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E-grāmata: A Crisis of Democratic Accountability: Public Libel Law and the Checking Function of the Press

  • Formāts: 304 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 26-Jul-2018
  • Izdevniecība: Hart Publishing
  • ISBN-13: 9781509920822
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  • Formāts: 304 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 26-Jul-2018
  • Izdevniecība: Hart Publishing
  • ISBN-13: 9781509920822

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This book undertakes a comparative study of the public interest and political speech defences in defamation law, particularly from the perspective of the misuse of democratic free expression justifications. Specifically, it argues that the law and legal approaches taken by leading courts and legislatures in the UK, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and the United States – five common law comparators – are undertheorised, lack adequate criteria for determining the correct form of the defence, and would benefit from a more precise understanding of 'democracy', 'accountability', and 'representation'. The book will be of great interest to scholars of free speech, defamation and public law.

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An excellent comparative study of the public interest and political speech defences in defamation law, particularly from the perspective of the misuse of democratic free expression justifications, in the UK, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the United States.
Table of Cases
ix
Table of Statutes
xiii
Tables and Figures
xv
Introduction 1(8)
Part A Introduction to the Problem of Public Libel Law
Overview of Part A
9(2)
1 Balancing Freedom of Expression and Reputation in Constitutional Context
11(26)
I Defamation's Moving Target: Balancing Free Expression and Reputation
11(9)
A Constituent Elements
12(1)
B Defences
13(2)
C Publications to the `World at Large'
15(2)
D Politicians and Public Libels---The Resonance of Radical Whig Ideology
17(2)
E Liberalising Media Defamation Defences
19(1)
II Overview of Public Libel Doctrine
20(8)
A United States
21(1)
B Australia
22(1)
C New Zealand
23(1)
D United Kingdom
24(3)
E Canada
27(1)
III Continuum of Doctrinal Solutions
28(1)
IV Public Libel Law's Theory-Doctrine Rift
29(7)
A Universal Rejection of the `Actual Malice' Rule
29(4)
B Necessity for Expanded Comparative Law Framework
33(3)
V
Chapter Conclusion
36(1)
2 Methodological Barriers to Democratic Theorising
37(24)
I Overview
37(1)
II Methodological Barrier I
38(3)
A Freedom of Expression's Incomplete `Core'
38(3)
III Democratic Theorising in Public Libel Jurisprudence
41(11)
A Meiklejohn's `Self-Governance' Rationale
41(5)
B Blasi's `Checking Value' of the Press
46(6)
IV Methodological Barrier II
52(7)
A Necessity for `Multi-Valued' Theorising
52(4)
B Structural Institutionalism, Categoricalism, and Ad Hoc Balancing
56(3)
V Moving Forward
59(2)
Part B Undertheorising Democratic Accountability: Comparative Law Analysis of Public Libel Doctrine
Overview of Part B
61(2)
3 Indeterminate Balancing in Public Libel Doctrine: Generic Rules and `Implied Rights'
63(28)
I United States
63(13)
A Defamation Plaintiffs, Generic Rules, and Democratic Theory
64(12)
B Conclusion
76(1)
II Australia
76(13)
A Implied Rights: Disavowing Free Speech Theory
77(4)
B Defamation and Implied Freedoms
81(4)
C Methodological Crisis in the High Court
85(4)
D Conclusion
89(1)
III
Chapter Conclusion
89(2)
4 Overlooking the Checking Function of the Press
91(28)
I Overview
91(1)
II Strasbourg Jurisprudence
91(7)
A Press Freedom and Political Expression under the European Convention
91(2)
B `Responsible Journalism' and Judicial Censure
93(4)
C Conclusion
97(1)
III United Kingdom
98(8)
A Of `Missing Rationales and Principles'
98(8)
B Conclusion
106(1)
IV New Zealand
106(11)
A Bias against the Press in the Court of Appeal
106(3)
B `Drawing the Line': Theoretical Disjunctions and Public Libel Reform
109(3)
C Enlarging the Scope of Qualified Privilege
112(4)
D Conclusion
116(1)
V
Chapter Conclusion
117(2)
5 Conflating Meiklejohnian Theory and the Checking Function of the Press
119(22)
I Overview
119(1)
II United Kingdom
119(6)
A Reciprocity Obligations and Meiklejohnian Theory
120(2)
B Undertheorising in the UK Parliament
122(3)
C Conclusion
125(1)
III Canada
125(13)
A A `Quasi-Constitutional' Press: The Checking Function before the Charter
126(2)
B Post-Charter Methodological Errors
128(4)
C `Rebalancing' Defamation Law without the Checking Function
132(5)
D Conclusion
137(1)
IV
Chapter Conclusion
138(3)
Part C Reasserting Democratic Accountability
Overview of Part C
141(4)
6 Distinguishing the Checking Function from Meiklejohnian Theory: Lessons from Public Accountability and Neo-Republicanism
145(22)
I Confronting a Conceptual Stalemate: `Representation' and `Accountability'
145(5)
II Public Accountability Scholarship
150(11)
A Preliminary Observations
150(2)
B Accountability's `Minimal Conceptual Consensus'
152(1)
C Accountability Mechanisms, Arrangements, and Regimes
153(6)
D Assessing Accountability
159(2)
III Neo-Republicanism: A Return to Institutional Design
161(5)
A Liberty as `Non-Domination'
161(1)
B `Gas-and-Water-Works' Institutional Design
162(4)
IV
Chapter Conclusion
166(1)
7 A Revised Analytical Framework: Accountability Dysfunctions, Public Libel Doctrine, and the Institutional Press
167(26)
I Overview
167(1)
II Accountability Dysfunctions
168(5)
A A `Systems Approach' to Accountability
168(2)
B Accountability Deficits
170(1)
C Accountability Overloads
171(2)
III The Institutional Press as a Horizontal Accountability Mechanism
173(12)
A Preliminary Observations
173(1)
B Watchdog or Guard Dog?
174(3)
C Empirical Evidence
177(7)
D Conclusion
184(1)
IV Public Libel Doctrine: Balancing Reputation and Freedom of Expression in Contemporary Democracies
185(6)
A Moving Toward a Revised Analytical Framework
185(1)
B Primary Mechanisms: Constitutional Structure
186(1)
C Secondary Mechanisms: Dynamic Variables
186(1)
D Collibration
186(2)
E Public Libel Doctrine: Legal Restrictions on the Press
188(3)
V
Chapter Conclusion
191(2)
Part D Restoring Democratic Accountability
Overview of Part D
193(2)
8 Assessing Britain's Political Accountability Profile
195(26)
I Selecting a Law Reform Candidate
195(3)
II Britain's Primary Accountability Mechanisms
198(15)
A Parliamentary/Presidential Structure
199(3)
B Federal/Unitary Structure
202(2)
C Electoral System
204(2)
D Legislative Scrutiny
206(5)
E Judicial Review
211(2)
F Conclusion on Primary Accountability Mechanisms
213(1)
III Britain's Secondary Accountability Mechanisms
213(7)
A Governmental Auditors
213(3)
B Independent Regulators
216(2)
C Direct Public Access
218(2)
D Conclusion on Secondary Accountability Mechanisms
220(1)
IV
Chapter Conclusion
220(1)
9 Reinstating the Checking Function in Britain's Constitutional Context
221(18)
I Law Reform Recommendations
221(7)
A Rationale for Britain's Public Libel Doctrine
221(2)
B Specific Law Reform Proposals
223(5)
II Discussion
228(9)
A Methodological Constraints and Further Research
228(2)
B Comparative Law Reflections
230(6)
C Institutional Competence
236(1)
III
Chapter Conclusion
237(2)
Conclusion---Prospective Challenges to Public Libel Law Reform 239(4)
Index 243
Randall Stephenson is a scholar of defamation law and public law. He completed his DPhil in law at the University of Oxford in 2017. Before attending Oxford, he studied first amendment jurisprudence at Columbia University (LLM) and practiced litigation at Osler, Hoskin & Harcourt LLP in Toronto, Canada.