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E-grāmata: Computer Graphics Programming: GKS - The Graphics Standard

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TO COMPUTER GRAPHICS BASED ONGKS Part I gives an introduction to basic concepts of computer graph­ ics and to the principles and concepts of GKS. The aims of this part are twofold: to provide the beginner with an overview of the terminology and concepts of computer graphics, based on GKS, and to give the computer graphics expert an introduc­ tion to the GKS standard. In the early chapters of this part, the main areas of computer graphics, the various classes of com­ puter graphics users, the interfaces of GKS and its underlying design concepts are discussed and important terms are defined. The later chapters give an informal introduction to the main concepts of GKS and their interrelationships: output, attributes, coordinate systems, transformations, input, segments, metafile, state lists, and error handling. This introduction to the GKS framework will prepare the ground for the detailed description of 2D GKS functions in Part III and the 3D extensions to GKS in Part IV. 1 WHAT IS COMPUTER GRAPHICS? 1. 1 Defmition of Computer Graphics The Data Processing Vocabulary of the International Organization for Stan­ dardization (ISO) [ ISO 84] defines Computer Graphics as follows: "Methods and techniques for converting data to and from a graphic display via computer. " This definition refers to three basic components of any computer graphics system - namely "data", "computer", and "display".

Papildus informācija

Springer Book Archives
Part I Introduction to Computer Graphics Based on GKS
1(50)
1 What Is Computer Graphics?
2(2)
1.1 Definition of Computer Graphics
2(1)
1.2 Areas of Computer Graphics
2(2)
1.3 Impact of the Graphical Kernel System on Computer Graphics
4(1)
2 Aims and Contents of Part I
4(1)
3 The Computer Graphics User
5(1)
4 Interfaces of the Graphical Kernel System
6(2)
5 Principles and Goals of the Graphical Kernel System
8(3)
6 Main Concepts of the Graphical Kernel System
11(2)
7 Creating Graphical Output
13(12)
7.1 Line Graphics and Raster Graphics
13(1)
7.2 Output Primitives and Attributes
14(6)
7.2.1 Output Primitives
15(1)
7.2.2 Output Primitive Attributes
16(4)
7.3 Indices, Bundles, and Tables
20(5)
8 Coordinate Systems and Transformations
25(3)
8.1 Coordinate Systems
25(1)
8.2 Transformations
26(1)
8.3 The Normalization Transformation
26(2)
8.4 Clipping
28(1)
9 The Graphical Workstation
28(5)
9.1 Routing Output to Workstations
29(1)
9.2 Types of GKS Workstations
30(1)
9.3 The Workstation Transformation
30(2)
9.4 The Deferral State
32(1)
9.5 Addressing Special Workstation Capabilities
32(1)
10 Input
33(4)
10.1 Interactive Computer Graphics
33(1)
10.2 Logical Input Device Classes
33(1)
10.3 Operating Modes
34(2)
10.4 Echoes, Prompts, and Input Device Initialisation
36(1)
11 Segments
37(5)
11.1 Structuring Pictures
37(1)
11.2 Manipulating Segments
38(1)
11.3 Segment Attributes
39(1)
11.4 Segment Transformations
40(1)
11.5 Workstation-Dependent and Workstation-Independent Segment Storage
40(1)
11.6 Copying Segments
41(1)
12 The GKS Metafile
42(4)
12.1 Graphics Metafiles
42(1)
12.2 GKSM and CGM
43(2)
12.3 The Metafile Interface
45(1)
12.4 The Metafile Formats
45(1)
13 States and State Lists
46(2)
13.1 The GKS Operating State
46(1)
13.2 The State Lists
47(1)
13.3 Inquiry Functions for State List Values
47(1)
14 Error Handling
48(1)
15 3D Extensions to GKS
48(3)
Part II The Process of Generating a Standard
51(32)
1 The Evolution of Computer Graphics
52(5)
1.1 Graphical Devices
52(1)
1.2 Graphics Software
53(2)
1.3 SEILLACI
55(2)
2 Committees, People, and Events
57(5)
2.1 Graphics Standardization Committees
57(2)
2.2 People
59(1)
2.3 Overview of the Main Events
59(3)
3 GKS Review -- Problems and Their Solutions
62(21)
3.1 Scope of the Standard
65(1)
3.2 Output Primitives
66(4)
3.3 Segmentation
70(4)
3.4 Input
74(3)
3.5 Transformations
77(3)
3.6 Workstation Concept
80(3)
Part III Graphical Kernel System Programming
83(342)
1 Format and Structure of Part III
84(5)
1.1 Contents of Part III
84(1)
1.2 Format of GKS Function Definitions
84(4)
1.2.1 Example of the Definition of GKS Functions
85(1)
1.2.2 Format of Language-Independent Definition
85(2)
1.2.3 Format of FORTRAN Definition
87(1)
1.3 Format of Examples
88(1)
1.3.1 Example of an Example
88(1)
1.3.2 Format of Pascal Examples
88(1)
1.3.3 Format of FORTRAN Examples
89(1)
1.4 Exercises
89(1)
2 Levels
89(14)
2.1 Overview
89(3)
2.2 Functionality of the GKS Levels
92(9)
2.2.1 The Minimal or Lowest Level of GKS (Level 0a)
93(3)
2.2.2 Level 0b
96(1)
2.2.3 Level 0c
97(2)
2.2.4 Levels 1a, 1b, 1c
99(1)
2.2.5 Levels 2a, 2b, 2c
100(1)
2.3 The Impact on Writing Portable Application Programs
101(1)
2.4 Exercises
102(1)
3 States and State Lists
103(16)
3.1 Introduction
103(1)
3.2 Operating States
104(3)
3.3 The Functions Allowed in Individual States
107(2)
3.4 State Lists
109(6)
3.5 Basic Control Functions
115(2)
3.6 Examples
117(2)
4 Workstations
119(34)
4.1 Introduction
119(2)
4.2 Workstation Description Table
121(7)
4.3 Workstation State List
128(4)
4.4 GKS Functions Which Involve Workstations
132(6)
4.5 Workstation Control
138(5)
4.6 Deferring Picture Changes
143(5)
4.7 Addressing Workstation Capabilities Not Covered by GKS
148(2)
4.8 Examples
150(2)
4.9 Exercises
152(1)
5 Transformations
153(19)
5.1 Coordinate Systems
153(1)
5.2 Normalization Transformation
154(2)
5.3 Workstation Transformation
156(3)
5.4 Clipping
159(2)
5.5 Transformation of LOCATOR and STROKE Input
161(2)
5.6 Examples
163(8)
5.7 Exercises
171(1)
6 Output Primitives
172(65)
6.1 Introduction
172(8)
6.2 POLYLINE Primitive
180(6)
6.2.1 Global POLYLINE Attributes
181(3)
6.2.2 Workstation-Dependent POLYLINE Attributes
184(2)
6.3 POLYMARKER Primitive
186(6)
6.3.1 Global Polymarker Attributes
188(3)
6.3.2 Workstation-Dependent POLYMARKER Attributes
191(1)
6.4 TEXT Primitive
192(16)
6.4.1 TEXT Attributes for Beginners
193(2)
6.4.2 Character Body
195(1)
6.4.3 Text Extent Rectangle
196(3)
6.4.4 Text Font and Precision
199(2)
6.4.5 Setting Global Text Attributes
201(5)
6.4.6 Workstation-Dependent TEXT Attributes
206(2)
6.5 FILL AREA Primitive
208(10)
6.5.1 Global FILL AREA Attributes
210(5)
6.5.2 Workstation-Dependent FILL AREA Attributes
215(3)
6.6 CELL ARRAY Primitive
218(2)
6.7 GENERALIZED DRAWING PRIMITIVE (GDP)
220(2)
6.8 Attribute Setting Functions Which Concern All Primitives
222(4)
6.8.1 Setting the Colour Table
222(2)
6.8.2 Setting the Aspect Source Flags
224(1)
6.8.3 Setting the Pick Identifier
225(1)
6.8.4 Clipping Rectangle
226(1)
6.9 Examples
226(9)
6.10 Exercises
235(2)
7 Segments
237(36)
7.1 Introduction
237(1)
7.2 How Are Segments Generated?
237(1)
7.3 What Is Stored in a Segment?
238(1)
7.4 When Are Primitives Taken from the Transformation Pipeline?
239(2)
7.5 Segment Creation and Deletion
241(5)
7.6 Manipulation of the Segment Attributes
246(5)
7.7 The Workstation-Independent Segment Storage (WISS)
251(6)
7.8 Different Levels of Segmentation
257(1)
7.9 Utility Functions
257(2)
7.10 Examples
259(13)
7.11 Exercises
272(1)
8 Input
273(67)
8.1 Introduction to Logical Input Devices
273(5)
8.1.1 Identification
274(1)
8.1.2 Logical Input Classes and Values
274(1)
8.1.3 Operating Modes
275(1)
8.1.4 Logical Input Device Model
275(2)
8.1.5 Setting the Logical Input Device Mode
277(1)
8.2 Details About Logical Input Devices
278(4)
8.2.1 LOCATOR and STROKE Devices
278(3)
8.2.2 VALUATOR
281(1)
8.2.3 CHOICE
281(1)
8.2.4 PICK
281(1)
8.2.5 STRING
282(1)
8.3 Initialising Logical Input Devices
282(12)
8.4 Changing the Input Device Mode
294(4)
8.5 Request Input
298(12)
8.6 Sample Input Functions
310(9)
8.7 Event Input
319(11)
8.7.1 Input Queue and Current Event Report
319(1)
8.7.2 Functions to Await and Delete Event Queue Entries
320(5)
8.7.3 Get Input Functions
325(5)
8.8 A Compound Example of Using the GKS Input Functions
330(8)
8.9 Exercises
338(2)
9 Error Handling
340(12)
9.1 Strategy
340(2)
9.2 The Emergency Closure Procedure
342(1)
9.3 The ERROR HANDLING and ERROR LOGGING Procedures
342(3)
9.4 Error Detection Within GKS Procedures
345(1)
9.5 Reaction of Application Programs to Error Detections
345(1)
9.6 List of GKS Error Numbers and Messages
346(6)
9.6.1 States
346(1)
9.6.2 Workstations
347(1)
9.6.3 Transformations
348(1)
9.6.4 Output Attributes
348(1)
9.6.5 Output Primitives
349(1)
9.6.6 Segments
349(1)
9.6.7 Input
350(1)
9.6.8 Metafiles
350(1)
9.6.9 Escape
350(1)
9.6.10 Miscellaneous Errors
350(1)
9.6.11 System Errors
351(1)
9.6.12 Reserved Errors
351(1)
9.6.13 Implementation-Dependent Errors
351(1)
9.7 Exercises
352(1)
10 Inquiry Functions
352(51)
10.1 State Lists and Inquiry Functions
352(2)
10.1.1 Error Reports in Inquiry Functions
353(1)
10.1.2 Inquiry Functions for the Settable State Lists
353(1)
10.1.3 Inquiry Functions for the Workstation Description Table
354(1)
10.1.4 Inquiry Functions for the Error State List and Pixel Memories
354(1)
10.2 Description of the Inquiry Functions
354(40)
10.2.1 Inquiry Function for Operating State
355(1)
10.2.2 Inquiry Functions for GKS Description Table
355(2)
10.2.3 Inquiry Functions for GKS State List
357(7)
10.2.4 Inquiry Functions for Workstation State List
364(13)
10.2.5 Inquiry Functions for Workstation Description Table
377(14)
10.2.6 Inquiry Functions for Segment State List
391(1)
10.2.7 Pixel Inquiries
392(2)
10.2.8 Inquiry Function for GKS Error State List
394(1)
10.3 Examples
394(8)
10.4 Exercises
402(1)
11 Metafile Interface
403(22)
11.1 Overview
403(1)
11.2 The Metafile Workstation
404(1)
11.3 GKSMT Output
405(7)
11.3.1 Non-Graphical Data
406(1)
11.3.2 Graphical GKSM Output
406(2)
11.3.3 Segment Functions
408(4)
11.4 GKSM Input
412(7)
11.5 Program Examples
419(5)
11.6 Exercises
424(1)
Part IV GKS-3D
425(84)
1 History
426(1)
2 Overview of GKS-3D
427(3)
2.1 Scope and Purpose
427(1)
2.2 Functionality of GKS-3D
428(1)
2.3 Levels
429(1)
3 State Lists
430(1)
4 Workstations
431(5)
5 Transformations
436(16)
5.1 Coordinate Systems
436(1)
5.2 Normalization Transformation
437(1)
5.3 Viewing Transformation
438(8)
5.4 Hidden Line/Hidden Surface Removal (HLHSR)
446(2)
5.5 Workstation Transformation
448(2)
5.6 Transformation of LOCATOR 3 and STROKE 3 Input
450(2)
6 Output Primitives
452(15)
6.1 Introduction
452(2)
6.2 POLYLINE 3 Primitive
454(1)
6.3 POLYMARKER 3 Primitive
455(1)
6.4 TEXT 3 Primitive
455(2)
6.5 FILL AREA 3 Primitive
457(2)
6.6 FILL AREA SET 3 Primitive
459(5)
6.7 CELL ARRAY 3 Primitive
464(2)
6.8 Generalized Drawing Primitive 3 (GDP3)
466(1)
7 Segments
467(4)
8 Input
471(11)
8.1 Initialise Functions
472(5)
8.2 Request Input Functions
477(2)
8.3 Sample Input Functions
479(1)
8.4 Event Input Functions
480(2)
9 List of GKS-3D Error Numbers and Messages
482(1)
9.1 GKS-3D Transformations
482(1)
9.2 GKS-3D Output Attributes
482(1)
9.3 GKS-3D Output Primitives
483(1)
10 Inquiry Functions
483(21)
10.1 Inquiry Functions for GKS-3D State List
483(2)
10.2 Inquiry Functions for GKS-3D Workstation State List
485(9)
10.3 Inquiry Functions for GKS-3D Workstation Description Table
494(8)
10.4 Inquiry Functions for the Segment State List
502(1)
10.5 Pixel Inquiries
502(2)
11 Embedding the GKS Functions into GKS-3D
504(4)
12 PHIGS
508(1)
Part V The GKS Environment
509(123)
1 Mapping Output Primitives and Attributes to Physical Workstations
510(5)
1.1 POLYLINE Primitive and Attributes
510(1)
1.2 POLYMARKER Primitive and Attributes
511(1)
1.3 TEXT Primitive and Attributes
511(1)
1.4 FILL AREA Primitive and Attributes
512(1)
1.5 CELL ARRAY Primitive
513(1)
1.6 GENERALIZED DRAWING PRIMITIVE (GDP)
513(1)
1.7 Colour Attribute
513(1)
1.8 Transformability of Geometric Aspects of Non-Geometric Attributes
514(1)
1.9 Segment Attributes
515(1)
2 Mapping Logical onto Physical Input Devices
515(12)
2.1 The Role of Logical Input Devices
515(2)
2.2 Properties of Logical Input Devices
517(1)
2.3 Properties of Physical Input Devices
517(1)
2.4 The Logical Input Device Model
518(1)
2.5 Means of Defining Logical Input Device Realizations
519(4)
2.5.1 A Syntax for the Specification of Interaction Processes
520(1)
2.5.2 Generating Logical Input Device Implementations
521(2)
2.6 Some Examples of Logical Input Device Realizations
523(4)
2.6.1 LOCATOR and STROKE Devices
523(1)
2.6.2 VALUATOR
524(1)
2.6.3 CHOICE
525(1)
2.6.4 PICK
526(1)
2.6.5 STRING
526(1)
3 Implementation Aspects
527(9)
3.1 Feasibility of GKS Implementations
527(1)
3.2 Generality of GKS Implementations
527(3)
3.2.1 Environment-Specific Systems
528(1)
3.2.2 Device-Independent Systems
529(1)
3.2.3 Configurable Systems
530(1)
3.3 Some Implementation Concepts
530(2)
3.3.1 Output
530(2)
3.3.2 Input
532(1)
3.4 Permitted Differences Between GKS Implementations
532(3)
3.4.1 Global Differences
533(1)
3.4.2 Workstation-Dependent Differences
533(2)
3.5 Documentation of an Implementation
535(1)
4 Language Interfaces and Their Implementation
536(40)
4.1 Guidelines for the Definition of Language Bindings
536(2)
4.1.1 Language Binding Rules
537(1)
4.1.2 Implementation of the Language Interface
538(1)
4.2 The GKS FORTRAN Language Binding
538(18)
4.3 The GKS Pascal Language Binding
556(19)
4.3.1 General Definitions
556(2)
4.3.2 Pascal Data Types
558(7)
4.3.3 Pascal Procedures
565(10)
4.4 Other Language Bindings
575(1)
5 Interfaces to Graphics Devices
576(13)
5.1 Principles
576(1)
5.2 Separation of the Device-Independent from the Device-Dependent Code Parts
577(2)
5.3 DI/DD Interfaces
579(2)
5.3.1 DI/DD Function Set
579(1)
5.3.2 Minimal DI/DD Interfaces
580(1)
5.3.3 Constructing DI/DD Interfaces
580(1)
5.4 The DI/DD Function Set
581(2)
5.4.1 The Workstation Function Set
581(1)
5.4.2 Device-Oriented Function Set
582(1)
5.5 DI/DD Interface Description Tables
583(2)
5.6 Computer Graphics Interface
585(4)
5.6.1 Functional Description
587(1)
5.6.2 Encoding Parts
587(1)
5.6.3 Language Bindings
587(1)
5.6.4 Relationship of CGI to GKS
588(1)
5.6.5 Relationship of CGI to Metafiles
588(1)
6 Metafiles
589(15)
6.1 Introduction
589(1)
6.2 Graphics Metafiles Proposals
589(1)
6.3 GKS Metafile
590(9)
6.3.1 Contents of the GKS Metafile
590(1)
6.3.2 Format of the GKS Metafile
590(1)
6.3.3 Status of the Metafile Definition
591(1)
6.3.4 File Format and Data Format
591(1)
6.3.5 Generation and Interpretation of Metafile
592(1)
6.3.6 Control Items
592(2)
6.3.7 Items for Output Primitives
594(1)
6.3.8 Items for Output Primitive Attributes
595(2)
6.3.9 Items for Workstation Attributes
597(1)
6.3.10 Item for Clipping Rectangle
598(1)
6.3.11 Items for Workstation Transformation
598(1)
6.3.12 Items for Segment Manipulation
598(1)
6.3.13 Items for Segment Attributes
598(1)
6.3.14 User Items
599(1)
6.4 The ISO Computer Graphics Metafile CGM
599(4)
6.5 Levels of Metafiles
603(1)
7 Certification! Validation of GKS
604(18)
7.1 Introduction
604(1)
7.1.1 Verifying GKS Implementations
604(1)
7.1.2 Falsification Approach
604(1)
7.2 A Model for Certification
605(3)
7.2.1 Test Programs
606(1)
7.2.2 Candidate Implementations
607(1)
7.2.3 Reference Implementations
607(1)
7.3 Interfaces for Testing
608(3)
7.3.1 Application Program Interface
608(1)
7.3.2 Operator Interface
609(1)
7.3.3 Device Interface
610(1)
7.4 Certification by Program Construction
611(1)
7.5 A Combined Model for Verification and Testing
612(4)
7.5.1 Format of Certification Data
613(1)
7.5.2 Describing the Candidate Implementation
614(1)
7.5.3 Reference Implementation
614(2)
7.6 GKS Certification in Practice
616(6)
7.6.1 Test Centres
616(1)
7.6.2 Test Program Suite
616(1)
7.6.3 Certification Procedure
617(1)
7.6.4 Assistance for an Implementor
617(1)
7.6.5 The Present State of Practical Certification
617(5)
8 Terminology
622(10)
8.1 Introduction
622(1)
8.2 Vocabulary
623(9)
References 632(7)
Index 639
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