Critical Thinking: A Student's Introduction 3rd edition [Mīkstie vāki]

Preface		xi
Introduction to Critical Thinking		1	(29)
What Is Critical Thinking?		1	(1)
Critical Thinking Standards		2	(6)
Clarity		2	(1)
Precision		2	(1)
Accuracy		3	(1)
Relevance		3	(2)
Consistency		5	(1)
Logical Correctness		6	(1)
Completeness		7	(1)
Fairness		7	(1)
The Benefits of Critical Thinking		8	(3)
Critical Thinking in the Classroom		8	(2)
Critical Thinking in the Workplace		10	(1)
Critical Thinking in Life		10	(1)
Barriers to Critical Thinking		11	(15)
Egocentrism		12	(2)
Sociocentrism		14	(3)
Unwarranted Assumptions and Stereotypes		17	(3)
Relativistic Thinking		20	(5)
Wishful Thinking		25	(1)
Characteristics of a Critical Thinker		26	(4)
Recognizing Arguments		30	(25)
What Is an Argument?		30	(4)
Identifying Premises and Conclusions		34	(7)
What Is Not an Argument?		41	(14)
Reports		42	(1)
Unsupported Assertions		42	(1)
Conditional Statements		42	(2)
Illustrations		44	(1)
Explanations		44	(11)
Basic Logical Concepts		55	(35)
Deduction and Induction		55	(3)
How Can We Tell Whether an Argument Is Deductive or Inductive?		58	(6)
The Indicator Word Test		59	(1)
The Strict Necessity Test		60	(1)
The Common Pattern Test		60	(1)
The Principle of Charity Test		61	(2)
Exceptions to the Strict Necessity Test		63	(1)
Common Patterns of Deductive Reasoning		64	(6)
Hypothetical Syllogism		65	(2)
Categorical Syllogism		67	(1)
Argument by Elimination		68	(1)
Argument Based on Mathematics		68	(1)
Argument from Definition		69	(1)
Common Patterns of Inductive Reasoning		70	(6)
Inductive Generalization		70	(1)
Predictive Argument		71	(1)
Argument from Authority		71	(1)
Causal Argument		72	(1)
Statistical Argument		72	(1)
Argument from Analogy		73	(3)
Deductive Validity		76	(4)
Inductive Strength		80	(10)
Language		90	(34)
Finding the Right Words: The Need for Precision		90	(7)
Vagueness		91	(1)
Overgenerality		92	(1)
Ambiguity		93	(4)
The Importance of Precise Definitions		97	(15)
Types of Definitions		99	(1)
Strategies for Defining		100	(4)
Rules for Constructing Good Lexical Definitions		104	(8)
Emotive Language: Slanting the Truth		112	(7)
The Emotive Power of Words		113	(6)
Euphemisms and Political Correctness		119	(5)
Logical Fallacies---I		124	(21)
The Concept of Relevance		124	(2)
Fallacies of Relevance		126	(19)
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem)		127	(1)
Attacking the Motive		128	(1)
Look Who's Talking (Tu Quoque)		129	(1)
Two Wrongs Make a Right		130	(2)
Scare Tactics		132	(1)
Appeal to Pity		133	(1)
Bandwagon Argument		133	(1)
Straw Man		134	(1)
Red Herring		135	(1)
Equivocation		136	(1)
Begging the Question		137	(8)
Logical Fallacies---II		145	(26)
Fallacies of Insufficient Evidence		145	(26)
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority		145	(4)
Appeal to Ignorance		149	(1)
False Alternatives		150	(2)
Loaded Question		152	(1)
Questionable Cause		153	(1)
Hasty Generalization		154	(1)
Slippery Slope		155	(1)
Weak Analogy		156	(3)
Inconsistency		159	(12)
Analyzing Arguments		171	(32)
Diagramming Short Arguments		171	(12)
Tips on Diagramming Arguments		176	(7)
Summarizing Longer Arguments		183	(20)
Paraphrasing		183	(5)
Finding Missing Premises and Conclusions		188	(2)
Summarizing Extended Arguments		190	(5)
Common Mistakes to Avoid in Standardizing Arguments		195	(8)
Evaluating Arguments and Truth Claims		203	(32)
When Is an Argument a Good One?		203	(3)
What ``Good Argument'' Does Not Mean		203	(1)
What ``Good Argument'' Does Mean		204	(2)
When Is It Reasonable to Accept a Premise?		206	(5)
Refuting Arguments		211	(18)
Appendix: Sample Critical Essay		229	(6)
A Little Categorical Logic		235	(27)
Categorical Statements		235	(5)
Translating into Standard Categorical Form		240	(7)
Categorical Syllogisms		247	(15)
A Little Propositional Logic		262	(33)
Conjunction		263	(3)
Conjunction and Validity		266	(5)
Negation		271	(4)
Deeper Analysis of Negation and Conjunction		275	(6)
Disjunction		281	(5)
Conditional Statements		286	(9)
Inductive Reasoning		295	(45)
Introduction to Induction		295	(1)
Inductive Generalizations		296	(10)
Evaluating Inductive Generalizations		298	(4)
Opinion Polls and Inductive Generalizations		302	(4)
Statistical Arguments		306	(6)
Reference Class		309	(3)
Induction and Analogy		312	(11)
What Is an Analogy?		312	(1)
How Can We Argue by Analogy?		313	(1)
Evaluating Arguments from Analogy		314	(7)
Arguing by Analogy		321	(2)
Induction and Causal Arguments		323	(7)
Correlation and Cause		327	(3)
A Few Words about Probability		330	(10)
A Closer Look at a Priori Probability		332	(8)
Finding, Evaluating, and Using Sources		340	(49)
Finding Sources		343	(7)
Refining Your Search		344	(1)
Directional Information		345	(2)
Informational Sources		347	(3)
Evaluating Sources		350	(19)
Content: Facts and Everything Else		350	(6)
The Author and the Publisher		356	(9)
The Audience		365	(4)
Taking Notes		369	(11)
Bibliographical Information		370	(1)
Content Notes: Quotes, Summaries, and Paraphrases		370	(10)
Using Sources		380	(9)
Acknowledging Sources		380	(4)
Incorporating Sources		384	(5)
Writing Argumentative Essays		389	(42)
Writing a Successful Argument		391	(1)
Before You Write		392	(21)
Know Yourself		392	(1)
Know Your Audience		393	(5)
Choose and Narrow Your Topic		398	(2)
Write a Sentence That Expresses Your Claim		400	(1)
Gather Ideas: Brainstorm and Research		401	(6)
Organize Your Ideas		407	(6)
Writing the First Draft		413	(6)
Provide an Interesting Opening		414	(1)
Include a Thesis Statement		415	(1)
Develop Your Body Paragraphs		416	(1)
Provide a Satisfying Conclusion		417	(2)
After the First Draft		419	(12)
Read What You Have Written and Revise		419	(1)
Consider What You Have Not Written and Revise		419	(1)
Show Your Work		420	(1)
Edit Your Work		420	(1)
Hand It In		420	(1)
Sample Argumentative Essay		421	(10)
Thinking Critically about the Media		431	(36)
The Mass Media		431	(1)
The News Media		432	(4)
The Importance of Context		432	(4)
Getting Us to Pay Attention: What Really Drives the Media		436	(2)
Keeping Our Interest: The News as Entertainment		438	(14)
How the Media Entertain Us		439	(8)
Slanting the News		447	(5)
Media Literacy		452	(2)
Advertising		454	(13)
What Ads Do		454	(2)
Defenses of Advertising		456	(1)
Criticisms of Advertising		456	(2)
Common Advertising Ploys		458	(9)
Science and Pseudoscience		467
The Basic Pattern of Scientific Reasoning		467	(7)
The Limitations of Science		474	(2)
How to Distinguish Science from Pseudoscience		476	(12)
A Case Study in Pseudoscientific Thinking: Astrology		488
Notes		1	(1)
Answers to Selected Exercises		1	(1)
Credits		1	(1)
Index		1

Gregory Bassham is Director of the Center for Ethics and Public Life and Chair of the Philosophy Department at King's College (Pa.). He is the co-editor of The Lord of the Rings and Philosophy (Open Court, 2003), author of Original Intent and the Constitution: A Philosophical Study (Rowman & Littlefield, 1992), and co-editor of Powerweb: Critical Thinking (McGraw-Hill, 2003-2004). William Irwin is Associate Professor of Philosophy at King's College and Series Editor of Open Court's Popular Culture and Philosophy. Co-editor of The Simpsons and Philosophy (Open Court, 2001), his most recent book, The Matrix and Philosophy, was a New York Times Bestseller. Henry Nardone is Professor of Philosophy at King's College. His publications include scholarly articles on critical thinking and aesthetics. James M. Wallace is Professor of English at King's College. Author of Parallel Lives: A Novel Way to Learn Thinking and Writing (1999), Jim's essay, "A (Karl Not Groucho) Marxist in Springfield," appeared in The Simpsons and Philosophy (Open Court, 2001).