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E-grāmata: Courts and Comparative Law

Edited by Mads Andenas (, Professor at the University of Oslo, Senior Research Fellow at the Institute of Advanced Legal Studies, London, and Visiting Fellow at the Institute of European and Comparative Law, Oxford), Edited by Duncan Fairgrieve (, Senior Fellow in Comparative Law at the )

Formāts: 730 pages
Izdošanas datums: 30-Jul-2015
Izdevniecība: Oxford University Press
Valoda: eng
ISBN-13: 9780191059032

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Formāts: 730 pages
Izdošanas datums: 30-Jul-2015
Izdevniecība: Oxford University Press
Valoda: eng
ISBN-13: 9780191059032

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While the role of comparative law in the courts was previously only an exception, foreign sources are now increasingly becoming a source of law in regular use in supreme and constitutional courts. There is considerable variation between the practices of courts and the role of comparative law, and methods remain controversial. In the US, the issue has been one of intense public debate and it is still one of the major dividing issues in the discussion about the role of the courts.

Contributing to the existing discussion of the use of comparative law in the courts, this book provides an inclusive, coherent, and practical analysis of the relevant law and jurisprudence in comparative law in the courts. It examines the consequences for court procedures and the form of judgments, as well as how foreign sources are drawn upon in private international law, European law, administrative law, and constitutional law as well as before general courts. The book also includes case studies of comparative law used in particular spheres of the law, such as tort law and consumer law. Written by practising judges and lawyers as well as leading academics, this book serves as a central reference point concerning the role of comparative law before the courts.

Recenzijas

This book provides a great starting point for much needed further research. * Roberto Caranta, Common Market Law Review *

List of Abbreviations

List of Contributors

xviii

Part I: Courts And Comparative Law

1 Courts and Comparative Law: In Search of a Common Language for Open Legal Systems

(22)

Mads Andenas

Duncan Fairgrieve

I Current challenges to comparative law and comparative law as a challenge

(6)

II Polycentricity and pluralism

(3)

III A typology

(8)

IV Some conclusions and consequences for scholarship

(5)

Part II: Conflicts And Comparisons

2 Is it Legitimate and Beneficial for Judges to Compare?

(29)

Thomas Kadner Graziano

I Introduction

(1)

II Comparative law-a method at the disposal of the courts?

(14)

III Comparative law in court practice

(11)

IV Conclusions

(3)

3 Comparative Law and the Courts: What Counts as Comparative Law?

(12)

Geoffrey Samuel

I Introduction: identifying the difficulties

(1)

II What is 'law'?

(1)

III Hidden comparative law

(3)

IV Comparing facts and receiving ideas

(2)

V Beyond superficiality: structuralism versus functionalism

(3)

VI Concluding remarks: danger and promise

(2)

4 Foreign Law before the French Courts: A Unique Procedural Treatment

(13)

Benedicte Fauvarque-Cosson

I Should the French choice of law rule be applied ex officio by the judge?

(2)

II Who is in charge of determining the content of the foreign law and how?

(5)

III The parties' right to agree upon the application of the lex fori (accord procedural)

(2)

IV Conclusion

(3)

5 Foreign Law in National Courts: A Common Law Perspective

(23)

Richard Fentiman

I The foreign law problem

(6)

II Practical responses

(3)

III Theoretical responses

(10)

IV Conclusion

(3)

6 Foreign Law in International Legal Practice

102

(17)

Guido Alpa

I 'Foreign law' in Italian legal culture: fashions and models from the 19th century to today

102

(4)

II Examples of foreign models used by Italian courts

106

(4)

III Use of Anstalt from Lichtenstein

110

(1)

IV The foreign models utilized in Italian contractual practice

111

(1)

V Lex mercatoria and principles of international commercial contracts processed by UNIDROIT

112

(2)

VI The rules of the common market of the European Union

114

(1)

VII Some tentative conclusions

115

(4)

Part III: Comparative Law Within A European And International Law Context

7 Common Ground: A Starting Point or Destination for Comparative-Law Analysis by the European Court of Human Rights?

119

(22)

Paul Mahoney

Rachael Kondak

I The comparative-law method as inherent in Convention law

119

(2)

II What the Court means by 'consensus'

121

(1)

III Evolutive interpretation

122

(3)

IV The Court's comparative-law inquiry

125

(2)

V Comparative-law material in the judgments of the Strasbourg Court

127

(9)

VI Comparative jurisprudence from non-Council of Europe Member States

136

(1)

VII International-law consensus

137

(2)

VIII Conclusion

139

(2)

8 The Comparative Law Method and the Court of Justice of the European Union: Interlocking Legal Orders Revisited

141

(36)

Koen Lenaerts

Kathleen Gutman

I Introduction

141

(3)

II The comparative law method in the EU judicial framework

144

(14)

III The conceptual framework of the comparative law method in EU adjudication

158

(18)

IV Conclusion

176

(1)

9 National Judges and Strasbourg Case Law: Comparative Reflections about the Italian Experience

177

(10)

Ermanno Calzolaio

I Introduction: the protection of human rights as case law

177

(1)

II The style of judgments

178

(2)

III A rule of precedent?

180

(1)

IV The approach of Italian judges to the European Convention. Comparative remarks with the common law

181

(5)

V Conclusion

186

(1)

10 Comparative Law and the European Union Civil Service Tribunal

187

(13)

Haris Tagaras

I Brief reminder of the institution and powers of the CST

187

(2)

II The requirement of 'a balanced composition of the Civil Service Tribunal on as broad a geographical basis as possible ... with respect to the legal systems represented'

189

(2)

III The traditional comparative-law approach by the CST: recourse to national law

191

(7)

IV Comparative law methods in the CST case law

198

(2)

11 Networks, Dialogue or One-Way Traffic? An Empirical Analysis of Cross-Citations Between Ten of Europe's Highest Courts

200

(13)

Martin Gelter

Mathias Siems

I Introduction

200

(1)

II Population and search methodology

201

(2)

III Bar charts of cross-citations

203

(4)

IV Network presentation of cross-citations

207

(2)

V Outgoing and incoming citations

209

(2)

VI Caveats and conclusions

211

(2)

12 The International Court of Justice's Methodology of Law Ascertainment and Comparative Law

213

(22)

Eirik Bjorge

I Introduction

213

(4)

II Customary international law

217

(7)

III Treaty law

224

(7)

IV Conclusion

231

(4)

Part IV: Comparative Law Before Administrative Courts

13 Comparative Law as an Essential Feature of French Public Law: The Influence of the European Union and of the European Convention on Human Rights

235

(7)

Olivier Dutheillet de Lamothe

I The EU and the ECHR have imposed on French public law a form of comparative legal pressure

236

(2)

II This form of imposed comparative law in the framework of the EU and ECHR has led to the development of spontaneous comparative law

238

(4)

14 Comparative Legal Methodology of the Conseil d'Etat: Towards an Innovative Judicial Process?

242

(11)

Aurelie Bretonneau

Samuel Dahan

Duncan Fairgrieve

I Method: comparative law as policy

243

(5)

II Roles of comparative law at the Conseil d'Etat: transforming the judicial process?

248

(4)

III Conclusion: promising perspectives

252

(1)

15 The Use of Comparative Law before the French Administrative Law Courts: Or the Triumph of Castles over Pyramids

253

(13)

Francois Lichere

I Introduction

253

(2)

II Comparative law is compulsory

255

(3)

III Comparative law is necessary

258

(4)

IV Comparative law is useful

262

(3)

V Conclusion

265

(1)

16 The Use of Comparative Law before the Italian Public Law Courts

266

(15)

Aldo Sandulli

I The relevance of comparative law during a decision's preparation and the difficulties of evaluating its role concretely

266

(1)

II The links with organizations through which comparative law may surface in the Italian public law courts

267

(1)

III Developments in Italian public law since judges have started drawing legal comparisons

268

(3)

IV Some examples of how the Italian public law courts have used comparative law

271

(5)

V Conclusions

276

(5)

Part V: Constitutional Courts As Users Of Comparative Law

17 Cooperation of Constitutional Courts in Europe: The Openness of the German Constitution to International, European, and Comparative Constitutional Law

281

(19)

Peter M. Huber

Andreas L. Paulus

I Constitutional courts between constitutional law and European law

282

(9)

II Interactions between constitutional courts

291

(4)

III Interactions between European courts in the jurisprudence of constitutional courts

295

(5)

18 Judicial Dialogue in a Multilevel Constitutional Network: The Role of the Portuguese Constitutional Court

300

(29)

Ana Maria Guerra Martins

Miguel Prata Roque

I Introductory remarks

300

(1)

II A brief overview on multilevel constitutionalism, transnational constitutionalism, and constitutional pluralism

300

(4)

III Judicial dialogue in a multilevel constitutional system

304

(5)

IV The openness of the Portuguese constitutional order to the multilevel constitutionalism

309

(5)

V The Portuguese Constitutional Court and the 'judicial dialogue'

314

(3)

VI Analysis of some Portuguese constitutional decisions

317

(10)

VII Conclusions

327

(2)

19 Judges and Professors: The Influence of Foreign Scholarship on Constitutional Courts' Decisions

329

(24)

Lucio Pegoraro

I The use of comparison in deciding cases

329

(1)

II The references to legal literature

330

(2)

III Purpose and method of research

332

(2)

IV Philippines

334

(4)

V South Africa

338

(4)

VI Israel

342

(4)

VII Argentina

346

(5)

VIII Concluding remarks

351

(2)

20 South Africa: Teaching an 'Old Dog' New Tricks? An Empirical Study of the Use of Foreign Precedents by the South African Constitutional Court (1995-2010)

353

(25)

Christa Rautenbach

I Introduction

353

(6)

II Historical and constitutional context

359

(1)

III Empirical analysis: making sense of statistics

360

(15)

IV Concluding remarks

375

(3)

21 Enhancing Constitutional Self-Understanding through Comparative Law: An Empirical Study of the Use of Foreign Case Law by the Supreme Court of Canada (1982-2013)

378

(29)

Gianluca Gentili

I Introduction

378

(1)

II The context

379

(9)

III The empirical research

388

(16)

IV Conclusions

404

(3)

22 Comparative Law before the Supreme Courts of the UK and the Netherlands: An Empirical and Comparative Analysis

407

(30)

Elaine Mak

I Introduction

407

(2)

II The courts

409

(6)

III Practice

415

(11)

IV Constitutional implications

426

(7)

V Concluding remarks

433

(4)

Part VI: Comparative Law Before General Courts

23 Constructing the 'Foreign': American Law's Relationship to Non-Domestic Sources

437

(35)

Judith Resnik

I Incorporating 'foreign' law

439

(12)

II Othering 'foreign' law

451

(18)

III Affiliation by law

469

(3)

24 The Use of Comparative Law before the French Private Law Courts

472

(11)

Guy Canivet

I Introduction

472

(1)

II The protection of social values by a supreme court

473

(4)

III The importance of comparative law in the practice of the Cour de cassation

477

(6)

25 The Use of Comparative Law before the French Cour de Cassation: The View from Academia

483

(12)

Alexis Albarian

I Introduction: The less and less 'hidden use' of comparative law before the Cour de cassation

483

(1)

II The different degrees of the use of comparative law in the preparatory works ('travaux preparatoires') of the Cour de cassation's decisions

484

(6)

III How does the Cour de cassation access comparative law material?

490

(3)

IV Conclusion: Is the Cour de cassation an 'ideal supreme court' with respect to comparative law?

493

(2)

26 Italian Courts and Comparative Law

495

(18)

Annalisa Aschieri

I Introduction

495

(2)

II Private international law and reference to foreign case law

497

(5)

III International conventions and reference to foreign decisions

502

(6)

IV Italian courts' brainstorming and foreign case law

508

(3)

V Conclusion

511

(2)

27 The Controversial Status of International and Comparative Law in the United States

513

(23)

Martha Minow

I Introduction

513

(1)

II The contemporary debate and the puzzle

513

(6)

III Why the big fight?

519

(9)

IV Reclaiming the chance to learn

528

(8)

28 Foreign Law and the Modern Ius Gentium

536

(16)

Jeremy Waldron

I Introduction

536

(3)

II The law of nations (ius gentium)

539

(4)

III Contrast with modern natural law argumentation

543

(1)

IV Ius gentium and the juvenile death penalty

544

(2)

V The challenge of Erie

546

(2)

VI Legal problems and legal science

548

(2)

VII Conclusion

550

(2)

29 Comparative Law before the Spanish Private Law Courts in the 21st Century

552

(17)

Marta Requejo Isidro

Marta Otero Crespo

I Introduction

552

(1)

II A few words on the background

553

(2)

III Empirical data on the use of comparative law before the private law courts

555

(13)

IV Conclusion

568

(1)

30 Comparative Legal Reasoning and the Courts: A View from the Americas

569

(12)

H. Patrick Glenn

I Introduction

569

(3)

II Comparative legal reasoning and aboriginal or chthonic law

572

(1)

III Comparative legal reasoning and European legal traditions

573

(4)

IV Comparative legal reasoning in the context of free trade

577

(2)

V Conclusion

579

(2)

31 Comparative Law in the German Courts

581

(14)

Hannes Unberath

Astrid Stadler

I Introduction

581

(1)

II Comparative law as a necessary tool

582

(9)

III Comparative law: outlook

591

(4)

32 Comparative Law in the Syariah Courts: A Case Study of Singapore, Malaysia, and Brunei

595

(20)

Kerstin Steiner

I Introductory context: history of Islam, law, and the state in Singapore, Malaysia, and Brunei

596

(3)

II The Syariah court systems in Singapore, Malaysia, and Brunei

599

(12)

III Conclusion

611

(4)

Part VII: Using Comparative Law: Case Studies

33 'Liaison Magistrates': Their Role in International Judicial Cooperation and Comparative Law

615

(6)

Bernard Rabatel

Olivier Deparis

I Introduction

615

(1)

II Liaison magistrates and mutual assistance in matters of international crime

616

(2)

III Liaison magistrates and mutual assistance in civil matters

618

(1)

IV Liaison magistrates and comparative law

618

(2)

V The 'rapprochement' of judicial authorities

620

(1)

34 Comparative Law in Consumer Litigation

621

(19)

Geraint Howells

Jonathon Watson

I Introduction

621

(1)

II Comparative law and judicial policy development: White v Jones and Fairchild v Glenhaven Funeral Services

622

(2)

III Comparative law in the European Union law context

624

(10)

IV European Court case law

634

(1)

V Comparative law in courts

635

(4)

VI Conclusion

639

(1)

35 The Use of Comparative Law by Courts in Birth-Related Tort Cases

640

(17)

Romain M. Lorentz

I Birth-related torts-a comparative perspective

641

(10)

II The use of comparative law by courts-reasons and extent

651

(3)

III The influence of comparative law on judicial decisions

654

(1)

IV Conclusion

655

(2)

36 The Use of Comparative Law in A & Others v National Blood Authority

657

(23)

Michael Brooke

Ian Forrester

I Introduction

657

(2)

II The medicine

659

(1)

III The English legal principles

660

(1)

IV Preparation of the case

660

(4)

V The request for a reference in 1999

664

(1)

VI The non-issues

664

(2)

VII The core issues

666

(1)

VIII Comparative law features of the oral argument

667

(2)

IX The judgment

669

(4)

X Envoi

673

(1)

Postscript

674

(2)

Nicholas Underhill

Afterword

676

(4)

Justice Burton

37 What Europeans Can Learn from an Untold Story of Transjudicial Communication: The Swiss/Turkish Experience

680

(16)

Erdem Buyuksagis

I Introduction

680

(2)

II The global reception of Swiss private law in Turkey

682

(1)

III The role of courts in the law-making process

683

(3)

IV The importance of comparative law and its impact on judicial assessment

686

(6)

V Similar observations in the EU context

692

(2)

VI Conclusions

694

(2)

38 The Draft Common Frame of Reference in the Courts: The Remaking of Comparative Law

696

(23)

Galateia Kalouta

I Introduction

696

(2)

II How the DCFR has been applied by the courts

698

(17)

III Assessment of the approaches taken by the ECJ and the national courts

715

(1)

IV Closing remarks

716

(3)

Index

719

Mads Andenas QC is Professor of the University of Oslo and the Institute of Advanced Legal Studies, University of London, and former Président-Rapporteur of the United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention and Director of the British Institute of International and Comparative Law.

Duncan Fairgrieve is Senior Research Fellow in Comparative Law and Director of the Product Liability Forum, at the Institute at the British Institute of International and Comparative Law, and Professor of Comparative Law at Université Paris Dauphine PSL.

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E-grāmata: Courts and Comparative Law

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