Content Networking in the Mobile Internet [Hardback]

Preface		xxv
Acronyms		xxvii
Content Networking in the Mobile Internet		1	(8)
Sudhir Dixit
Tao Wu
Introduction		1	(1)
Content Networking in the Mobile Internet		2	(2)
Book Overview		4	(4)
Chapter 2: Mobile Internet Architecture Overview		4	(1)
Chapter 3: Protocols for the Web and the Mobile Internet		5	(1)
Chapter 4: Content Caching and Multicast		5	(1)
Chapter 5: Characterizing Web Workload of Mobile Clients		5	(1)
Chapter 6: ACME: A New Mobile Content Delivery Architecture		5	(1)
Chapter 7: Content Adaptation for the Mobile Internet		6	(1)
Chapter 8: Content Synchronization		6	(1)
Chapter 9: Multimedia Streaming in Mobile Wireless Networks		6	(1)
Chapter 10: Multicast Content Delivery for Mobiles		6	(1)
Chapter 11: Security and Digital Rights Management for Mobile Content		7	(1)
Chapter 12: Charging for Mobile Content		7	(1)
Chapter 13: Algorithms and Infrastructures for Location-Based Services		7	(1)
Chapter 14: Fixed and Mobile Web Services		8	(1)
Concluding Remarks		8	(1)
Mobile Internet Architecture Overview		9	(26)
Harri Holma
Antti Toskala
Introduction		9	(1)
Standardization Framework		10	(1)
System Architecture and Core Network		11	(2)
WCDMA Radio Access Network		13	(11)
WCDMA Radio Access Network Architecture		13	(1)
WCDMA Layer 2/3 Architecture and Principles		14	(4)
WCDMA Physical Layer		18	(2)
WCDMA beyond 2Mbps with HSDPA		20	(1)
Evolution of WCDMA		21	(1)
Enhanced Uplink Dedicated Channel		22	(1)
New Frequency Variants of WCDMA		23	(1)
Advanced Antenna Technologies		23	(1)
Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast Service		24	(1)
GSM/GPRS/EDGE		24	(3)
GSM Principle		24	(2)
GSM Radio Access Network Architecture		26	(1)
GSM Service Creation Principle		26	(1)
IS-95 Radio Access		27	(2)
GSM/EDGE and WCDMA Operator Performance		29	(2)
GSM/EDGE and WCDMA End-User Performance		31	(4)
References		33	(2)
Protocols for the Web and the Mobile Internet		35	(52)
Mitri Abou-Rizk
Introduction		35	(1)
History of the World Wide Web		35	(2)
The Web Today		37	(1)
The Future Web		37	(1)
HyperText Transfer Protocol		38	(28)
Definition and General Operation		38	(1)
HTTP Evolution		39	(1)
HTTP/0.9		40	(1)
HTTP/1.0		41	(3)
HTTP/1.1		44	(1)
Formats of the Request and Response Messages for HTTP/1.1		45	(1)
New Request Methods and Definitions		45	(1)
Persistent Connections		46	(1)
Chunked Encoding		47	(1)
Content Negotiations		47	(1)
Byte-Range Operation		48	(1)
Authentication		48	(1)
Caching		48	(2)
Headers		50	(16)
Conclusion		66	(1)
Wireless Access Protocol (WAP)		66	(21)
Introduction		66	(1)
WAP Evolution		66	(1)
WAP 1.0 Architecture		67	(2)
WAP 1.0 Components		69	(9)
WAP 2.0		78	(1)
Introduction		78	(1)
WAP 2.0 Architecture and Overview		78	(2)
WAP 2.x Components		80	(3)
Future of WAP		83	(1)
References		84	(3)
Content Caching and Multicast		87	(48)
Dan Li
Web-Based Applications		87	(4)
Information Dissemination		87	(1)
Static Content		88	(1)
Dynamic Content		88	(1)
Streaming Media		89	(1)
Information Exchange		90	(1)
Scalable Content Delivery via Multicast and Caching		91	(2)
IP Multicast and Reliable Multicast		93	(10)
Challenges Facing Reliable Multicast		94	(1)
NAK-Based Recovery		95	(1)
Distributed Recovery		95	(3)
Router-Assisted Recovery		98	(2)
FEC-Based Recovery		100	(2)
State of the Art		102	(1)
Application Layer Multicast		103	(14)
Rationale for Application Layer Multicast		104	(4)
Why We Still Need IP Multicast		108	(2)
Functions of Application Layer Multicast		110	(2)
Building the Distribution Tree		112	(4)
State of the Art		116	(1)
Web Proxy Caching		117	(9)
Basics of Proxy Caching		117	(1)
Content Delivery		118	(2)
Cache Consistency		120	(2)
Cache Cooperation		122	(3)
Limitations of Previous Work		125	(1)
Summary		126	(9)
References		127	(8)
Characterizing Web Workload of Mobile Clients		135	(48)
Atul Adya
Paramvir Bahl
Lili Qiu
Overview of Web Workload Characterization		136	(1)
Motivation for Workload Characterization		136	(1)
Types of Analysis		137	(1)
Overview of Previous Work		137	(5)
Wireline User Workload Characterization		137	(1)
Content Analysis		138	(1)
User Behavior Analysis		139	(1)
System Load Analysis		140	(1)
Wireless User Workload Characterization		140	(1)
Analysis of WAP Traffic at Bell Mobility's PCS		141	(1)
Analysis of a Metropolitan Area Wireless Network		141	(1)
Wireless LAN Study		141	(1)
Server Architecture and Data Gathering		142	(3)
Server Architecture		143	(1)
Description of Data Logs		144	(1)
Types of Accesses		144	(1)
Characterizing Web Browsing Workload		145	(18)
Content Analysis		145	(1)
Content Size		146	(1)
Popular Content Categories		146	(2)
Document Popularity		148	(1)
User Behavior Analysis		149	(1)
Load Distribution of Different Users		150	(3)
Distribution of Wireless User Sessions		153	(2)
Temporal Stability		155	(3)
Spatial Locality		158	(2)
System Load Analysis		160	(1)
Summary of Browse Log Analyses		161	(2)
Characterizing Notification Workload		163	(11)
Content Analysis		164	(1)
Notification Message Size and Its Implications		164	(1)
Popular Categories		164	(3)
Message Popularity Analysis and Its Implications		167	(1)
User Behavior Analysis		168	(1)
Load Distribution of Different Users		169	(1)
Spatial Locality		169	(2)
System Load		171	(1)
Summary of Notification Log Analyses		172	(2)
Correlation between Web Browsing and Notification		174	(4)
Correlation in the Amount of Usage		174	(2)
Correlation in Popular Content Categories		176	(2)
Summary		178	(1)
Comparison between Workload of Wireline Web and Mobile Web		178	(1)
Comparison in Web Content		178	(1)
Comparison in User Behavior		179	(1)
Comparison in System Load		179	(1)
Summary		179	(4)
References		180	(3)
ACME: A New Mobile Content Delivery Architecture		183	(22)
Tao Wu
Sadhna Ahuja
Sudhir Dixit
Introduction		183	(3)
Mobile Content Delivery Techniques and Related Work		186	(5)
Content Delivery for the Internet		186	(1)
Network Scaling		187	(1)
End-System Acceleration		187	(1)
Content and Protocol Optimization		188	(1)
Content Delivery for the Mobile Internet		189	(1)
Related Work		189	(2)
ACME Performance Analysis		191	(6)
System Description		191	(1)
ACME Performance in a Slotted ALOHA System		191	(1)
Performance of Baseline		192	(1)
Performance of ACME		193	(1)
Comparison		194	(2)
ACME in CDMA Networks		196	(1)
Exploiting User Interest Correlation with ACME		197	(4)
The Algorithm		197	(1)
Traces		198	(1)
Simulations		198	(3)
ACME in Radio Resource Management		201	(1)
Conclusions		201	(4)
References		202	(3)
Content Adaptation for the Mobile Internet		205	(50)
Stephane Coulombe
Oskari Koskimies
Guido Grassel
Motivation for Adaptation		205	(2)
Multimedia Content Types		207	(9)
Media Content		207	(1)
Textual Content		207	(1)
Audiovisual Content		208	(2)
Presentation Content		210	(1)
Stylesheets		210	(4)
Device-Independent Presentation Content		214	(1)
Application Data		214	(1)
Procedural Code		215	(1)
Types of Adaptation		216	(5)
Format Adaptation		216	(1)
Characteristics Adaptation		217	(1)
Appearance Adaptation		217	(2)
Size Adaptation		219	(2)
Encapsulation Adaptation		221	(1)
Methods of Adaptation		221	(9)
Multimedia Transcoding		221	(1)
Multimedia Transcoding Architecture		221	(1)
Transcoding of Audiovisual Content		222	(1)
Transcoding of Nonaudiovisual Content		223	(1)
Transcoding of Procedural Code		224	(1)
Advantages and Drawbacks of Transcoding		224	(1)
Content Selection		225	(1)
The Infopyramid		225	(1)
The Customizer		226	(1)
The Infopyramid Creation Process		227	(1)
Advantages and Drawbacks of Content Selection		227	(1)
Separating Content and Its Representation		228	(1)
Rendering at the Client		228	(2)
Hybrid Approaches		230	(1)
Capabilities and Metadata		230	(7)
Capabilities		231	(1)
User-Agent Information		231	(1)
Composite Capability / Preference Profiles (CC / PP)		231	(2)
UAProf		233	(1)
Subscriber Databases		233	(3)
Metadata		236	(1)
Adaptation Architectures		237	(4)
Location of Adaptation		237	(1)
Adaptation at the Source		238	(1)
Adaptation at the Destination		239	(1)
Adaptation at the Intermediary		239	(1)
Adaptation Architecture Configurations		239	(2)
Application Scenarios		241	(10)
Scenario for Content Selection: Browsing		241	(1)
Content Selection Algorithm		242	(1)
The Infopyramid and Media Capability Descriptors		242	(2)
The Terminal's Media Capability Descriptors		244	(1)
Results of the Media Content Selection		244	(1)
Results of the Overall Adaptation		244	(1)
Scenario for Transcoding: Multimedia Messaging Service		244	(2)
MMS Applications		246	(1)
MMS Transactions		246	(2)
The MMS Conformance Document		248	(1)
The UAProf Descriptions for MMS Application		248	(1)
MMS Adaptation Example for a Weather Service		249	(1)
Concluding Remarks		250	(1)
Standardization and Future Work		251	(4)
References		252	(3)
Content Synchronization		255	(20)
Ganesh Sivaraman
Introduction		255	(2)
Why Mobile Devices Need Synchronization		257	(1)
Fundamental Principles of Synchronization		258	(3)
Types of Synchronization		258	(1)
One- versus Two-Way Synchronization		258	(1)
Slow versus Fast Synchronization		259	(1)
Change Detection		260	(1)
Conflict Detection and Resolution		260	(1)
Adoption of Synchronization for Mobile Devices		261	(2)
Synchronization Scenarios for Mobile Devices		261	(1)
Adhering to Mobile Device Constraints		262	(1)
Synchronization Standard		263	(10)
OMA Data Synchronization Overview		264	(1)
OMA Representation		264	(4)
OMA Data Synchronization Protocol		268	(5)
Summary		273	(2)
References		274	(1)
Multimedia Streaming in Mobile Wireless Networks		275	(52)
Sanjeev Verma
Muhammad Mukarram bin Tariq
Takeshi Yoshimura
Tao Wu
Introduction		275	(1)
QoS Issues for Streaming Applications		275	(10)
Application Layer QoS Control		280	(1)
Congestion Control and Quality Adaptation		281	(2)
Error Control		283	(1)
Network Layer QoS Control		284	(1)
Streaming Media Codecs		285	(3)
Video Compression		285	(1)
Audio Compression		286	(1)
Codecs Used in 3GPP		286	(2)
End-to-End Architecture to Provide Streaming Services in Wireless Environments		288	(3)
Logical Streaming Multimedia Architecture		288	(3)
Protocols for Streaming Media Delivery		291	(17)
Protocols and Languages for Streaming Media Session Control		291	(1)
Real-Time Streaming Protocol		292	(5)
Session Description Protocol		297	(1)
Other Session Control Protocols		298	(1)
Description Languages		298	(5)
UAProf Specification		303	(2)
The Streaming Media Transport Protocols		305	(1)
The Real-Time Transport Protocol		305	(3)
Other Media Transport Protocols		308	(1)
3GPP Packet-Switched Streaming Service		308	(7)
3GPP Packet-Switched Domain Architecture		310	(2)
The 3GPP PSS Framework		312	(1)
Streaming Media Session Setup Procedures for PSS		313	(2)
Multimedia Services in Mobile and Wireless Environments		315	(6)
Differentiating Transmission Error Losses from Congestion Losses		315	(1)
Counteracting Handover Packet Loss		316	(2)
Mobility-Aware Server Selection and Request Routing in Mobile CDN Environments		318	(1)
Architectural Considerations to Provide Streaming Services in Integrated Cellular/WLAN Environments		319	(1)
Tight Coupling		320	(1)
Loose Coupling		320	(1)
Conclusions		321	(6)
References		322	(5)
Multicast Content Delivery for Mobiles		327	(44)
Rod Walsh
Antti-Pentti Vainio
Janne Aaltonen
Introduction		327	(1)
Chapter Overview		328	(1)
Multicast Overview		328	(8)
The Justification for Multicast		328	(2)
Three Perspectives on Multicast		330	(1)
Multicast as a Communication Technique		331	(1)
Multicast Applications and Services		332	(3)
Mobile Wireless Multicast		335	(1)
The Generic IP Multicast System		336	(11)
Common Multicast System Aspects		336	(1)
A Reference System Model		336	(1)
Three-Platform Services		337	(2)
IETF Streaming		339	(1)
IETF Filecast		339	(1)
IETF Media Discovery		339	(1)
IP Multicast Networking Procedure		340	(2)
Additional Aspects of the Mobile Wireless Environment		342	(1)
Mobility and Movement of Users		342	(3)
Errors in Radio Transmission		345	(1)
Unidirectional Downlink Bearers		346	(1)
IP Datacast (IPDC)		347	(11)
The IPDC Concept		347	(1)
IPDC Services and Applications		348	(2)
IPDC System Architecture		350	(1)
Mobile Wireless Radio Networks for IPDC		350	(2)
DVB-T/XH as a Radio Access Network for IPDC		352	(2)
IP Infrastructure for IPDC		354	(1)
The IPDC Service System		355	(1)
E-Commerce for IPDC		356	(1)
IPDC in Summary		357	(1)
Multicast in Third-Generation Cellular (MBMS)		358	(9)
The MBMS Concept		358	(2)
MBMS Services and Applications		360	(1)
MBMS System Architecture		361	(1)
MBMS Radio Access Networks		362	(2)
MBMS in the Core Network		364	(1)
MBMS Service Center and Data Sources		365	(1)
Commercial Interfaces		366	(1)
MBMS in Summary		366	(1)
Multicast Content Delivery for Mobiles in Summary and in the Future		367	(4)
References		368	(3)
Security and Digital Rights Management for Mobile Content		371	(38)
Deepa Kundur
Heather Yu
Ching-Yung Lin
Introduction to Information Security and DRM Technologies		371	(14)
Information Security		372	(2)
Content-Based Media Security		374	(1)
Digital Rights Management		375	(1)
Overview		375	(6)
DRM and Content Distribution Business Models		381	(3)
DRM and Security		384	(1)
General Requirements for Mobile Terminals		384	(1)
MPEG Intellectual Property Management and Protection		385	(2)
Copy Protection on MPEG-2 Videos		385	(1)
MPEG-4 IPMP Hook		386	(1)
MPEG-21 and MPEG IPMP Extensions		387	(1)
Emerging Technologies and Applications		387	(22)
State-of-the-Art MDRM Systems		388	(3)
Nokia Music Player---Distributed DRM		391	(1)
NEC VS-7810---Centralized DRM		391	(1)
Integrated Model		392	(1)
MDRM Requirements		392	(2)
State-of-the-Art MDRM Component Technologies		394	(1)
Scalable and Format-Compliant Encryption for Multimedia		394	(4)
Public Key Watermarking System		398	(3)
Efficient Key Management for Multicast in the Mobile Environment		401	(1)
Multimedia Content Verification and Error Concealment		402	(2)
Summary		404	(1)
References		404	(5)
Charging for Mobile Content		409	(30)
David Banjo
Introduction		409	(2)
The Scope of ``Charging''		410	(1)
Fixed-Line Telephony Charging		411	(3)
Mobile Telephony Charging		414	(1)
Aspects Pertinent to Mobile Content Charging		415	(9)
Revenue Chain		416	(1)
Subscription Models		417	(2)
Postpaid and Prepaid Charging		419	(2)
Business-to-Business (B2B)		421	(1)
Roaming		422	(1)
Multiple Access		422	(1)
Source of Charging Records		422	(1)
Multiple Servers Involved in Delivery		423	(1)
Charging Concepts and Mechanisms		424	(5)
Creation of Charging Records		424	(1)
Differentiated Charging		425	(1)
Flow-Based Charging		426	(2)
Mediation		428	(1)
Correlation		428	(1)
Charging Rules		429	(1)
Rating		429	(1)
Advice of Charge		429	(1)
Charging Interfaces		429	(2)
Charging Information		431	(2)
Charging Architecture and Scenarios		433	(4)
Charging Architecture		433	(1)
Charging Scenarios		433	(1)
Browsing		433	(2)
Person-to-Person Messaging		435	(1)
Download		436	(1)
Streaming Video		436	(1)
Summary		437	(2)
References		437	(2)
Algorithms and Infrastructures for Location-Based Services		439	(34)
Gang Wu
Xia Gao
Keisuke Suwa
Introduction		439	(2)
Taxonomy of Location		441	(1)
Physical and Symbolic Location		441	(1)
Absolute and Relative Location		442	(1)
Location Estimation Media		442	(5)
Radiofrequency (RF)		443	(1)
Multipath Propagation		443	(2)
Other Interference Factors		445	(1)
Infrared (IR)		445	(1)
Ultrasound		446	(1)
Location Estimation Algorithms		447	(7)
Triangulation		447	(1)
Time of Arrival (TOA)		447	(1)
Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA)		448	(1)
Angle of Arrival (AOA)		449	(1)
Scene Analysis		450	(1)
Rationale for RF-Based Scene Analysis		450	(1)
General Framework of Scene Analysis		451	(3)
Proximity		454	(1)
Location Estimation Systems		454	(11)
Indoor Location Estimation Systems		454	(1)
Scene-Analysis-Based Systems		454	(1)
Ultrasound-Based Location Estimation Systems		455	(2)
Infrared-Based Location Estimation Systems		457	(1)
Location Proximity in CDN		457	(2)
Outdoor Location Estimation Systems		459	(1)
Location Estimation with GPS-Based System		459	(1)
Location Estimation with Cellular-Based System		460	(4)
Location Format Transformation		464	(1)
Location Services Based on Cellular Systems		465	(8)
Location Service System Architecture		465	(2)
Mobile Location Protocol		467	(1)
Location Service Platform		468	(3)
References		471	(2)
Fixed and Mobile Web Services		473	(54)
Michael Mahan
Web Services Introduction		473	(10)
Web Services Defined		473	(2)
Service-Oriented Architectures		475	(2)
Motivating Technologies: Creating a Mature Foundation		477	(3)
Quick Glance at Foundation and Core Technologies of Web Services		480	(2)
Web Services Hype		482	(1)
Web Services Foundation Technologies		483	(40)
XML/XML Schema		483	(1)
The Web		483	(4)
The Web Services Standards		487	(2)
Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP)		489	(1)
SOAP Deployment Environments		490	(2)
SOAP Example		492	(2)
SOAP 1.1 Structure and Processing Model		494	(5)
SOAP Bindings		499	(1)
SOAP Styles and Encodings		500	(5)
SOAP with Attachments		505	(2)
SOAP Message Security		507	(3)
SOAP 1.2 Changes		510	(1)
WSDL		511	(7)
Discovery Protocols		518	(1)
Web Services Interoperability Organization (WS-I)		519	(1)
Mobile Terminal Web Services		520	(2)
Privacy and Identity Management		522	(1)
Conclusion		523	(4)
References		524	(3)
Index		527

Sudhir S. Dixit received his Ph.D. degree in EE from the University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland. He also received an M.B.A. degree from Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida. Dr. Dixit is currently a Senior R&D; Manager and a Site Manager at Nokia Research Center in Burlington, Massachusetts. His main areas of interest are mobile/wireless Internet, optical networks, and content delivery networks. He has held various engineering and management positions at major companies, e.g., Verizon, GTE, Motorola, Wang, Harris, and STL (now Nortel Europe Labs). He has published or presented over 150 papers and has 27 patents either granted or pending. He has been a Technical co-Chair and a General Chair of the IEEE International Conference on Computer, Communications and Networks, a Technical co-Chair of the SPIE Conference Terabit Optical Networking, a General Chair of the Broadband Networking in the Next Millennium Conference in 2001, and a General co-Chair of the OptiComm 2002 conference. He has also been an ATM Forum Ambassador since 1996. He has served as a guest editor in IEEE Network, IEEE Communications Magazine, and Optical Networks Magazine published by SPIE/Kluwer. He has been a Lightwave Series editor of the IEEE Communications Magazine, and is currently on the editorial board of the newly announced IEEE Optical Communications Magazine. He is also on the Editorial Board of the Wireless Personal Communications Journal, the International Journal on Wireless and Optical Communications, and the Journal of Communications and Networks. Tao Wu is a Senior Research Engineer at Nokia Research Center in Burlington, Massachusetts, leading Nokia's research effort in content delivery since 1999. Tao has published more than ten papers in the areas of mobile content networking, quality of service and human machine interaction, and holds several pending patents. He is a technical program committee member of the IEEE International Conference on Communications 2003. Tao received his master and bachelor degrees from Rice University and Tsinghua University respectively.