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ix | |
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xi | |
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xiii | |
Acknowledgements |
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xv | |
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1 | (7) |
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1.1 What is corpus linguistics? |
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1 | (2) |
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1.2 What are World Englishes? |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (2) |
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1.5 Structure of the book |
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6 | (2) |
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8 | (33) |
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8 | (1) |
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2.2 How English became a world language |
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9 | (12) |
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2.3 Conceptualising World Englishes |
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21 | (8) |
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2.4 Making sense of variation |
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29 | (7) |
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36 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (2) |
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39 | (2) |
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3 Corpus-linguistic approaches to language |
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41 | (33) |
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41 | (1) |
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3.2 Getting started: the basics |
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42 | (5) |
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3.3 Basic corpus design features |
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47 | (8) |
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3.4 Accessing a corpus: concordances |
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55 | (2) |
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57 | (6) |
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63 | (1) |
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64 | (2) |
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3.8 Statistics and significance testing |
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66 | (3) |
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69 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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70 | (2) |
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72 | (2) |
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4 Corpora and World Englishes |
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74 | (35) |
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4.1 Introduction: does size matter? |
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74 | (2) |
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4.2 The `Brown family' of corpora |
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76 | (5) |
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4.3 The International Corpus of English (ICE) |
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81 | (14) |
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4.4 GloWbE and large (web-based) corpora |
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95 | (3) |
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4.5 Creating your own corpus |
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98 | (5) |
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103 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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107 | (2) |
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5 Tracing variation and change in World Englishes |
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109 | (26) |
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109 | (1) |
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5.2 From variation to language change |
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110 | (5) |
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5.3 Variation, mistake, innovation |
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115 | (6) |
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5.4 Contact and the feature pool |
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121 | (7) |
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5.5 Spoken and written language |
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128 | (3) |
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131 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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133 | (2) |
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6 Interpreting variation and change in World Englishes |
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135 | (33) |
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135 | (1) |
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6.2 Researching the verb phrase |
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136 | (6) |
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6.3 Researching the noun phrase |
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142 | (6) |
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6.4 Researching sentence structure |
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148 | (7) |
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6.5 Researching the lexicon |
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155 | (5) |
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6.6 Researching pragmatics |
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160 | (4) |
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164 | (1) |
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165 | (3) |
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7 World Englishes, Learner Englishes, and English as a Lingua Franca |
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168 | (26) |
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7.1 Introduction: World Englishes, Learner Englishes, and ELF |
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168 | (2) |
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7.2 Learner corpus design and learner corpora |
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170 | (6) |
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7.3 Comparing World Englishes, Learner Englishes, and ENL |
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176 | (5) |
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7.4 Corpus linguistics and English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) |
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181 | (1) |
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182 | (5) |
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7.6 Multilingual conversations: code-switching in ELF |
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187 | (3) |
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190 | (1) |
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190 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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192 | (2) |
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8 The state of the art and the way ahead |
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194 | (9) |
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194 | (1) |
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195 | (2) |
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197 | (1) |
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198 | (1) |
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198 | (1) |
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199 | (2) |
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201 | (1) |
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201 | (2) |
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203 | (5) |
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Appendix B Varieties of English and corpora |
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208 | (2) |
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Appendix C Suggestions for course uses |
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210 | (7) |
Index |
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217 | |