Creating America: Reading and Writing Arguments 2nd edition [Mīkstie vāki]

Preface xvii PART I Contexts for Reading and Writing Arguments 1(90)
Chapter 1: Reading and Analyzing Arguments 1(46) Reading American Cultures 1(1) Persuasion 2(25) Elements of Persuasion 27(11) Persuasion in Diverse Genres 38(8) Critical Reading and Persuasive Writing 46(1)
Chapter 2: Writing and Research 47(44) Developing Essays 47(22) Integrating Research into Writing 69(22) PART II Argument in the American Tradition 91(459)
Chapter 3: Identities 91(56) American Identities Through History 92(2) BENJAMIN FRANKLIN Join, or Die (1754) Franklins eighteenth-century woodcut, reportedly the first American cartoon 94(2) ALEXIS DE TOCQUEVILLE Origin of the Anglo-Americans, (1839) If we were able to go back to the elements of states, and to examine the oldest monuments of their history, I doubt not that we should discover in them the primal cause of the prejudices, the habits, the ruling passions, and, in short, of all that constitutes what is called the national character. 96(6) JOSEPH KEPPLER The U.S. Hotel Badly Needs a Bouncer (ca. 1890) A detailed cartoon from the popular weekly magazine, Puck. 102(2) HOWARD CHANDLER CHRISTY Victory Liberty Loan (1919) An early twentieth-century poster to garner support for war bonds. 104(2) LUTHER STANDING BEAR What the Indian Means to America (1933) Tyranny, stupidity, and lack of vision have brought about the situation now alluded to as the Indian Problem. There is, I insist, no Indian problem as created by the Indian himself. Every problem that exists today in regard to the native population is due to the white mans cast of mind. 106(6) RALPH ELLISON Prologue to Invisible Man (1947) I am an invisible man. No, I am not a spook like those who haunted Edgar Allan Poe; nor am I one of your Hollywood-movie ectoplasms. I am a man of substance, of flesh and bone, fiber and liquids--and I might even be said to possess a mind. 112(4) JOHN F. KENNEDY Inaugural Address (1961) In the long history of the world, only a few generations have been granted the role of defending freedom in its hour of maximum danger. I do not shrink from this responsibility--I welcome it. 116(4) ARTURO ISLAS Thanksgiving Border Crossing (1990) In this excerpt from the novel Migrant Souls, a Mexican American family celebrates a traditional American holiday in its own way. 120(8) ARTHUR M. SCHLESINGER, JR. The Cult of Ethnicity (1991) An educator and historian reflects on Americas multiethnic heritage and asserts the importance of maintaining a cohesive American identity. 128(4) DANIEL O. TAUBE Aunt Jeannettes Arm: On a Lesson of Being Jewish (1993) A psychologist and educator reflects on the lessons of the past and the responsibilities of privilege 132(4) JEANNE WAKATSUKI HOUSTON A Tapestry of Hope: Americas Strength Was, Is, and Will Be Its Diversity (1994) Drawing from her own experiences, a graduation speaker exhorts students to find strength in their diversity. 136(5) MARTHA SERRANO Chicana (1994) Dont call me Hispanic. Dont call me Latina. Dont call me Mexican. Dont call me Mexican American. I want to be called Chicana. I am mestiza--indigenous and Spanish. My heritage is struggle and strength. 141(3) FILM The Joy Luck Club (1994) The stories of four Chinese American mothers and daughters are interwoven in a compelling film that traces their families, their challenges, their evolving identities. 144(1) Writing Assignments 145(2)
Chapter 4: American Dreams 147(72) American Dreams Through History 148(4) WILLIAM BRADFORD from History of Plymouth Plantation (1645) One of the first great writers of the colonial period documents English settlement in the New World. 152(8) SARTAINS UNION MAGAZINE OF LITERATURE & ART Liberty Introducing the Arts to America (1849) An allegorical, feminine, and imaginative visual representation of America. 160(1) ANDREW CARNEGIE Wealth (1889) Carnegie asserts a number of assumptions; among them, charity is best bestowed on those who will help themselves...those who desire to improve. 161(9) California, the Cornucopia of the World (1889) A poster by an unknown artist beckons people to the Golden State. 170(2) SUI SIN FAR In the Land of the Free (ca. 1900) A young Chinese immigrant mother deals with differences in cultures and values in this ironically titled short story. 172(9) LANGSTON HUGHES Let America Be America Again (1938) O let America be America again--The land that has never been yet--And yet must be--the land where everyman is free 181(3) MARGARET BOURKE-WHITE Theres No Way like the American Way (1937) Bourke-Whites ironic Depression-era photograph. 184(3) F. SCOTT FITZGERALD Early Success (1937) An American writer of fiction turns to the essay form to analyze success achieved at an early age. 187(5) PLEDGE FURNITURE SWEEPSTAKES ADVERTISEMENT Win a Houseful of Beautiful Furniture! (1967) Selling consumers on material symbols of success in a Pledge Sweepstakes advertisement. 192(2) MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. I Have a Dream (1963) When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir. This note was a promise that all men would be guaranteed...life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. 194(5) WITOLD RYBCZYNSKI Tomorrowland (1997) A writer visits Celebration, a community developed by the Walt Disney Company. 199(7) JACOB WEISBERG United Shareholders of America (1998) An essay on the role of the shareholder-citizen in American democracy--self-sufficient and individualistic, but perhaps to the detriment of civic virtue and community. 206(7) CHRIS COUNTRYMAN Structured Appeal: Let America Be America Again (1997) A college student analyzes a poem by Langston Hughes. 213(2) FILM Avalon (1990) The story of a Jewish American immigrant family in the 1940s and 1950s. 215(2) Writing Assignments 217(2)
Chapter 5: Images of Gender and Family 219(76) Gender and Family in American History 220(4) Keep Within Compass (ca. 1790) A seventeenth-century etching urging proper behavior for women. 224(3) Enlist: On Which Side of the Window Are YOU? (1917) An American World War I recruitment poster 227(2) Fame Instead of Shame (1944) The famed Charles Atlas advertisement for bodybuilding. 229(2) FORD MOTOR CO. Theyll Know Youve Arrived (1958) An advertisement for the infamous Ford Edsel automobile. 231(2) JUDGE WILNER Rusk v. State: Court of Special Appeals of Maryland, 406 A.2d 624 (1979) Arguments in the noted date rape case. 233(7) KEENAN PECK When Family Is Not a Household Word (1988) Although blood relation, marriage, and adoption have served as useful shorthands for family, the legal establishment must now find categories that can accommodate new living arrangements without losing all definition. 240(5) ALFRED LUBRANO Bricklayers Boy (1989) Related by blood, were separated by class, my father and I. Being the white-collar son of a blue-collar man means being the hinge on the door between two ways of life. 245(6) THOMAS STODDARD Marriage Is a Fundamental Right (1989) In an increasingly loveless world, those who wish to commit themselves to a relationship founded upon devotion should be encouraged, not scorned. Government has no legitimate interest in how that love is expressed. 251(2) BRUCE FEIN Reserve Marriage for Heterosexuals (1990) The law should encourage male-female marriage vows over homosexual attachments in the interests of physically, mentally, and psychologically healthy children, the nations most valuable asset. 253(3) SUSAN FALUDI Blame It on Feminism (1991) The truth is that the last decade has seen a powerful counter assault on womens rights, a backlash, an attempt to retract the handful of small and hard-won victories that the feminist movement did manage to win for women. 256(14) MARIAN WRIGHT EDELMAN A Family Legacy (1992) The legacies that parents and church and teachers left to my generation of Black children were priceless but not material: a living faith reflected in daily service, the discipline of hard work and stick-to-it-ness, and a capacity to struggle in the face of adversity. 270(6) MARY PIPHER Saplings in the Storm (1994) A psychologist examines reasons why young womens voices become silenced. 276(11) JOHN WU Making and Unmaking the `Model Minority (1994) The model minority myth precludes the possibility that some Asian Americans may not be upwardly mobile and successful. Yet our parents expect us to become upwardly mobile and successful. Our parents expectations personalize the societys model minority expectations for us. 287(4) FILM Mi familia (My Family) (1995) A story of three generations of a Mexican American family in Southern California. 291(2) Writing Assignments 293(2)
Chapter 6: Work and Play 295(64) Work and Play Through History 297(2) BENJAMIN FRANKLIN from Autobiography (1771) As I knew, or thought I knew, what was right and wrong, I did not see why I might not always do the one and avoid the other. But I soon found I had undertaken a Task of more Difficulty than I had imagined. While my Care was employd in guarding against one Fault, I was often surprizd by another. 299(6) CHARLOTTE PERKINS GILMAN from Women and Economics (1898) Each woman born, re-humanized by the current of race activity carried on by her father and re-womanized by her traditional position, has had to live over again in her own person the same process of restriction, repression, denial; the smothering `no which crushed down all her human desires to create, to discover, to learn, to express, to advance. repression, denial; the smothering `no which crushed down all her human desires to create, to discover, to learn, to express, to advance. 305(3) JACOB RIIS Two Women Sewing (ca. 1907) A photographer documents sweatshop labor in New York Citys Lower East Side. 308(2) DAVID NASAW from Going Out (1994) A writer explores the roots of American mass entertainment in this social history. 310(6) HAWAIIAN TOURIST BOARD Duke Kahanamoku (1914) A postcard to capture interest in the exotic and appealing Hawaiian islands. 316(2) Physical Culture (1927) This magazine cover of a physically fit cover girl embodies the publishers philosophy: A healthy body is a prerequisite for moral excellence. 318(2) WOODY GUTHRIE Union Maid (1940) A pro-union (and still popular) song dedicated to women workers. 320(2) STUDS TERKEL from Working (1972) An oral history of Mr. Bates, a stonemason. 322(6) GLORIA STEINEM The Importance of Work (1983) Anyone who has ever experienced dehumanized life on welfare or any other confidence-shaking dependency knows that a paid job may be preferable to the dole, even when the handout is coming from a family member. Yet the will and self-confidence to work on ones own can diminish as dependency and fear increase. 328(6) LEONARD KOPPETT from Sports Illusion, Sports Reality (1994) In his essay The Poison of Amateurism, a writer suggests that amateurism in sports is really an institutionalization of hypocrisy. 334(5) SUSAN K. CAHN from Coming on Strong (1994) An educator poses questions about professionalizing womens sports in her essay Youve Come a Long Way, Maybe. 339(6) MAGAZINE ADVERTISEMENT Motrin Spoken Here (1998) A product used to treat pain is pitched through the image of a worker. 345(2) JORGE FLORES From Necessary to Unwanted: An Analysis on the Anti-Mexican American Movement During the Great Depression (1997) A college student researches labor and immigration issues of the Depression. 347(8) FILM Jerry Maguire (1997) A sports agent struggles with disillusionment and moral recovery. 355(1) Writing Assignments 356(3)
Chapter 7: Justice and Civil Liberties 359(72) Justice and Civil Liberties Through History 360(4) ANDREW HAMILTON In Defense of Freedom of the Press (1735) A core principle of American democracy is articulated in this famous case. 364(4) THOMAS JEFFERSON The Declaration of Independence (1776) We hold these truths to be self evident: that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with inherent and inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. 368(6) HENRY DAVID THOREAU from Civil Disobedience (1850) It is not desirable to cultivate a respect for the law, so much as for the right. The only obligation which I have a right to assume, is to do at any time what I think right. 374(8) FREDERICK DOUGLASS Independence Day Speech at Rochester (1852) The rich inheritance of justice, liberty, prosperity, and independence bequeathed by your fathers is shared by you, not by me. The sunlight that brought light and healing to you has brought stripes and death to me. This fourth of July is yours, not mine. 382(5) SUSAN B. ANTHONY Womens Right to Vote (1873) The only question left to be settled now is: Are women persons? I scarcely believe any of our opponents will have the hardihood to say they are not. Being persons, then, women are citizens, and no State has a right to make any new law, or to enforce any old law, which shall abridge their privileges. 387(7) U.S. SUPREME COURT Plessy v. Ferguson (1894) If the civil and political rights of both races be equal, one cannot be inferior to the other civilly or politically. If one race be inferior to the other socially, the Constitution of the United States cannot put them upon the same plane. 394(5) EUDORA WELTY Dolls (1935) This photograph graphically represents the pain and problem of prejudice in the image of two African American youngsters--clutching white dolls. 399(2) NORMAN ROCKWELL Freedom of Speech (1943) One of a series entitled The Four Freedoms, this painting was also one of Rockwells many covers for The Saturday Evening Post. 401(2) U.S. SUPREME COURT Brown v. Board of Education (1954) Does segregation of children in public schools solely on the basis of race, even though the physical facilities and other `tangible factors may be equal, deprive the children of the minority group of equal educational opportunities? We believe that it does. 403(3) MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. Letter from Birmingham Jail (1963) For years now I have heard the word `Wait! It rings in the ear of every Negro with piercing familiarity. This `Wait has almost always meant `Never. We must come to see, with one of our distinguished jurists, that justice too long delayed is justice denied. 406(17) JOSHUA QUITTNER Unshackling Net Speech (1997) An article on the tension between free speech and protection of children using the Internet. 423(4) FILM The Long Walk Home (1995) Two families, one African American, one European American, experience the Montgomery bus boycott. 427(1) Writing Assignments 428(3)
Chapter 8: War and the Enemy 431(46) War and the Enemy Through History 432(2) Creating War and the Enemy Through Persuasive Language 434(1) THOMAS PAINE These Are the Times That Try Mens Souls (1776) I call not upon a few, but upon all: not on this state or that state, but on every state; up and help us; lay your shoulders to the wheel; better have too much force than too little. 435(3) ABRAHAM LINCOLN The Gettysburg Address (1863) The world will little note, nor long remember, what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. 438(1) MARK TWAIN The War Prayer (1904-1905) It was a time of great and exalting excitement. The country was up in arms, the war was on, in every breast burned the holy fire of patriotism; the drums were beating, the bands playing, the toy pistols popping, the bands playing, the toy pistols popping, the bunched firecrackers hissing and spluttering. 439(4) We Smash Em HARD (1918) Wartime advertisement for White Owl Cigars. 443(2) Deliver Us from Evil (ca. 1940) World War II-era anti-Nazi poster. 445(1) FRANKLIN DELANO ROOSEVELT Pearl Harbor Address (1941) Yesterday, December 7, 1941--a date which will live in infamy--the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan. 446(3) EDWARD T. ADAMS Saigon Execution (1969) This famed photograph of a summary execution won the 1969 Pulitzer Prize for news photography. 449(2) HUYNH CONG NICK UT The Terror of War (1973) This Pulitzer Prize-winning photograph captures the suffering of the children of war. 451(2) JACQUELINE NAVARRA RHOADS Nurses in Vietnam (1987) I didnt really have much time to worry about right and wrong back then, because during these mass-cals wed be up for 36 hours at a stretch. Nobody wanted to quit until the last surgery case was stabilized. By that time, we were emotionally and physically numb. You couldnt see clearly; you couldnt react. 453(11) JEFF ZORN Demonizing in the Gulf War: Reading the Archetypes (1991) An educator examines the process of creating images of political enemies. 464(4) JEREMY KASSIS Rhetorical Divisiveness in Nation-Building and War: An Analysis of FDRs `Pearl Harbor Address (1994) The national tide had turned against Japan upon the news of the bombing, but FDRs speech wove a subtle public tapestry of logic and emotions with threads of American justice and history to whip up public fervor against the Empire of Japan, to name it `enemy. 468(3) PETER C. DOUGLAS Intelligent Propaganda: Deliver Us from Evil (1998) A student writer analyzes a highly effective propaganda poster. 471(4) FILM Casablanca (1942) A classic American film about the struggles of war that occur behind the scenes of battle. 475(1) Writing Assignments 476(1)
Chapter 9: Frontiers 477(73) Frontiers Through History 478(3) SARAH KEMBLE KNIGHT from The Journal of Madam Knight (1704) An enterprising woman records her experience of frontier travel. 481(8) from The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) A document marking the end of the Mexican-American War but ultimately failing to guarantee civil rights to Mexicans living in the disputed areas. 489(4) MARK TWAIN from Roughing It (1872) We were spinning along through Kansas, and in the course of an hour and a half we were fairly abroad on the great Plains. Just here the land was rolling--a grand sweep of regular elevations and depressions as far as the eye could reach--like the stately heave and swell of the oceans bosom after a storm. 493(7) ALBERT BIERSTADT Giant Redwood Trees of California (1874) A popular nineteenth-century painting by an artist renowned for his depictions of nature in the American West. 500(2) POLICE GAZETTE Indian Treachery and Bloodshed (1891) The action teaches the lesson that if the Sioux are of any use at all they should be fairly dealt with, and if not, that they should at once be given free passes to the happy hunting grounds. As they speak highly of the happy hunting grounds, it might be as well to start them on the journey in any case. 502(3) FREDERICK JACKSON TURNER The Significance of the Frontier in American History (1893) American social development has been continually beginning over again on the frontier. This perennial rebirth, this fluidity of American life, this expansion westward with its new opportunities, its continuous touch with the simplicity of primitive society, furnish the forces dominating American character. 505(9) RICHARD HOFSTADTER The Thesis Disputed (1949) It became plain, as new thought and research was brought to bear upon the problem, that the frontier theory, as an analytic device, was a blunt instrument. The terms with which the Turnerians dealt--the frontier, the West, individualism, the American character--were vague at the outset. 514(5) WALLACE STEGNER Coda: Wilderness Letter (1960) We need wilderness preserved--as much of it as is still left, and as many kinds--because it was the challenge against which our character as a people was formed. The reminder and the reassurance that it is still there is good for our spiritual health even if we never once in ten years set foot in it. 519(6) JOAN DIDION Notes from a Native Daughter (1965) A writer and California native is fascinated by the idea of the West. 525(10) LOUISE ERDRICH Dear John Wayne (1984) August and the drive-in picture is packed. We lounge on the hood of the Pontiac surrounded by the slow-burning spirals they sell at the window, to vanquish the hordes of mosquitoes. Nothing works. 535(2) JONATHAN RABAN The Next Last Frontier (1993) A contemporary English writer explores the Western states two hundred years after Madam Knight. 537(7) FILM Unforgiven (1993) A film with traditional elements of Westerns--hero, ladies in distress, gunfighting--that both revises and validates the mythic West. 544(1) Writing Assignments 545(5) Index of Authors and Titles 550(4) Index of Rhetorical Terms 554