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E-grāmata: Cosmology for the Curious

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  • Formāts: EPUB+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 07-Aug-2017
  • Izdevniecība: Springer International Publishing AG
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783319570402
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Cosmology for the CuriousPalielināt
  • Formāts: EPUB+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 07-Aug-2017
  • Izdevniecība: Springer International Publishing AG
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783319570402
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This book is a gentle introduction for all those wishing to learn about modern views of the cosmos. Our universe originated in a great explosion the big bang. For nearly a century cosmologists have studied the aftermath of this explosion: how the universe expanded and cooled down, and how galaxies were gradually assembled by gravity. The nature of the bang itself has come into focus only relatively recently. It is the subject of the theory of cosmic inflation, which was developed in the last few decades and has led to a radically new global view of the universe.

Students and other interested readers will find here a non-technical but conceptually rigorous account of modern cosmological ideas - describing what we know, and how we know it. One of the book's central themes is the scientific quest to find answers to the ultimate cosmic questions: Is the universe finite or infinite? Has it existed forever? If not, when and how did it come into being? Will it ever end?





The book is based on the undergraduate course taught by Alex Vilenkin at Tufts University. It assumes no prior knowledge of physics or mathematics beyond elementary high school math. The necessary physics background is introduced as it is required. Each chapter includes a list of questions and exercises of varying degree of difficulty.   

Recenzijas

As astounding as the quality of the science is that the publishers have given us as much colour as needed and as many equations (mostly in the appendices for the calculus-minded) for the price of a good dinner (without wine). I paid for my copy (at a Springer-editor & authors reduced price) and will use it if my department ever lets me teach one of those fun Cosmology for Poets courses again. (Virginia Trimble, The Observatory, Vol. 138 (1267), December, 2018)

It brings you up to the current state of the art of cosmology, it is educational and you even more appreciate the work of the genius scientists laying the foundations to solve the riddle of humankind . a must have for the curious. The mathematical appendix and the index are flawless. (Joachim J. Kehr, Journal of Space Operations & Communicator, Vol. 15 (1), 2018)

Cosmology for the Curious offers an excellent tour of the key ideas in cosmology. It also crisply delineates our empirically determined understanding from more speculative areas of current research. I am currently using it in my introductory cosmology class. (Priyamvada Natarajan, Physics Today, April, 2018)

This is an introductory textbook, intended for first year physics students, with familiar textbook features like questions to answer at the end of each chapter. The ideal market for this book is a student about to start on a physics course at university who wants to make it more comfortable to ease into the course. Delia Perlov and Alex Vilenkin should be congratulated on making a big step towards accessibility in a book like this. (Popular Science, popsciencebooks.blogspot.de, October, 2017)

Part I The Big Bang and the Observable Universe
1 A Historical Overview
3(10)
1.1 The Big Cosmic Questions
3(1)
1.2 Origins of Scientific Cosmology
4(3)
1.3 Cosmology Today
7(6)
2 Newton's Universe
13(18)
2.1 Newton's Laws of Motion
13(3)
2.2 Newtonian Gravity
16(3)
2.3 Acceleration of Free Fall
19(1)
2.4 Circular Motion and Planetary Orbits
20(2)
2.5 Energy Conservation and Escape Velocity
22(4)
2.6 Newtonian Cosmology
26(1)
2.7 Olbers' Paradox
27(4)
3 Special Relativity
31(28)
3.1 The Principle of Relativity
31(4)
3.2 The Speed of Light and Electromagnetism
35(4)
3.3 Einstein's Postulates
39(2)
3.4 Simultaneity
41(1)
3.5 Time Dilation
42(2)
3.6 Length Contraction
44(2)
3.6.1 Speeding Muons
45(1)
3.7 E = mc2
46(1)
3.8 From Space and Time to Spacetime
47(4)
3.9 Causality in Spacetime
51(8)
4 The Fabric of Space and Time
59(24)
4.1 The Astonishing Hypothesis
60(3)
4.2 The Geometry of Space
63(4)
4.2.1 Euclidean Geometry
63(3)
4.2.2 Non-Euclidean Geometry
66(1)
4.3 Curved Space
67(5)
4.3.1 The Curvature of Surfaces
67(3)
4.3.2 The Curvature of Three-Dimensional Space
70(2)
4.4 The General Theory of Relativity
72(3)
4.5 Predictions and Tests of General Relativity
75(8)
4.5.1 Light Deflection and Gravitational Lensing
75(2)
4.5.2 Gravitational Time Dilation
77(1)
4.5.3 Black Holes
77(1)
4.5.4 Gravitational Waves
78(5)
5 An Expanding Universe
83(14)
5.1 Einstein's Static Universe
83(3)
5.2 Problems with a Static Universe
86(3)
5.3 Friedmann's Expanding Universe
89(8)
6 Observational Cosmology
97(12)
6.1 Fingerprints of the Elements
98(1)
6.2 Measuring Velocities
99(2)
6.3 Measuring Distances
101(4)
6.4 The Birth of Extragalactic Astronomy
105(4)
7 Hubble's Law and the Expanding Universe
109(16)
7.1 An Expanding Universe
110(3)
7.2 A Beginning of the Universe?
113(1)
7.3 The Steady State Theory
114(1)
7.4 The Scale Factor
115(1)
7.5 Cosmological Redshift
116(1)
7.6 The Age of the Universe
117(1)
7.7 The Hubble Distance and the Cosmic Horizon
118(2)
7.8 Not Everything is Expanding
120(5)
8 The Fate of the Universe
125(6)
8.1 The Critical Density
125(3)
8.2 The Density Parameter
128(3)
9 Dark Matter and Dark Energy
131(12)
9.1 The Average Mass Density of the Universe and Dark Matter
131(5)
9.2 Dark Energy
136(4)
9.3 The Fate of the Universe---Again
140(3)
10 The Quantum World
143(12)
10.1 Quantum Discreteness
143(2)
10.2 Quantum Indeterminism
145(3)
10.3 The Wave Function
148(3)
10.4 Many Worlds Interpretation
151(4)
11 The Hot Big Bang
155(20)
11.1 Following the Expansion Backwards in Time
155(3)
11.2 Thermal Radiation
158(3)
11.3 The Hot Big Bang Model
161(1)
11.4 Discovering the Primeval Fireball
162(3)
11.5 Images of the Baby Universe
165(3)
11.6 CMB Today and at Earlier Epochs
168(2)
11.7 The Three Cosmic Eras
170(5)
12 Structure Formation
175(12)
12.1 Cosmic Structure
175(4)
12.2 Assembling Structure
179(1)
12.3 Watching Cosmic Structures Evolve
180(2)
12.4 Primordial Density Fluctuations
182(1)
12.5 Supermassive Black Holes and Active Galaxies
183(4)
13 Element Abundances
187(14)
13.1 Why Alchemists Did Not Succeed
187(2)
13.2 Big Bang Nucleosynthesis
189(4)
13.3 Stellar Nucleosynthesis
193(1)
13.4 Planetary System Formation
194(2)
13.5 Life in the Universe
196(5)
14 The Very Early Universe
201(26)
14.1 Particle Physics and the Big Bang
201(4)
14.2 The Standard Model of Particle Physics
205(3)
14.2.1 The Particles
206(1)
14.2.2 The Forces
206(2)
14.3 Symmetry Breaking
208(3)
14.4 The Early Universe Timeline
211(2)
14.5 Physics Beyond the Standard Model
213(2)
14.5.1 Unifying the Fundamental Forces
213(2)
14.6 Vacuum Defects
215(5)
14.6.1 Domain Walls
216(1)
14.6.2 Cosmic Strings
217(3)
14.6.3 Magnetic Monopoles
220(1)
14.7 Baryogenesis
220(7)
Part II Beyond the Big Bang
15 Problems with the Big Bang
227(8)
15.1 The Flatness Problem: Why is the Geometry of the Universe Flat?
227(2)
15.2 The Horizon Problem: Why is the Universe so Homogeneous?
229(3)
15.3 The Structure Problem: What is the Origin of Small Density Fluctuations?
232(1)
15.4 The Monopole Problem: Where Are They?
232(3)
16 The Theory of Cosmic Inflation
235(20)
16.1 Solving the Flatness and Horizon Problems
235(1)
16.2 Cosmic Inflation
236(4)
16.2.1 The False Vacuum
236(2)
16.2.2 Exponential Expansion
238(2)
16.3 Solving the Problems of the Big Bang
240(3)
16.3.1 The Flatness Problem
240(1)
16.3.2 The Horizon Problem
241(1)
16.3.3 The Structure Formation Problem
242(1)
16.3.4 The Monopole Problem
242(1)
16.3.5 The Expansion and High Temperature of the Universe
242(1)
16.4 Vacuum Decay
243(4)
16.4.1 Boiling of the Vacuum
243(1)
16.4.2 Graceful Exit Problem
244(1)
16.4.3 Slow Roll Inflation
245(2)
16.5 Origin of Small Density Fluctuations
247(2)
16.6 More About Inflation
249(6)
16.6.1 Communication in the Inflating Universe
249(1)
16.6.2 Energy Conservation
250(5)
17 Testing Inflation: Predictions and Observations
255(14)
17.1 Flatness
255(1)
17.2 Density Fluctuations
256(4)
17.3 Gravitational Waves
260(4)
17.4 Open Questions
264(5)
18 Eternal Inflation
269(22)
18.1 Volume Growth and Decay
269(2)
18.2 Random Walk of the Inflaton Field
271(3)
18.3 Eternal Inflation via Bubble Nucleation
274(1)
18.4 Bubble Spacetimes
275(4)
18.5 Cosmic Clones
279(2)
18.6 The Multiverse
281(3)
18.7 Testing the Multiverse
284(7)
18.7.1 Bubble Collisions
284(1)
18.7.2 Black Holes from the Multiverse
285(6)
19 String Theory and the Multiverse
291(10)
19.1 What Is String Theory?
292(2)
19.2 Extra Dimensions
294(1)
19.3 The Energy Landscape
295(1)
19.4 String Theory Multiverse
296(1)
19.5 The Fate of Our Universe Revisited
297(4)
20 Anthropic Selection
301(12)
20.1 The Fine Tuning of the Constants of Nature
302(2)
20.1.1 Neutron Mass
302(1)
20.1.2 Strength of the Weak Interaction
303(1)
20.1.3 Strength of Gravity
303(1)
20.1.4 The Magnitude of Density Perturbations
303(1)
20.2 The Cosmological Constant Problem
304(3)
20.2.1 The Dynamic Quantum Vacuum
304(1)
20.2.2 Fine-Tuned for Life?
305(2)
20.3 The Anthropic Principle
307(2)
20.4 Pros and Cons of Anthropic Explanations
309(4)
21 The Principle of Mediocrity
313(14)
21.1 The Bell Curve
313(1)
21.2 The Principle of Mediocrity
314(1)
21.3 Obtaining the Distribution by Counting Observers
315(1)
21.4 Predicting the Cosmological Constant
316(3)
21.4.1 Rough Estimate
317(1)
21.4.2 The Distribution
317(2)
21.5 The Measure Problem
319(2)
21.6 The Doomsday Argument and the Future of Our Civilization
321(6)
21.6.1 Large and Small Civilizations
322(1)
21.6.2 Beating the Odds
323(4)
22 Did the Universe Have a Beginning?
327(6)
22.1 A Universe that Always Existed?
327(2)
22.2 The BGV Theorem
329(4)
22.2.1 Where Does This Leave Us?
330(1)
22.2.2 A Proof of God?
331(2)
23 Creation of Universes from Nothing
333(10)
23.1 The Universe as a Quantum Fluctuation
333(3)
23.2 Quantum Tunneling from "Nothing"
336(2)
23.2.1 Euclidean Time
337(1)
23.3 The Multiverse of Quantum Cosmology
338(1)
23.4 The Meaning of "Nothing"
339(4)
24 The Big Picture
343(10)
24.1 The Observable Universe
343(2)
24.1.1 What Do We Know?
343(1)
24.1.2 Cosmic Inflation
344(1)
24.2 The Multiverse
345(5)
24.2.1 Bubble Universes
345(1)
24.2.2 Other Disconnected Spacetimes
346(1)
24.2.3 Levels of the Multiverse
346(1)
24.2.4 The Mathematical Multiverse and Ockham's Razor
347(3)
24.3 Answers to the "Big Questions"
350(1)
24.4 Our Place in the Universe
351(2)
Appendix A 353(8)
Further Reading 361(4)
Index 365
DELIA PERLOV's research interests are focused on the eternally inflating multiverse, and touch on various aspects of cosmology, string theory, quantum field theory and general relativity. She got her Ph.D. from Tufts University and then spent several years working as a postdoctoral fellow, also at Tufts, where she now lectures on a part-time basis. ALEX VILENKIN has been one of the key researchers at the forefront of theoretical cosmology and has made many significant contributions to the field. He is best known for his theories of eternal cosmic inflation, creation of the universe from nothing, and for his groundbreaking work on cosmic strings. He is the director of the Tufts Institute of Cosmology.   
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