Structure Plans
167(1)
9.23 Bridge Structural Plans
167(2)
9.23.1 Soil Profile
168(1)
9.23.2 Piles
168(1)
9.23.3 Abutment and Wing Wall Details
168(1)
9.23.4 Piers
168(1)
9.23.5 Beams/Girders
168(1)
9.23.6 Diaphragms
168(1)
9.23.7 Deck Slabs
168(1)
9.23.8 Handrails/Parapet and Expansion Joints
169(1)
9.23.9 Water Main Brackets and Other Miscellaneous Details
169(1)
9.24 Sequence and Scales for Bridge Structures
169(1)
9.25 Requirement for Dimensions
169(1)
9.26 Relocation of Services Plans
170(1)
9.27 Miscellaneous Plan
170(1)
9.28 Drawing Numbering System
170(1)
9.29 Computer-Aided Design Drawings
171(41)
9.29.1 Project Drawings for Plan, Profile, and Cross Sections
171(1)
9.29.1.1 Drawings for Alignment Schematics
172(1)
9.29.1.2 Drawings for Plan
173(1)
9.29.1.3 Drawings for Profile
174(1)
9.29.1.4 Drawings for Road & Ground Cross Sections
175(1)
9.29.1.5 Viewing of Computer-Aided Design Drawings
176(5)
9.29.2 Create Plan Drawings by Cutting with Sheet Layout
181(1)
9.29.2.1 Draw Match Lines in the Base Drawing of Full Length
182(5)
9.29.2.2 Making Sheet Layouts on the Base Drawing Within Two Match Lines
187(4)
9.29.2.3 User's Input Data File with Major Option 1100
191(3)
9.29.2.4 Open and Process User's Input Data File with Major Option 1100
194(2)
9.29.2.5 Viewing All the Plan Drawings each of One Kilometer Length
196(4)
9.29.3 CAD Basics to Create the Plan and Profile Drawings
200(10)
9.29.4 Model Drawings
210(1)
9.29.5 Individual Model Drawings
210(2)
Bibliography
212(1)
Chapter 10 Process Project Data File and Text Data Files
213(4)
10.1 General
213(1)
10.2 Project Workspace
213(1)
10.3 Project Data File and Batch Processing
213(1)
10.4 Text Data File and Manual Processing
214(1)
10.5 Computer-Aided Design Process
215(1)
Bibliography
216(1)
Chapter 11 Design of At-Grade Intersections
217(68)
11.1 General
217(1)
11.2 Design Considerations
217(5)
11.2.1 Principles of Design
217(1)
11.2.2 Types of Conflicting Maneuver
217(1)
11.2.3 Types of At-Grade Intersection Layouts
218(1)
11.2.3.1 Unchannelized and Unflared Intersections
218(1)
11.2.3.2 Flared Intersections
218(1)
11.2.3.3 Channelized Intersections
218(1)
11.2.4 Factors Influencing Design
218(1)
11.2.4.1 Traffic
219(1)
11.2.4.2 Topography and Environment
219(1)
11.2.4.3 Economics
219(1)
11.2.4.4 Human Factors
219(1)
11.2.5 Safety
219(1)
11.2.6 Points of Conflict
220(1)
11.2.7 Areas of Conflict
220(1)
11.2.8 Major Movements
220(1)
11.2.9 Control of Speed
220(1)
11.2.10 Traffic Control and Geometric Design
220(1)
11.2.11 Capacity
221(1)
11.2.12 Location of Intersection
221(1)
11.2.13 Spacing of Intersections
221(1)
11.2.14 Channelization
222(1)
11.2.15 Excessive Channelization
222(1)
11.3 Design Controls
222(5)
11.3.1 Priority Control
222(1)
11.3.2 Traffic
223(1)
11.3.3 Design Speed
223(1)
11.3.4 Design Vehicles
223(1)
11.3.4.1 "P" Design
223(1)
11.3.4.2 "SU" Design
224(1)
11.3.4.3 "WB-50" Design
224(1)
11.3.5 Selection of Intersection Type
224(1)
11.3.5.1 Roundabouts
225(1)
11.3.5.2 Signal Controlled Intersections
226(1)
11.3.5.3 Grade-Separated Intersections
226(1)
11.3.5.4 Combination and Coordination in Successive Intersections
226(1)
11.4 Geometric Standards
227(35)
11.4.1 General Considerations
227(1)
11.4.2 Horizontal Alignment
227(1)
11.4.3 Staggered T-Junctions
227(1)
11.4.4 Vertical Alignment
227(1)
11.4.5 Sight Distance
228(1)
11.4.5.1 General
228(1)
11.4.5.2 Sight Triangle
229(1)
11.4.5.3 Sight Distance for Approach
229(3)
11.4.5.4 Sight Distance for Departure
232(2)
11.4.5.5 Effect of Skew
234(1)
11.4.5.6 Effect of Grades
235(1)
11.4.6 Right-Turn Lanes
236(1)
11.4.6.1 General
236(1)
11.4.6.2 Design Considerations
236(1)
11.4.6.3 Length of Right-Turn Lanes
237(1)
11.4.6.4 Width of Right-Turn Lanes
238(1)
11.4.6.5 Seagull Island
238(1)
11.4.6.6 Opposed Right-Turns
238(1)
11.4.6.7 Central Island and Median Design
239(1)
11.4.7 Left-Turn Lanes
239(1)
11.4.7.1 General
239(1)
11.4.7.2 Simple Left-Turns
239(1)
11.4.7.3 Separate Left-Turn Lanes
240(4)
11.4.8 Pavement Tapers
244(1)
11.4.8.1 General
244(1)
11.4.8.2 Design Principles
244(1)
11.4.8.3 Taper Length
245(1)
11.4.8.4 Auxiliary Lanes
245(2)
11.4.8.5 Width of Auxiliary Lanes
247(1)
11.4.9 Island and Openings
247(1)
11.4.9.1 General
247(1)
11.4.9.2 Traffic Islands
247(3)
11.4.9.3 Median Islands
250(4)
11.4.9.4 Median Openings
254(1)
11.4.9.5 Outer Separators
255(1)
11.4.10 Widening of Major Road
255(3)
11.4.11 Minor Road Treatment
258(1)
11.4.11.1 Types of Treatments
258(1)
11.4.11.2 Guide Islands
258(3)
11.4.11.3 Widening of the Minor Road
261(1)
11.4.11.4 Left-Turn Lane on Minor Roads
262(1)
11.4.12 Shoulders
262(1)
11.4.13 Crossfall and Surface Drainage
262(1)
11.5 Capacity of Intersections
262(12)
11.5.1 General
262(1)
11.5.2 Level of Service
263(1)
11.5.3 Capacity of Unsignalized Intersections
263(1)
11.5.3.1 General
263(1)
11.5.3.2 Procedure
263(8)
11.5.3.3 Potential Improvements
271(1)
11.5.4 Capacity of Signalized Intersections
271(1)
11.5.4.1 General
271(1)
11.5.4.2 Warrants
271(1)
11.5.4.3 Intersection Capacity Characteristics
271(1)
11.5.4.4 Computation Analysis
272(1)
11.5.4.5 Signal Timings
272(1)
11.5.5 Capacity of Roundabouts
272(1)
11.5.5.1 Size of Roundabout
272(1)
11.5.5.2 Capacity Calculations
273(1)
11.5.5.3 Reserve Capacity
274(1)
11.6 Other Related Elements
274(5)
11.6.1 Pedestrian Facilities
274(1)
11.6.1.1 General
274(1)
11.6.1.2 Pedestrian Crossing
274(1)
11.6.2 Lighting
275(1)
11.6.3 Public Utilities
275(1)
11.6.4 Parking
276(1)
11.6.5 Traffic Signs and Lane Markings
276(1)
11.6.6 Drainage
276(1)
11.6.7 Landscaping
276(1)
11.6.8 Stop Line
276(1)
11.6.8.1 General
276(2)
11.6.8.2 Stop Line on Minor Road
278(1)
11.7 General Warrants for Traffic Control Signals
279(3)
11.7.1 General
279(1)
11.7.2 Warrant Analysis
279(1)
11.7.2.1 Warrant 1: Vehicular Operations
280(2)
11.7.2.2 Warrant 2: Pedestrian Safety
282(1)
11.8 Computer-Aided Design of At-Grade Intersections
282(1)
Bibliography
283(2)
Chapter 12 Design of Grade-Separated Interchanges
285(84)
12.1 General
285(1)
12.2 General Principles
285(3)
12.2.1 Traffic and Operation
285(1)
12.2.2 Site Conditions
286(1)
12.2.3 Type of Highway and Intersecting Facility
286(1)
12.2.4 Safety
286(1)
12.2.5 Stage Development
287(1)
12.2.6 Economic Factors
287(1)
12.2.6.1 Initial Cost
287(1)
12.2.6.2 Maintenance Cost
287(1)
12.2.6.3 Vehicular Operating Cost
287(1)
12.3 Justifications for Grade Separation and Interchanges
288(2)
12.3.1 Design Designation
288(1)
12.3.2 Elimination of Bottlenecks or Stop Congestion
288(1)
12.3.3 Elimination of Hazards
288(1)
12.3.4 Site Topography
289(1)
12.3.5 Road-User Benefits
289(1)
12.3.6 Traffic Volume Warrant
289(1)
12.3.7 Other Justifications
289(1)
12.3.8 Justification for Class of Road
289(1)
12.4 Grade Separation Structures
290(3)
12.4.1 Types of Separation Structures
290(1)
12.4.1.1 General
290(1)
12.4.1.2 Overpass
290(1)
12.4.1.3 Underpass
290(1)
12.4.2 Overpass Versus Underpass
291(1)
12.4.2.1 General Design Considerations
291(1)
12.4.3 Cross Section of Structures
292(1)
12.4.3.1 Structure Widths
292(1)
12.4.3.2 Clearances
292(1)
12.4.3.3 Barriers
292(1)
12.4.4 Grade-separation Without Ramps
292(1)
12.5 Interchange Types
293(10)
12.5.1 Three Leg Design
293(1)
12.5.2 Four Leg Design
293(1)
12.5.2.1 General
293(1)
12.5.2.2 Ramps in one Quadrant
294(1)
12.5.2.3 Diamond Interchanges
294(3)
12.5.2.4 Cloverleaf
297(1)
12.5.2.5 Partial Cloverleaf Ramp Arrangements
298(1)
12.5.3 Directional and Semi-Directional Design
298(2)
12.5.4 Rotary Design
300(1)
12.5.5 Combination Interchanges
301(2)
12.6 General Design Considerations
303(10)
12.6.1 Interchange Type Determination
303(2)
12.6.2 Approaches to the Structures
305(1)
12.6.2.1 Alignment, Profile, and Cross Section
305(1)
12.6.2.2 Sight Distance
306(1)
12.6.3 Interchange Spacings
306(1)
12.6.4 Uniformity of Interchange Patterns
306(1)
12.6.5 Route Continuity
307(1)
12.6.6 Signing and Markings
307(1)
12.6.7 Basic Number of Lanes
308(1)
12.6.8 Coordination of Lane Balance or Basic Number of Lanes
309(1)
12.6.9 Auxiliary Lanes
310(2)
12.6.10 Lane Reduction
312(1)
12.7 Design Elements
313(32)
12.7.1 Weaving Sections
313(1)
12.7.1.1 General
313(1)
12.7.1.2 Design Considerations
314(1)
12.7.2 Collector - Distributor Roads
314(1)
12.7.2.1 General
314(1)
12.7.2.2 Design Considerations
314(1)
12.7.3 Exits
315(1)
12.7.3.1 Exit Type 1
315(1)
12.7.3.2 Exit Type 2
315(1)
12.7.4 Ramps
316(1)
12.7.4.1 Ramp Types
316(1)
12.7.4.2 Design Considerations
317(11)
12.7.4.3 Pavement Widths
328(3)
12.7.4.4 Ramp Terminals
331(14)
12.8 Interchange Capacity
345(6)
12.8.1 General
345(1)
12.8.2 Ramp Terminals
345(1)
12.8.2.1 Ramp Components
345(1)
12.8.2.2 Operational Characteristics
345(1)
12.8.2.3 Computational Procedure for Ramp Terminals at the Expressway
346(1)
12.8.3 Weaving Sections
346(1)
12.8.3.1 General
346(2)
12.8.3.2 Weaving Length
348(1)
12.8.3.3 Configuration
348(2)
12.8.3.4 Weaving Width and Type of Operation
350(1)
12.8.3.5 Computational Procedure for Simple Weaving Areas
351(1)
12.9 Interchange Signage
351(11)
12.9.1 General
351(1)
12.9.2 Types of Interchange Signing
352(1)
12.9.2.1 Standard Traffic Signs
352(1)
12.9.2.2 Guide Signs
352(3)
12.9.2.3 Gantry Signs
355(1)
12.9.3 Types and Details of Grade-separated Interchanges
355(2)
12.9.4 Complete and Incomplete Interchanges
357(1)
12.9.4.1 Four-Way Cloverleaf Interchange Between Two Controlled Or Limited-Access Highways
357(1)
12.9.4.2 Stack Interchange
358(1)
12.9.4.3 Cloverstack Interchange
358(1)
12.9.4.4 Turbine Interchange
359(1)
12.9.4.5 Roundabout Interchange
360(1)
12.9.4.6 Other/Hybrid Interchanges
360(1)
12.9.4.7 Full Diamond U-Turns
361(1)
12.9.4.8 Three-way Interchanges
361(1)
12.10 Other Design Features
362(3)
12.10.1 Testing for Ease of Operation
362(1)
12.10.2 Grading, Aesthetics and Landscape Development
363(1)
12.10.3 Alignment Design
363(1)
12.10.4 Treatment of Pedestrian Traffic
363(1)
12.10.5 Lighting
364(1)
12.10.6 Drainage
364(1)
12.10.7 Public Utilities
365(1)
12.11 Procedure for the Design of Interchanges
365(2)
12.12 Computer-Aided Design of Grade Separated Interchanges
367(1)
Bibliography
367(2)
Chapter 13 Design of Flexib Pavement
369(44)
13.1 General
369(2)
13.2 Design Variables
371(4)
13.2.1 Time Constraints
371(1)
13.2.2 Traffic
372(2)
13.2.3 Reliability
374(1)
13.2.4 Environmental Effects
374(1)
13.3 Performance Criteria
375(3)
13.3.1 Serviceability
375(2)
13.3.2 Allowable Rutting
377(1)
13.3.3 Aggregate Loss
377(1)
13.4 Material Properties for Design of the Pavement Structure
378(10)
13.4.1 Effective Roadbed Soil Resilient Modulus
378(1)
13.4.2 Effective Modulus of Subgrade Reaction
379(1)
13.4.3 Pavement Layer Materials Characterization
380(2)
13.4.4 Layer Coefficients
382(6)
13.5 Pavement Structural Characteristics
388(2)
13.5.1 Drainage
388(2)
13.6 Design Procedure
390(6)
13.6.1 Determine Required Structural Number
391(1)
13.6.2 Stage Construction
391(2)
13.6.3 Roadbed Swelling and Frost Heave
393(1)
13.6.4 Selection of Layer Thicknesses
394(1)
13.6.5 Analysis for the Design of Layered Pavement System
395(1)
13.7 Example from Appendix H of the AASHTO Guide
396(15)
13.7.1 Design Analysis
396(1)
13.7.2 Time Constraints
397(1)
13.7.3 Traffic
397(1)
13.7.4 Reliability
397(1)
13.7.5 Environmental Impacts
397(4)
13.7.6 Serviceability
401(1)
13.7.7 Effective Roadbed Soil Resilient Modulus
402(1)
13.7.8 Pavement Layer Materials Characterization
403(2)
13.7.9 Layer Coefficients
405(1)
13.7.10 Drainage Coefficients
405(1)
13.7.11 Development of Initial Stage of a Design Alternative
405(1)
13.7.12 Determination of Structural Layer Thicknesses for Initial Structure
405(2)
13.7.13 Overlay Design
407(3)
13.7.14 Summary of Design Strategy
410(1)
13.8 Computer-Aided Design of Flexible Pavement in AASHTO Method
411(1)
Bibliography
411(2)
Chapter 14 Design of Rigid Concrete Pavement
413(40)
14.1 General
413(1)
14.2 Types of Rigid Concrete Pavements
413(1)
14.3 Materials
413(1)
14.3.1 Coarse Aggregate
413(1)
14.4 Design Requirements
414(3)
14.4.1 Design Inputs
414(1)
14.4.2 Effective Modulus of Subgrade Reaction
415(1)
14.4.3 Pavement Layer Materials Characterization
415(1)
14.4.4 PCC Modulus of Rupture
416(1)
14.4.5 Layer Coefficients
417(1)
14.5 Pavement Structural Characteristics
417(4)
14.5.1 Drainage
417(2)
14.5.2 Load Transfer
419(1)
14.5.3 Loss of Support
420(1)
14.6 Reinforcement Variables
421(4)
14.6.1 Jointed Reinforced Concrete Pavements
421(1)
14.6.2 Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavements
422(3)
14.7 Rigid Pavement Design
425(12)
14.7.1 Determining the Effective Modulus of Subgrade Reaction
425(6)
14.7.2 Determine Required Slab Thickness
431(3)
14.7.3 Stage Construction
434(1)
14.7.4 Roadbed Swelling and Frost Heave
435(2)
14.8 Rigid Pavement Joint Design
437(1)
14.8.1 Joint Types
437(1)
14.8.2 Joint Geometry
438(1)
14.9 Rigid Pavement Reinforcement Design
438(14)
14.9.1 Jointed Reinforced Concrete Pavements
439(1)
14.9.2 Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavements
439(10)
14.9.3 Transverse Reinforcement
449(3)
14.10 Computer-Aided Design of Rigid Concrete Pavement in AASHTO Method
452(1)
Bibliography
452(1)
Chapter 15 Design of Highway Drainage and Drainage Structures
453(26)
15.1 General
453(1)
15.2 Surface Drainage
453(2)
15.2.1 Pavement and Shoulder Cross-Slopes
453(1)
15.2.2 Side Slopes and Side Ditches
454(1)
15.3 Design of Surface Drainage Systems
455(5)
15.3.1 Hydrological Approaches and Concepts
455(1)
15.3.1.1 Flood Hydrograph
456(1)
15.3.2 Rainfall Intensity
457(1)
15.3.3 Surface Runoff
457(1)
15.3.4 Time of Concentration
458(1)
15.3.5 The Rational Method
459(1)
15.3.6 Estimating Runoff from Large Rural Drainage Basins
459(1)
15.4 Design of Side Ditches and Other Open Channels
460(5)
15.4.1 The Manning's Formula
460(2)
15.4.2 Energy or Head of Flow
462(3)
15.5 Design of Culverts
465(8)
15.5.1 Guidelines to Decide Culvert Location
465(2)
15.5.2 Hydraulic Design of Culverts
467(1)
15.5.2.1 Types of Culvert Flow
467(1)
15.5.2.2 Culverts Rowing with Inlet Control
468(1)
15.5.2.3 Culverts Flowing with Outlet Control
468(5)
15.6 Drainage of City Streets
473(3)
15.6.1 Pavement Crowns, Curbs and Gutters
473(1)
15.6.2 Inlets
474(1)
15.6.3 Catch Basins
475(1)
15.6.4 Manholes
476(1)
15.7 Computer-Aided Design of Highway Drainage
476(1)
15.7.1 Computer-Aided Design of Highway Surface Drainage
476(1)
15.7.2 Computer-Aided Stream Hydrology and Synthetic Unit Hydrograph
476(1)
Bibliography
477(2)
Index 479
Sandipan Goswami is well known for his technical contribution for about 35 years to the Academic Institutes and Project Preparation to make various preparatory work along with project planning and implementation successful for various State and Central Government authorities. HE has remained member of various professional societies and institutions which includes, Member of the Indian Road Congress, Member and Fellow of the Institution of the Engineers, India, Chartered Engineer, India, Professional Engineer (PE) as Foreign Engineer, Board of Engineers, Malaysia. He published the widely appreciated technical paper on "Project Development Development of Rural Road Infrastructure, IRC". In his 35 years of professional career in India and Malaysia, has worked as Project Manager, Team Leader, Design Engineer, Sr. Consultant in West Coast Expressway and Vehicular Tunnels in Malaysia, for technical review of various project preparations, design audit in various States in India assigned by The World Bank, Design and Construction of various national and state highway projects, Bored Tunnel for Metro Rails, Airport Planning and Design etc. he also worked as Team Leader of Project Management Consultant for Urban Infrastructure Improvement, Institutional Development, Capacity Building with e-Governance, Construction Management of state Govt. funded by The World Bank.

Prof. Dr. P. K. Sarkar is worldwide renowned for his contribution to the Academic and industrial guidance and invaluable advices to make various research work and project planning successful. He has remained member of various professional societies and institutions and published about 120 research and technical papers / articles in national and international conferences/seminars/workshops and referred journals. In his professional career, has worked as Research Associate at School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi, Scientist at Central Road Research Institute, Deputy General Manager at Rail India Technical Economic Services (RITES), Professor at School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi, Director at Transportation for Asian Institute of Transport Development. During the last 40 years of professional career, has enriched his knowledge and gained professional and academic competence in the areas of Urban Transport Policy, Institutional framework, Intelligent Transport System, Public Transport Planning, Transportation Planning Model Building, Traffic engineering, Road Safety Audit, Urban Planning, Environment Planning, coupled with and Economic and financial Feasibility for transport projects. Besides these, he participated in development of various policies and plan initiatives in India including the highlights of National Urban Policies. A number of transport strategies such Sustainable Transportation, Transit Oriented Development with Concept of Inclusive cities. He is Presently engaged with the World Bank Funded Road safety Project on "Development of National Centre of Road Safety" the assignment is awarded by the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, Govt of India.
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