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E-grāmata: Constituent Order in Classical Latin Prose

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(University of Toulouse)
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Constituent Order in Classical Latin ProsePalielināt
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Latin is a language with variable (so-called 'free') word order. Constituent Order in Classical Latin Prose (Caesar, Cicero, and Sallust) presents the first systematic description of its constituent order from a pragmatic point of view. Apart from general characteristics of Latin constituent order, it discusses the ordering of the verb and its arguments in declarative, interrogative, and imperative sentences, as well as the ordering within noun phrases. It shows that the relationship of a constituent with its surrounding context and the communicative intention of the writer are the most reliable predictors of the order of constituents in a sentence or noun phrase. It differs from recent studies of Latin word order in its scope, its theoretical approach, and its attention to contextual information. The book is intended both for Latinists and for linguists working in the fields of the Romance languages and language typology.
Preface XIII
Abbreviations XV
Introduction 1
1. The traditional approach
2
2. The typological approach
2
3. The generative approach
3
4. Pragmatic approaches
4
4.1 Firbas's communicative perspective (Panhuis 1982)
4
4.2 The perspective of Functional Grammar
6
4.2.1 Pragmatic functions in Functional Grammar
6
4.2.1.1 Topic
6
4.2.1.2 Focus
7
4.2.2 General principles and hierarchies
8
4.2.2.1 Formal hierarchies
8
4.2.2.2 Dominance hierarchies
9
4.2.2.3 Familiarity hierarchies
9
5. Other aspects of Latin constituent order
10
5.1 Colon subdivision
10
5.2 Stylistic ornamentation
11
6. Aim and methodology of this study
11
CHAPTER 1 Placement constraints and liberties in Latin constituent order 13
1. First sentence- and clause-position
13
2. Second sentence-position and enclitics enim 'indeed', autem 'but' and vero 'however'
16
3. Enclitics -que 'and', -ve 'or' and -ne
17
4. Adpositions
19
5. Focusing particles
20
6. Principles of domain integrity and head proximity
22
7. Hyperbaton or discontinuity of noun phrases
23
CHAPTER 2 Pragmatic functions 27
1. My approach to Latin constituent order
27
1.1 Introduction
27
1.2 Problems in the analysis of Latin constituent order
28
1.3 The position of constituents in the sentence
28
1.3.1 Topics and sentence-initial position
28
1.3.2 Focus position
29
1.4 Situational and contextual dependency
32
1.5 Question tests
35
1.6 Principles of analysis
36
2. Focus
39
2.1 Focus related to newness
39
2.2 Focus-first strategy
41
2.3 Presentative and what-happens sentences
41
2.4 Complex information
44
2.5 Contrast
45
2.5.1 Contrastive Topic and Focus
45
2.5.2 Verum Focus
46
2.6 Emphasis
47
2.7 Particles
49
2.7.1 The function of focusing particles
49
2.7.1.1 Et, etiam and quoque 'also
51
2.7.1.2 Quidem
52
2.7.2 The function of connective particles
53
2.8 Cleft constructions
55
3. Topic
56
3.1 Future Topic
56
3.1.1 Introduction of new discourse participants
56
3.1.2 Reintroduction of discourse participants
60
3.2 Referential chains
61
3.3 Discourse Topic
64
3.4 Sub-Topic
64
3.5 Sentence Topic
65
3.6 Discourse Topics lugurtha and Caesar
66
3.6.1 Data
67
3.6.2 Sentence Topic and Discourse Topic
68
3.6.3 Setting constituent and Discourse Topic
68
3.6.4 Discourse Topic in a late position
72
4. The placement of pronouns
73
4.1 Pronominal anaphora
73
4.2 Topicalisation
75
4.2.1 Resumption of Focus
77
4.2.1.1 Initial is and hic
77
4.2.1.2 Is versus hic
79
4.2.1.3 Is and hic in an internal position
80
4.2.1.4 Special cases
81
4.2.2 Resumption of larger content
82
4.2.2.1 Is and hic
82
4.2.2.2 Summarising function of hic
83
4.2.3 Selection of a constituent
85
4.2.4 The adverbs ibi, eo, huc, etc.
85
4.3 The connecting relative qui
87
4.4 Ille
89
4.5 Conclusions
91
4.6 Personal pronouns
92
4.6.1 Personal pronouns in the nominative
92
4.6.1.1 Contrast and emphasis
92
4.6.1.2 Subjectivity
93
4.6.1.3 The placement of ego
94
4.6.2 Personal pronouns in an oblique case
94
5. Ellipsis
96
5.1 Ellipsis of the verb
96
5.2 Non-expression of the first argument
98
5.3 Ellipsis of the second argument
99
5.3.1 Zero anaphora in complex sentences
100
5.3.2 Zero anaphora overlapping a sentence
102
5.3.3 Zero, or pronominal anaphora? The case of coordination
103
5.4 Conclusions
106
6. Theme
107
6.1 Definition. Problems of identification
107
6.2 Typology of Theme constituents
107
6.3 Theme versus Topic constituents
108
6.4 Theme versus prepositional phrases with de
109
6.5 Subordinate clauses
111
6.6 Conclusions
111
7. Tail
111
7.1 Tail constituents
111
7.2 Tail-head linking
114
CHAPTER 3 Declarative sentences 115
1. Bivalent transitive verbs
115
1.1 Verbs of action
118
1.1.1 Data
118
1.1.2 The pattern first argument > second argument > verb
119
1.1.3 The pattern first argument > verb > second argument
122
1.1.4 The pattern second argument > first argument > verb
124
1.1.5 The pattern verb > second argument > first argument
125
1.1.6 Conclusions
125
1.2 Verbo-nominal constructions
125
1.2.1 Terga verto 'to flee'
127
1.2.2 Castra pono 'to encamp; castra moveo 'to move camp' and iter facio 'to march'
128
1.2.3 Verba facio 'to speak'
129
1.2.4 Mentionem facio 'to mention and finem facio 'to end'
129
1.2.5 Operam do 'to do one's best'
130
1.2.6 Gratias ago 'to thank'
130
1.2.7 Conclusions
131
2. Trivalent verbs
131
2.1 The verb mitto 'to send'
132
2.1.1 Data
132
2.1.2 Analysis
134
2.1.3 Legatos ad Caesarem mittunt 'they send a delegation to Caesar'
136
2.1.4 Ad to litteras misi 'I sent you a letter'
138
2.2 The verb duco 'to lead'
141
2.3 The verb do 'to give'
142
3. Passive sentences
145
3.1 Introduction
145
3.2 Data
146
3.3 Contextually independent second arguments
146
3.4 Contextually dependent second arguments
148
3.5 Analytic forms of the passive voice
149
3.5.1 Data
150
3.5.2 Analysis
151
3.6 Analytic forms of deponent verbs
155
3.7 Conclusions
156
4. Verbs of thinking and saying
157
4.1 Verbs of thinking
157
4.2 Verbs of communication
159
4.2.1 Verbs of saying + Ad clause
159
4.2.2 Verbs of saying and direct and indirect speech or questions
162
4.2.3 The verb inquam as a parenthetical expression
163
5. Bivalent intransitive verbs
164
5.1 Data
165
5.2 Placement of directional complements
166
5.3 Complex information
169
5.4 The reflexive verb se recipere 'to retire'
170
5.5 Conclusions
171
6. Monovalent verbs
172
6.1 Introduction
172
6.2 Data
174
6.3 The accurro 'to run type: dynamic controllable processes
175
6.4 The nascor 'to be born type: dynamic uncontrollable processes
177
6.5 The permaneo 'to remain type: permanent or temporary states
178
6.6 Conclusions
179
7. The verb sum 'to be'
180
7.1 The predicative adjective
181
7.2 Predicative nouns (or noun phrases)
184
7.3 Existential sum
187
7.3.1 Existential sentences
189
7.3.2 Locative sentences
190
CHAPTER 4 Interrogative sentences 195
1. Introduction
195
2. Word-questions
196
3. Sentence-questions
198
3.1 Sentence-questions with an interrogative particle
199
3.1.1 The particle -ne
199
3.1.2 The particles num and nonne
200
3.1.3 The particle an
201
3.2 Sentence-questions without interrogative particles
202
4. Disjunctive questions
203
5. Conclusions
204
CHAPTER 5 Imperative sentences 205
1. Introduction
205
2. A typology of imperative sentences
207
3. Periphrastic imperatives
208
4. Imperatives of verbs of saying, thinking, knowing, and perceiving
210
4.1 Metadirective imperatives
210
4.2 Communicative expressions
211
5. Verbs of action
213
6. Intransitive verbs
216
7. Trivalent verbs
216
8. Future imperatives
218
9. Imperatives and oblique personal pronouns
219
10. Conclusions
221
CHAPTER 6 Noun phrases 223
1. Introduction
223
2. Adjective modifiers
224
2.1 Placement of adjectives
224
2.2 Distinctive function of adjectives
226
2.3 Fixed formulas
228
2.4 Juxtaposed attributive adjectives
229
2.4.1 Hierarchical principle of adjective ordering
229
2.4.2 Data
233
2.4.3 Hierarchical and non-hierarchical ordering of adjectives
234
2.4.4 Other orderings
236
2.5 Coordination of adjectives
237
2.5.1 Attributive adjectives
237
2.5.2 Predicative adjectives
238
3. Demonstrative determiners
239
4. Indefinite modifiers
242
5. Quantifiers
244
5.1 Non-numerical quantifiers
244
5.2 Numerical quantifiers
246
5.3 Temporal expressions
248
6. Possessive modifiers
250
7. Juxtaposed determiners
254
7.1 General observations
254
7.2 Quantifiers and indefinite determiners
257
7.3 The anaphor is and the demonstratives hic and ille
259
7.4 Possessive modifiers
260
7.5 Multiple determiners
263
7.6 Multiple determiners and adjectives
263
8. Genitive complements
265
8.1 Simple instances
267
8.2 Complex instances
268
8.3 Hyperbaton within the domain of the noun phrase
272
9. Hyperbaton produced by alien elements
274
9.1 Frequency of hyperbaton of noun phrases
275
9.2 Hyperbaton produced by alien elements
275
10. Conclusions
280
Conclusion 283
References 287
Index locorum 299
Index reruin 303
APPENDIX: Three commented texts 305
1. Sallust, The Conspiracy of Catiline (55.1-6)
305
2. Cicero, Against Verres (4.86)
310
3. Cicero, A letter to Atticus (11.10.1)
315
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