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E-grāmata: Critical Component Wear in Heavy Duty Engines

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  • Formāts: EPUB+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 07-Sep-2011
  • Izdevniecība: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780470828854
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Critical Component Wear in Heavy Duty EnginesPalielināt
  • Formāts: EPUB+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 07-Sep-2011
  • Izdevniecība: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780470828854
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"Shows engineers how to prevent wear and dramatically increase the lifespan of key componentsThe critical parts of a heavy duty engine are designed for infinite life without mechanical fatigue failure. Yet the life of an engine is in reality determined by wear of the critical parts. Even if an engine is reconditioned at the end of normal wear life, abnormal wear takes place either due to special working conditions or increased loading. Understanding abnormal and normal wear enables the engineer to control the external conditions leading to premature wear, or to design the critical parts that have longer life and hence lower costs. The literature on wear phenomenon related to engines is scattered in numerous periodicals and books. For the first time, the tribology aspects of different critical engine components are written in one book. Lakshminarayanan covers tribology of critical components, namely, the liner, piston, rings, valve, valve train and bearings with methods to identify and quantify wear. Presents real world case studies with suitable mathematical models for earth movers, power generation, and sea going vessels Includes material from researchers at Chevron (USA), Tekniker (Spain), IP Rings (India), Kirloskar Oil Engines Ltd (India) Wear simulations and calculations included in the appendices Instructor presentations slides with book figures available from the companion site "--

"While these have been well addressed by the engineering community the solutions are scattered in different journals and books. This book brings the solutions together into one volume"--

Provided by publisher.

Shows engineers how to prevent wear and dramatically increase the lifespan of key components

The critical parts of a heavy duty engine are designed for infinite life without mechanical fatigue failure.  Yet the life of an engine is in reality determined by wear of the critical parts. Even if an engine is reconditioned at the end of normal wear life, abnormal wear takes place either due to special working conditions or increased loading.  Understanding abnormal and normal wear enables the engineer to control the external conditions leading to premature wear, or to design the critical parts that have longer life and hence lower costs. The literature on wear phenomenon related to engines is scattered in numerous periodicals and books. For the first time, the tribology aspects of different critical engine components are written in one book. Lakshminarayanan covers tribology of critical components, namely, the liner, piston, rings, valve, valve train and bearings with methods to identify and quantify wear.

  • Presents real world case studies with suitable mathematical models for  earth movers, power generation, and sea going vessels
  • Includes material from researchers at Chevron (USA), Tekniker (Spain), IP Rings (India), Kirloskar Oil Engines Ltd (India)
  • Wear simulations and calculations included in the appendices
  • Instructor presentations slides with book figures available from the companion site 
List of Contributors
xv
Preface xvii
Acknowledgements xxi
PART I OVERTURE
1(30)
1 Wear in the Heavy Duty Engine
3(10)
1.1 Introduction
3(1)
1.2 Engine Life
3(1)
1.3 Wear in Engines
4(1)
1.3.1 Natural Aging
4(1)
1.4 General Wear Model
5(1)
1.5 Wear of Engine Bearings
5(1)
1.6 Wear of Piston Rings and Liners
6(1)
1.7 Wear of Valves and Valve Guides
6(1)
1.8 Reduction in Wear Life of Critical Parts Due to Contaminants in Oil
6(2)
1.8.1 Oil Analysis
7(1)
1.9 Oils for New Generation Engines with Longer Drain Intervals
8(1)
1.9.1 Engine Oil Developments and Trends
8(1)
1.9.2 Shift in Engine Oil Technology
9(1)
1.10 Filters
9(1)
1.10.1 Air Filter
9(1)
1.10.2 Oil Filter
10(1)
1.10.3 Water Filter
10(1)
1.10.4 Fuel Filter
10(1)
1.11 Types of Wear of Critical Parts in a Highly Loaded Diesel Engine
10(3)
1.11.1 Adhesive Wear
10(1)
1.11.2 Abrasive Wear
11(1)
1.11.3 Fretting Wear
11(1)
1.11.4 Corrosive Wear
11(1)
References
11(2)
2 Engine Size and Life
13(18)
2.1 Introduction
13(1)
2.2 Engine Life
13(1)
2.3 Factors on Which Life is Dependent
14(1)
2.4 Friction Force and Power
14(1)
2.4.1 Mechanical Efficiency
14(1)
2.4.2 Friction
15(1)
2.5 Similarity Studies
15(5)
2.5.1 Characteristic Size of an Engine
15(1)
2.5.2 Velocity
16(1)
2.5.3 Oil Film Thickness
17(1)
2.5.4 Velocity Gradient
18(1)
2.5.5 Friction Force or Power
18(1)
2.5.6 Indicated Power and Efficiency
18(2)
2.6 Archard's Law of Wear
20(1)
2.7 Wear Life of Engines
20(3)
2.7.1 Wear Life
20(1)
2.7.2 Nondimensional Wear Depth Achieved During Lifetime
21(2)
2.8 Summary
23(8)
Appendix 2.A Engine Parameters, Mechanical Efficiency and Life
25(1)
Appendix 2.B Hardness and Fatigue Limits of Different Copper--Lead--Tin (Cu--Pb--Sn) Bearings
26(2)
Appendix 2.C Hardness and Fatigue Limits of Different Aluminium--Tin (Al--Sn) Bearings
28(1)
References
29(2)
PART II VALVE TRAIN COMPONENTS
31(38)
3 Inlet Valve Seat Wear in High bmep Diesel Engines
33(14)
3.1 Introduction
33(1)
3.2 Valve Seat Wear
34(1)
3.2.1 Design Aspects to Reduce Valve Seat Wear Life
34(1)
3.3 Shear Strain and Wear due to Relative Displacement
35(1)
3.4 Wear Model
35(2)
3.4.1 Wear Rate
36(1)
3.5 Finite Element Analysis
37(1)
3.6 Experiments, Results and Discussions
38(7)
3.6.1 Valve and Seat Insert of Existing Design
39(1)
3.6.2 Improved Valve and Seat Insert
39(6)
3.7 Summary
45(1)
3.8 Design Rule for Inlet Valve Seat Wear in High bmep Engines
45(2)
References
45(2)
4 Wear of the Cam Follower and Rocker Toe
47(22)
4.1 Introduction
47(1)
4.2 Wear of Cam Follower Surfaces
48(2)
4.2.1 Wear Mechanism of the Cam Follower
48(2)
4.3 Typical Modes of Wear
50(1)
4.4 Experiments on Cam Follower Wear
51(1)
4.4.1 Follower Measurement
51(1)
4.5 Dynamics of the Valve Train System of the Pushrod Type
52(3)
4.5.1 Elastohydrodynamic and Transition of Boundary Lubrication
52(1)
4.5.2 Cam and Follower Dynamics
53(2)
4.6 Wear Model
55(9)
4.6.1 Wear Coefficient
55(1)
4.6.2 Valve Train Dynamics and Stress on the Follower
55(6)
4.6.3 Wear Depth
61(3)
4.7 Parametric Study
64(1)
4.7.1 Engine Speed
64(1)
4.7.2 Oil Film Thickness
64(1)
4.8 Wear of the Cast Iron Rocker Toe
64(2)
4.9 Summary
66(3)
References
66(3)
PART III LINER, PISTON AND PISTON RINGS
69(128)
5 Liner Wear: Wear of Roughness Peaks in Sparse Contact
71(24)
5.1 Introduction
71(1)
5.2 Surface Texture of Liners and Rings
72(4)
5.2.1 Surface Finish
72(1)
5.2.2 Honing of Liners
72(1)
5.2.3 Surface Finish Parameters
72(2)
5.2.4 Bearing Area Curve
74(1)
5.2.5 Representation of Bearing Area Curve of Normally Honed Surface or Surfaces with Peaked Roughness
75(1)
5.3 Wear of Liner Surfaces
76(5)
5.3.1 Asperities
76(1)
5.3.2 Radius of the Asperity in the Transverse Direction
76(1)
5.3.3 Radius in the Longitudinal Direction
77(1)
5.3.4 Sparse Contact
77(2)
5.3.5 Contact Pressures
79(1)
5.3.6 Friction
79(1)
5.3.7 Approach
80(1)
5.3.8 Detachment of Asperities
80(1)
5.4 Wear Model
81(4)
5.4.1 Normally Honed Liner with Peaked Roughness
81(1)
5.4.2 Normal Surface Roughness
81(1)
5.4.3 Fatigue Loading or Asperities
81(1)
5.4.4 Wear Rate
82(1)
5.4.5 Plateau Honed and Other Liners not Normally Honed
83(2)
5.5 Liner Wear Model for Wear of Roughness Peaks in Sparse Contact
85(4)
5.5.1 Parametric Studies
86(2)
5.5.2 Comparison with Archard's Model
88(1)
5.6 Discussions on Wear of Liner Roughness Peaks due to Sparse Contact
89(3)
5.7 Summary
92(3)
Appendix 5.A Sample Calculation of the Wear of a Rough Plateau Honed Liner
93(1)
References
93(2)
6 Generalized Boundary Conditions for Designing Diesel Pistons
95(16)
6.1 Introduction
95(1)
6.2 Temperature Distribution and Form of the Piston
96(1)
6.2.1 Top Land
96(1)
6.2.2 Skirt
96(1)
6.3 Experimental Mapping of Temperature Field in the Piston
97(1)
6.4 Heat Transfer in Pistons
98(1)
6.4.1 Metal Slab
98(1)
6.5 Calculation of Piston Shape
98(10)
6.5.1 Popular Methods Used Before Finite Element Analysis
99(2)
6.5.2 Calculation by Finite Element Method
101(2)
6.5.3 Experimental Validation
103(5)
6.6 Summary
108(3)
References
109(2)
7 Bore Polishing Wear in Diesel Engine Cylinders
111(18)
7.1 Introduction
111(1)
7.2 Wear Phenomenon for Liner Surfaces
112(1)
7.2.1 Bore Polishing
112(1)
7.3 Bore Polishing Mechanism
113(2)
7.3.1 Carbon Deposit Build Up on the Piston Top Land
113(1)
7.3.2 Quality of Fuel and Oil
113(1)
7.3.3 Piston Growth by Finite Element Method
113(1)
7.3.4 Piston Secondary Movement
114(1)
7.3.5 Simulation Program
115(1)
7.4 Wear Model
115(1)
7.4.1 Contact Pressures
115(1)
7.4.2 Wear Rate
116(1)
7.5 Calculation Methodology and Study of Bore Polishing Wear
116(2)
7.5.1 Finite Element Analysis
116(1)
7.5.2 Simulation
117(1)
7.6 Case Study on Bore Polishing Wear in Diesel Engine Cylinders
118(9)
7.6.1 Visual Observations
118(1)
7.6.2 Liner Measurements
119(1)
7.6.3 Results of Finite Element Analysis
119(2)
7.6.4 Piston Motion
121(2)
7.6.5 Wear Profile
123(2)
7.6.6 Engine Oil Consumption
125(1)
7.6.7 Methods Used to Reduce Liner Wear
125(2)
7.7 Summary
127(2)
References
127(2)
8 Abrasive Wear of Piston Grooves in Highly Loaded Diesel Engines
129(12)
8.1 Introduction
129(1)
8.2 Wear Phenomenon in Piston Grooves
130(2)
8.2.1 Abrasive Wear
130(1)
8.2.2 Wear Mechanism
130(2)
8.3 Wear Model
132(2)
8.3.1 Real Contact Pressure
132(1)
8.3.2 Approach
132(1)
8.3.3 Wear Rate
132(2)
8.4 Experimental Validation
134(3)
8.4.1 Validation of the Model
134(1)
8.4.2 Wear Measurement
135(2)
8.5 Estimation of Wear Using Sarkar's Model
137(2)
8.5.1 Parametric Study
138(1)
8.6 Summary
139(2)
References
140(1)
9 Abrasive Wear of Liners and Piston Rings
141(14)
9.1 Introduction
141(1)
9.2 Wear of Liner and Ring Surfaces
141(2)
9.3 Design Parameters
143(1)
9.3.1 Piston and Rings Assembly
143(1)
9.3.2 Abrasive Wear
143(1)
9.3.3 Sources of Abrasives
144(1)
9.4 Study of Abrasive Wear on Off-highway Engines
144(5)
9.4.1 Abrasive Wear of Rings
144(1)
9.4.2 Abrasive Wear of Piston Pin and Liners
144(2)
9.4.3 Accelerated Abrasive Wear Test on an Engine to Simulate Operation in the Field
146(3)
9.5 Winnowing Effect
149(1)
9.6 Scanning Electron Microscopy of Abrasive Wear
150(1)
9.7 Critical Dosage of Sand and Life of Piston--Ring--Liner Assembly
150(2)
9.7.1 Simulation of Engine Life
151(1)
9.8 Summary
152(3)
References
153(2)
10 Corrosive Wear
155(12)
10.1 Introduction
155(1)
10.2 Operating Parameters
155(1)
10.2.1 Corrosive Wear
155(1)
10.3 Corrosive Wear Study on Off-road Application Engines
156(5)
10.3.1 Accelerated Corrosive Wear Test
156(5)
10.4 Wear Related to Coolants in an Engine
161(4)
10.4.1 Under-cooling of Liners by Design
161(1)
10.4.2 Coolant Related Wear
161(4)
10.5 Summary
165(2)
References
165(2)
11 Tribological Tests to Simulate Wear on Piston Rings
167(30)
11.1 Introduction
167(1)
11.2 Friction and Wear Tests
168(2)
11.2.1 Testing Friction and Wear of the Tribo-System Piston Ring and Cylinder Liner Outside of Engines
168(2)
11.3 Test Procedures Assigned to the High Frequency, Linear Oscillating Test Machine
170(2)
11.4 Load, Friction and Wear Tests
172(3)
11.4.1 EP Test
172(1)
11.4.2 Scuffing Test
172(1)
11.4.3 Reagents and Materials
172(3)
11.5 Test Results
175(9)
11.5.1 Selection of Coatings for Piston Rings
175(3)
11.5.2 Scuffing Tribological Test
178(1)
11.5.3 Hot Endurance Test
179(5)
11.6 Selection of Lubricants
184(1)
11.7 High Performance Bio-lubricants and Tribo-reactive Materials for Clean Automotive Applications
185(5)
11.7.1 Synthetic Esters
185(1)
11.7.2 Polyalkyleneglycols
185(5)
11.8 Tribo-Active Materials
190(2)
11.8.1 Thematic `Piston Rings'
190(2)
11.9 EP Tribological Tests
192(5)
11.9.1 Piston Ring Cylinder Liner Simulation
192(2)
Acknowledgements
194(1)
References
194(3)
PART IV ENGINE BEARINGS
197(56)
12 Friction and Wear in Engine Bearings
199(54)
12.1 Introduction
199(3)
12.2 Engine Bearing Materials
202(3)
12.2.1 Babbitt or White Metal
202(1)
12.2.2 Copper--Lead Alloys
203(1)
12.2.3 Aluminium-based Materials
204(1)
12.3 Functions of Engine Bearing Layers
205(1)
12.4 Types of Overlays/Coatings in Engine Bearings
206(3)
12.4.1 Lead-based Overlays
208(1)
12.4.2 Tin-based Overlays
208(1)
12.4.3 Sputter Bearing Overlays
208(1)
12.4.4 Polymer-based Overlays
208(1)
12.5 Coatings for Engine Bearings
209(1)
12.6 Relevance of Lubrication Regimes in the Study of Bearing Wear
210(7)
12.6.1 Boundary Lubrication
212(3)
12.6.2 Mixed Film Lubrication
215(1)
12.6.3 Fluid Film Lubrication
216(1)
12.7 Theoretical Friction and Wear in Bearings
217(1)
12.7.1 Friction
217(1)
12.8 Wear
218(1)
12.9 Mechanisms of Wear
219(15)
12.9.1 Adhesive Wear
220(3)
12.9.2 Abrasive Wear
223(7)
12.9.3 Erosive Wear
230(4)
12.10 Requirements of Engine Bearing Materials
234(4)
12.11 Characterization Tests for Wear Behaviour of Engine Bearings
238(13)
12.11.1 Fatigue Strength
239(1)
12.11.2 Pin-on-disk Test
239(2)
12.11.3 Scratch Test for Bond Strength
241(10)
12.12 Summary
251(2)
References
252(1)
PART V LUBRICATING OILS FOR MODERN ENGINES
253(102)
13 Heavy Duty Diesel Engine Oils, Emission Strategies and their Effect on Engine Oils
255(100)
13.1 Introduction
255(1)
13.2 What Drives the Changes in Diesel Engine Oil Specifications?
256(2)
13.2.1 Role of the Government
256(1)
13.2.2 OEMs' Role
257(1)
13.2.3 The Consumer's Role
258(1)
13.3 Engine Oil Requirements
258(7)
13.3.1 Overview and What an Engine Oil Must Do
258(7)
13.4 Components of Engine Oil Performance
265(3)
13.4.1 Viscosity
265(3)
13.4.2 Protection against Wear, Deposits and Oil Deterioration
268(1)
13.5 How Engine Oil Performance Standards are Developed
268(8)
13.5.1 Phase 1: Category Request and Evaluation (API, 2011a, pp. 36, 37)
269(2)
13.5.2 Phase 2: Category Development (API, 2011a, pp. 41, 42)
271(2)
13.5.3 Phase 3: Category Implementation (API, 2011a, p. 45)
273(2)
13.5.4 API Licensing Process
275(1)
13.6 API Service Classifications
276(1)
13.7 ACEA Specifications
276(3)
13.7.1 Current E Sequences
278(1)
13.8 OEM Specifications
279(1)
13.9 Why Some API Service Classifications Become Obsolete
279(1)
13.10 Engine Oil Composition
280(10)
13.10.1 Base Oils
280(1)
13.10.2 Refining Processes Used to Produce Lubricating Oil Base Stocks
281(4)
13.10.3 Synthetic Base Oils
285(1)
13.10.4 Synthetic Blends
286(1)
13.10.5 API Base Oil Categories
286(4)
13.11 Specific Engine Oil Additive Chemistry
290(12)
13.11.1 Detergent--Dispersant Additives
290(4)
13.11.2 Anti-Wear Additives
294(1)
13.11.3 Friction Modifiers
295(1)
13.11.4 Rust and Corrosion Inhibitors
296(1)
13.11.5 Oxidation Inhibitors (Antioxidants)
296(2)
13.11.6 Viscosity Index Improvers
298(2)
13.11.7 Pour Point Depressants
300(1)
13.11.8 Foam Inhibitors
301(1)
13.12 Maintaining and Changing Engine Oils
302(4)
13.12.1 Oil Change Intervals
303(1)
13.12.2 Used Engine Oil Analysis
303(3)
13.13 Diesel Engine Oil Trends
306(1)
13.14 Engine Design Technologies and Strategies Used to Control Emissions
306(18)
13.14.1 High Pressure Common Rail (HPCR) Fuel System
309(1)
13.14.2 Combustion Optimization
310(2)
13.14.3 Advanced Turbocharging
312(1)
13.14.4 Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)
313(1)
13.14.5 Advanced Combustion Emissions Reduction Technology
314(1)
13.14.6 Crankcase Ventilation
315(1)
13.14.7 Exhaust After-Treatment
315(9)
13.14.8 On-Board Diagnostics (OBD)
324(1)
13.15 Impact of Emission Strategies on Engine Oils
324(4)
13.15.1 Impact of Cooled EGR on Engine Oil
325(2)
13.15.2 Effects of Post-Injection on Engine Oils
327(1)
13.16 How Have Engine Oils Changed to Cope with the Demands of Low Emissions?
328(1)
13.17 Most Prevalent API Specifications Found In Use
329(7)
13.17.1 API CH-4
329(1)
13.17.2 API CI-4
330(1)
13.17.3 API CI-4 Plus
331(2)
13.17.4 API CJ-4
333(3)
13.18 Paradigm Shift in Engine Oil Technology
336(12)
13.18.1 Backward Compatibility and Engine Tests
337(1)
13.18.2 New Engine Sequence Tests
338(5)
13.18.3 Previous Engine Oil Sequence Tests
343(4)
13.18.4 Differences Between CJ-4 and Previous Categories and Benefits of Using CJ-4 Engine Oils
347(1)
13.19 Future Engine Oil Developments
348(4)
13.20 Summary
352(3)
References
353(2)
PART VI FUEL INJECTION EQUIPMENT
355(14)
14 Wear of Fuel Injection Equipment
357(12)
14.1 Introduction
357(1)
14.2 Wear due to Diesel Fuel Quality
357(4)
14.2.1 Lubricity of Mineral Diesel Fuel
357(4)
14.2.2 Oxygen Content of Biodiesel
361(1)
14.3 Wear due to Abrasive Dust in Fuel
361(4)
14.3.1 Wear of Injector Nozzle due to Heat and Dust
361(3)
14.3.2 Fuel Filters
364(1)
14.4 Wear due to Water in Fuel
365(2)
14.4.1 Corrosive Wear due to Water Ingress
365(1)
14.4.2 Use of Emulsified Water for Reducing Nitric Oxides in Large Engines
365(1)
14.4.3 Microbiological Contamination of Fuel Systems
366(1)
14.4.4 Water Separators
367(1)
14.5 Summary
367(2)
References
367(2)
PART VII HEAVY FUEL ENGINES
369(28)
15 Wear with Heavy Fuel Oil Operation
371(26)
15.1 Introduction
371(2)
15.2 Fuel Treatment: Filtration and Homogenization
373(1)
15.3 Water and Chlorine
374(1)
15.3.1 Fuel Injection Equipment
374(1)
15.4 Viscosity, Carbon Residue and Dust
374(1)
15.4.1 Fuel Injection Equipment
374(1)
15.5 Deposit Build Up on Top Land and Anti-polishing Ring for Reducing the Wear of Liner, Rings and Piston
375(2)
15.6 High Sulfur in Fuel
377(3)
15.6.1 Formation of Sulfuric Acid
377(1)
15.6.2 Mechanism of Corrosive Attack by Sulfuric Acid
377(1)
15.6.3 Control of Corrosion by Basicity and Oil Consumption
378(1)
15.6.4 Control of Sulfur Corrosion by Maintaining Cooling Water Temperature High
379(1)
15.7 Low Sulfur in Fuel
380(3)
15.7.1 Lubricity
380(1)
15.7.2 Lack of Formation of Oil Pockets on the Liner Bore
381(1)
15.7.3 Sudden Severe Wear of Liner and Rings
382(1)
15.8 Catalyst Fines
383(1)
15.9 High Temperature Corrosion
383(5)
15.9.1 Turbocharger
385(1)
15.9.2 Exhaust Valves
385(3)
15.10 Wear Specific to Four-stroke HFO Engines
388(3)
15.10.1 Wear of Bearings
388(3)
15.10.2 Inlet Valve
391(1)
15.10.3 Corrosive Wear of Valve Tips
391(1)
15.11 New Engines Compliant to Maritime Emission Standards
391(2)
15.11.1 Steps to Satisfy Emission Standards
391(2)
15.12 Wear Life of an HFO Engine
393(1)
15.13 Summary
393(4)
References
394(3)
PART VIII FILTERS
397(24)
16 Air and Oil Filtration and Its Impact on Oil Life and Engine Wear Life
399(22)
16.1 Introduction
399(1)
16.2 Mechanisms of Filtration
400(1)
16.3 Classification of Filtration
400(3)
16.3.1 Classification by Filter Media
401(1)
16.3.2 Classification by Direction of Flow
402(1)
16.3.3 Classification by Filter Size
402(1)
16.4 Filter Rating
403(1)
16.4.1 Absolute Rating
403(1)
16.4.2 Nominal Rating
403(1)
16.4.3 Mean Filter Rating
403(1)
16.4.4 β Ratio
403(1)
16.4.5 Efficiency
404(1)
16.5 Filter Selection
404(1)
16.6 Introduction to Different Filters in the Engine
405(4)
16.6.1 Air Filters
405(4)
16.6.2 Cleaning Air Filters and Impact on Wear Life
409(1)
16.7 Oil Filters and Impact on Oil and Engine Life
409(4)
16.7.1 Oil Performance and Life
410(1)
16.7.2 Oil Stress
411(2)
16.7.3 Application of the Concept of Oil Stress
413(1)
16.7.4 Advances in Oil Filter Technology
413(1)
16.8 Engine Wear
413(2)
16.8.1 Method to Predict Wear of Critical Engine Components
415(1)
16.9 Full Flow Oil Filters
415(4)
16.9.1 Bypass Filters
417(1)
16.9.2 Centrifugal Filters
418(1)
16.10 Summary
419(2)
Appendix 16.A Filter Tests and Test Standards
419(1)
References
419(2)
Index 421
P.A. Lakshminarayanan is the Head of R&D at Ashok Leyland in India. He has been the team leader or lead designer of about 10 diesel and CNG engines for different applications. He has guided 2 PhDs at IIT Delhi and 4 M.Techs at IIT Madras, and has published 40 papers in ASME, SAE, IMechE, and AVL journals and conferences. Previous appointments include 20 years from Manger to Senior General Manger of R&D at Kirloskar Oil Engines Ltd, over 15 years as a Visiting Lecturer at IIT Madras, and 5 years as a Research Associate to J.C. Dent at Loughborough University of Technology. He is a Fellow of SAE-International. Lakshminarayanan holds a B.Tech, and M.S. and a PhD from IIT Madras.

Nagaaraj S. Nayak is a Professor of Mechanical Engineering based at Sahyadri College of Engg. & Management. Previously, he was a Senior Manager at the R&D department of Kirloskar Oil Engines Ltd for 9 years, and was a Postdoctoral Fellow at University of Wisconsin Madison for 2 years. He has been a team leader for emission upgrades on 3 engines platforms, and performance development of 2 new engine platforms.
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