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E-grāmata: Constructing Quantum Mechanics: Volume 1: The Scaffold: 1900-1923

3.33/5 (6 ratings by Goodreads)
(Professor, Program in the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, USA), (Emeritus Professor of Physics, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA)
  • Formāts: 560 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 29-Aug-2019
  • Izdevniecība: Oxford University Press
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780192584229
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Constructing Quantum Mechanics: Volume 1: The Scaffold: 1900-1923Palielināt
  • Formāts: 560 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 29-Aug-2019
  • Izdevniecība: Oxford University Press
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780192584229
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Constructing Quantum Mechanics is the first of two volumes on the genesis of quantum mechanics. It covers the key developments in the period 1900-1923, which provided the scaffold on which the arch of modern quantum mechanics was built. This volume traces the early contributions by Planck, Einstein, and Bohr to the theories of black-body radiation, specific heats, and spectroscopy, all showing the need for drastic changes to the physics of their day. It examines the efforts by Sommerfeld and others to provide a new theory, now known as the old quantum theory. After some striking initial successes (explaining the fine structure of hydrogen, X-ray spectra, and the Stark effect), the old quantum theory ran into serious difficulties (failing to provide consistent models for helium and the Zeeman effect) and eventually gave way to matrix and wave mechanics.

The book breaks new ground, both in its treatment of the work of Sommerfeld and his associates, and also in its offering of new perspectives on classic papers by Planck, Einstein, and Bohr. Throughout this volume, the authors provide detailed reconstructions of the central arguments and derivations of the physicists involved, allowing for a full and thorough understanding of the key principles.

Recenzijas

An excellent work which innovatively combines conceptual clarity with penetrating analysis of relevant theory. * Helge Kragh, Annals of Science * Engineers and scientists from across the board will get a kick out of being able to read about the origins of their everyday toolkits - this is lucid historical reasoning about one of the great accomplishments of modern science. After seeing the author's track the launch of the old quantum theory, I'm looking forward to their account of full-blown quantum mechanics to come in volume 2! * Peter Galison, Harvard University * Clearly written, by highly competent authors, giving full reasoning and calculations for all important developments. * Olivier Darrigol, CNRS, France * This will be a widely read book and used in many physics and history of physics courses at the undergraduate college-university level. It will be greeted most enthusiastically by scholars and teachers alike. * Roger H. Stuewer, University of Minnesota * Indeed a very important and valuable contribution to the history of quantum mechanics. * Michael Eckert, Deutsches Museum, Muenchen * What seemed a good piece of work at the start is magisterial. This is the book I have been waiting to see for a long time. * Steven N. Shore, University of Pisa * This book will very likely become a new point of reference for everyone working on the history of quantum physics. * Christian Joas, Niels Bohr Archive *

List of plates
xv
1 Introduction to Volume One
1(44)
1.1 Overview
1(1)
1.2 Early developments: Planck, Einstein, and Bohr
2(15)
1.2.1 Planck, the second law, and black-body radiation
2(2)
1.2.2 Planck's first tenuous steps toward energy quantization
4(1)
1.2.3 Einstein, equipartition, and light quanta
4(2)
1.2.4 Einstein, fluctuations, and light quanta
6(1)
1.2.5 Lorentz convinces Planck of energy quantization
7(1)
1.2.6 From Einstein, equipartition, and specific heat to Nernst and the Solvay conference
8(2)
1.2.7 Bohr and Rutherford's model of the atom
10(2)
1.2.8 Bohr and Nicholson's theory
12(1)
1.2.9 The Balmer formula and the birth of the Bohr model of the atom
13(3)
1.2.10 Einstein and the Bohr model
16(1)
1.3 The old quantum theory: principles, successes, and failures
17(28)
1.3.1 Sommerfeld's path to quantum theory
18(4)
1.3.2 Quantum conditions: Planck, Sommerfeld, Ishiwara, Wilson, Schwarzschild, and Epstein
22(3)
1.3.3 Ehrenfest and the adiabatic principle
25(4)
1.3.4 The correspondence principle from Bohr to Kramers, Born, and Van Vleck
29(2)
1.3.5 The old quantum theory's winning streak: fine structure, Stark effect, X-ray spectra
31(4)
1.3.6 The old quantum theory's luck runs out: multiplets, Zeeman effect, helium
35(6)
1.3.7 Born taking stock
41(4)
Part I Early Developments
2 Planck, the Second Law of Thermodynamics, and Black-body Radiation
45(39)
2.1 The birthdate of quantum theory?
45(6)
2.2 Early work on black-body radiation (1860--1896)
51(4)
2.3 Planck, the second law of thermodynamics, and black-body radiation (1895--1899)
55(10)
2.4 From the Wien law to the Planck law: changing the expression for the entropy of a resonator
65(6)
2.5 Justifying the new expression for the entropy of a resonator
71(6)
2.6 Energy parcels or energy bins?
77(7)
3 Einstein, Equipartition, Fluctuations, and Quanta
84(59)
3.1 Einstein's annus mirabilis
84(2)
3.2 The statistical trilogy (1902--1904)
86(8)
3.3 The light-quantum paper (1905)
94(13)
3.3.1 Classical theory leads to the Rayleigh-Jeans law
94(2)
3.3.2 Einstein's argument for light quanta: fluctuations in black-body radiation at high frequencies
96(7)
3.3.3 Evidence for light quanta: the photoelectric effect
103(4)
3.4 Black-body radiation and the necessity of quantization
107(20)
3.4.1 The quantization of Planck's resonators
107(5)
3.4.2 Lorentz's 1908 Rome lecture: Planck versus Rayleigh-Jeans
112(5)
3.4.3 Einstein's 1909 Salzburg lecture: fluctuations and wave-particle duality
117(10)
3.5 The breakdown of equipartition and the specific heat of solids at low temperatures (1907--1911)
127(6)
3.6 Einstein's quantum theory of radiation (1916)
133(10)
3.6.1 New derivation of the Planck law
134(4)
3.6.2 Momentum fluctuations and the directed nature of radiation
138(5)
4 The Birth of the Bohr Model
143(62)
4.1 Introduction
143(2)
4.2 The dissertation: recognition of problems of classical theory
145(3)
4.3 The Rutherford Memorandum: atomic models and quantum theory
148(23)
4.3.1 Prelude: classical atomic models (Thomson, Nagaoka, Schott)
149(3)
4.3.2 Scattering of a particles and Rutherford's nuclear atom
152(3)
4.3.3 Bohr's first encounter with Rutherford's nuclear atom: energy loss of a particles traveling through matter
155(2)
4.3.4 Interlude: Planck's constant enters atomic modeling (Haas, Nicholson)
157(8)
4.3.5 Planck's constant enters Bohr's atomic modeling
165(6)
4.4 From the Rutherford Memorandum to the Trilogy
171(7)
4.4.1 Bohr comparing his results to Nicholson's
171(4)
4.4.2 Enter the Balmer formula
175(3)
4.5 The Trilogy: quantum atomic models and spectra
178(18)
4.5.1 Part One: the hydrogen atom
179(6)
4.5.2 Parts Two and Three: multi-electron atoms and multi-atom molecules
185(11)
4.6 Early evidence for the Bohr model: spectral lines in hydrogen and helium
196(9)
Part II The Old Quantum Theory
5 Guiding Principles
205(54)
5.1 Quantization conditions
206(23)
5.1.1 Planck
206(9)
5.1.2 Wilson and Ishiwara
215(4)
5.1.3 Sommerfeld
219(4)
5.1.4 Schwarzschild, Epstein, and (once again) Sommerfeld
223(5)
5.1.5 Einstein
228(1)
5.2 The adiabatic principle
229(20)
5.2.1 Ehrenfest's early work on adiabatic invariants
230(9)
5.2.2 Ehrenfest's 1916 paper on the adiabatic principle
239(6)
5.2.3 The adiabatic principle in Bohr's 1918 paper
245(3)
5.2.4 Sommerfeld's attitude to the adiabatic principle
248(1)
5.3 The correspondence principle
249(10)
6 Successes
259(41)
6.1 Fine structure
260(15)
6.2 X-ray spectra
275(9)
6.3 The Stark effect
284(16)
7 Failures
300(85)
7.1 The complex structure of spectral multiplets
301(17)
7.1.1 Sommerfeld on multiplets
302(11)
7.1.2 Heisenberg's core model and multiplets
313(5)
7.2 The anomalous Zeeman effect
318(15)
7.2.1 The Lorentz theory of the normal Zeeman effect
319(2)
7.2.2 Anomalous Zeeman effect: experimental results and pre-Bohr theoretical interpretations
321(8)
7.2.3 The Paschen--Back transmutation of Zeeman lines
329(4)
7.3 The Zeeman effect in the old quantum theory
333(28)
7.3.1 First steps (1913--1919)
333(4)
7.3.2 Empirical regularities and number mysticism (1919--1921)
337(9)
7.3.3 Core models, unmechanical forces, and double-valuedness
346(15)
7.4 The problem of helium
361(24)
Appendices
A Classical Mechanics
385(45)
A.1 The physicist's mechanical toolbox (ca 1915)
387(21)
A.1.1 Newtonian mechanics
387(2)
A.1.2 Lagrangian mechanics
389(4)
A.1.3 Hamiltonian mechanics
393(9)
A.1.4 The adiabatic principle
402(6)
A.2 The astronomer's mechanical toolbox (ca 1915)
408(22)
A.2.1 Hamilton--Jacobi theory
408(7)
A.2.2 Poisson brackets
415(3)
A.2.3 Action-angle variables
418(5)
A.2.4 Canonical perturbation theory
423(7)
B Spectroscopy
430(19)
B.1 Early quantitative spectroscopy
430(3)
B.2 Kirchhoff's Laws
433(1)
B.3 Technological advances and the emergence of analytic spectroscopy
434(1)
B.4 The numerology of spectra: Balmer and Rydberg
435(6)
B.5 The Zeeman effect
441(1)
B.6 A troublesome red herring
442(1)
B.7 Ritz and the combination principle
443(6)
Bibliography 449(32)
Index 481
Michel Janssen is a historian of modern physics at the University of Minnesota. He has a Master's in physics from the University of Amsterdam and a PhD in history and philosophy of science from the University of Pittsburgh. Before his current position in Minnesota, he was an editor at the Einstein Papers Project. He co-authored The Genesis of General Relativity (Springer, 2007) and co-edited The Cambridge Companion to Einstein (Cambridge, 2014). More recently he has published a series of papers co-authored with Anthony Duncan on the genesis of quantum mechanics.

Anthony Duncan received his PhD in theoretical elementary particle physics in 1975 from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, under the supervision of Steven Weinberg. Following postdoctoral and junior faculty positions at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton and Columbia University in New York, he joined the faculty of the Department of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Pittsburgh in 1981 as Associate Professor of Physics. He has taught a wide range of courses, both at the undergraduate and graduate level, including courses on the history of modern physics. He is now (since 2015) professor emeritus of Physics at the University of Pittsburgh.
Biežāk uzdotie jautājumi par e-grāmatām Biežāk uzdotie jautājumi par e-grāmatām
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