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E-grāmata: Critical Thinking: Tools for Taking Charge of Your Professional and Personal Life

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  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 15-Mar-2020
  • Izdevniecība: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781538139530
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Critical Thinking: Tools for Taking Charge of Your Professional and Personal LifePalielināt
  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 15-Mar-2020
  • Izdevniecība: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781538139530
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Use better thinking to empower yourself, discover opportunities, avoid disastrous mistakes, build wealth, and achieve your biggest goals! This is your complete, up-to-the-minute blueprint for assessing and improving the way you think about everything from business decisions to personal relationships. Drs. Richard W. Paul and Linda Elder, of the Center for Critical Thinking, offer specific guidance for making more intelligent decisions, and overcoming the irrationalities and sociocentric limits we all face.

Discover which of the "six stages" of thinking youre in and learn how to think with clarity, relevance, logic, accuracy, depth, significance, precision, breadth, and fairness. Master strategic thinking skills you can use everywhere and learn how to critically assess what experts tell you. Packed with new examples and exercises, this guide wont just help you think more effectively: it will help you use those skills to empower yourself, discover new opportunities, avoid disastrous mistakes, and grow your wealth. Above all, it will help you gain the confidence and clarity you need to pursue and achieve your most important goals in life whatever they are!
Preface xiv
Chapter 1 Thinking in a World of Accelerating Change and Intensifying Danger
1(8)
The Nature of the Post-Industrial World Order
1(1)
A Complex World of Accelerating Change
1(2)
A Threatening World
3(1)
Change, Danger, and Complexity: Interwoven
4(2)
The Challenge of Becoming Critical Thinkers
6(1)
Chapter 1 Summary
7(1)
Recommended Reading
7(2)
Chapter 2 Becoming a Critic of Your Thinking
9(12)
How Skilled Is Your Thinking (Right Now)?
9(6)
The Hard, Cruel World
15(1)
Become a Critic of Your Own Thinking
16(2)
Chapter 2 Summary
18(1)
Conclusion
19(2)
Chapter 3 Becoming a Fainninded Thinker
21(30)
Weak Versus Strong Sense Critical Thinking
21(5)
What Does Fairmindedness Require?
26(1)
Intellectual Humility: Having Knowledge of Ignorance
27(4)
Intellectual Courage: Being Willing to Challenge Beliefs
31(3)
Intellectual Empathy: Entertaining Opposing Views
34(3)
Intellectual Integrity: Holding Ourselves to the Same Standards to Which We Hold Others
37(2)
Intellectual Perseverance: Working Through Complexity and Frustration
39(2)
Confidence in Reason: Recognizing That Good Reasoning Has Proven Its Worth
41(3)
Intellectual Autonomy: Being an Independent Thinker
44(2)
Recognizing the Interdependence of Intellectual Virtues
46(2)
Conclusion
48(1)
Natural Versus Critical Thinking
49(1)
Chapter 3 Summary
50(1)
Chapter 4 Self-Understanding
51(12)
Monitoring the Egocentrism in Your Thought and life
52(2)
Making a Commitment to Fairmindedness
54(2)
Recognizing the Mind's Three Distinctive Functions
56(1)
Understanding That You Have a Special Relationship to Your Mind
57(4)
Chapter 4 Summary
61(2)
Chapter 5 The First Four Stages of Development: What Level Thinker Are You?
63(22)
Stage 1 The Unreflective Thinker---Are You an Unreflective Thinker?
65(2)
Stage 2 The Challenged Thinker---Are You Ready to Accept the Challenge?
67(2)
Stage 3 The Beginning Thinker---Are You Willing to Begin?
69(6)
Stage 4 The Practicing Thinker---Good Thinking Can Be Practiced Like Basketball, Tennis, or Ballet
75(8)
Chapter 5 Summary
83(2)
Chapter 6 The Parts of Thinking
85(42)
Reasoning Is Everywhere in Human Life
85(2)
Does Reasoning Have Parts?
87(1)
Beginning to Think About Your Own Reasoning
88(1)
The Elements of Thought: A First Look
89(5)
An Everyday Example: Jack and Jill
94(2)
The Elements of Thought in Relationship
96(1)
The Relationship Between the Elements
97(1)
Thinking to Some Purpose
98(1)
Thinking with Concepts
99(4)
Thinking with Information
103(1)
Distinguishing Between Inert Information, Activated Ignorance, and Activated Knowledge
104(4)
Some Key Questions to Ask When Pursuing Information
108(2)
Distinguishing Between Inferences and Assumptions
110(6)
Understanding Implications
116(3)
Thinking Within and Across Points of View
119(2)
Using Critical Thinking to Take Charge of How We See Things
121(1)
The Point of View of the Critical Thinker
122(1)
Conclusion
123(2)
Chapter 6 Summary
125(2)
Chapter 7 The Standards for Thinking
127(40)
Taking a Deeper Look at Universal Intellectual Standards
129(1)
Clarifying a Problem You Face at Work
130(2)
In Search of Relevant Facts
132(9)
Bringing Together the Elements of Reasoning and the Intellectual Standards
141(3)
Question at Issue or Problem to Be Solved
144(1)
Point of View or Frame of Reference
145(1)
Information, Data, Experiences
146(1)
Concepts, Theories, Ideas
147(1)
Assumptions
148(1)
Implications and Consequences
149(1)
Inferences
150(1)
Using Intellectual Standards to Assess Your Thinking: Brief Guidelines
151(2)
Chapter 7 Summary
153(14)
Chapter 8 Design Your Life
167(16)
Fate or Freedom: Which Do You Choose?
167(1)
The Very Idea of Freedom
167(2)
Recognizing the Dual Logic of Experience
169(4)
Social Forces, the Mass Media, and Our Experience
173(2)
Reading Backward
175(6)
Implications for the Design of Your Life
181(1)
Chapter 8 Summary
181(2)
Chapter 9 The Art of Making Intelligent Decisions
183(16)
Thinking Globally About Your Life
184(1)
Evaluating Patterns in Decision-Making
185(1)
"Big" Decisions
186(1)
The Logic of Decision-Making
187(4)
Dimensions of Decision-Making
191(2)
The Early Decisions
193(2)
Adolescent Decisions
195(1)
Early Adult Decisions
196(1)
Conclusion
197(1)
Chapter 9 Summary
198(1)
Chapter 10 Taking Charge of Your Irrational Tendencies
199(32)
Egocentric Thinking
199(6)
"Successful" Egoeentrism
205(2)
"Unsuccessful" Egoeentrism
207(4)
Rational Thinking
211(4)
Two Egocentric Functions
215(11)
Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind
226(3)
The Challenge of Rationality
229(1)
Chapter 10 Summary
230(1)
Chapter 11 Monitoring Your Sociocentric Tendencies
231(22)
The Nature of Sociocenrrism
231(2)
Sociocentric Thinking as Pathology
233(4)
Social Stratification
237(1)
Sociocentric Thinking Is Unconscious and Potentially Dangerous
238(1)
Sociocentric Use of Language in Groups
239(1)
Disclosing Sociocentric Thinking Through Conceptual Analysis
240(1)
Revealing Ideology at Work Through Conceptual Analysis
241(2)
The Mass Media Foster Sociocentric Thinking
243(7)
Freedom from Sociocentric Thought: The Beginnings of Genuine Conscience
250(1)
Conclusion
251(1)
Chapter 11 Summary
252(1)
Chapter 12 Developing as an Ethical Reasoner
253(30)
Why People Are Confused About Ethics
254(3)
The Fundamentals of Ethical Reasoning
257(2)
Ethical Concepts and Principles
259(4)
The Universal Nature of Ethical Principles
263(3)
Distinguishing Ethics from Other Domains of Thinking
266(1)
Ethics and Religion
267(3)
Ethics and Social Conventions
270(3)
Ethics and the Law
273(1)
Ethics and Sexual Taboos
273(7)
Understanding Our Native Selfishness
280(2)
Chapter 12 Summary
282(1)
Chapter 13 Analyzing and Evaluating Thinking in Corporate and Organizational Life
283(28)
Critical Thinking and Incremental Improvement
284(1)
An Obstacle to Critical Thinking Within Organizations: The Covert Struggle for Power
285(2)
Another Obstacle: Group Definitions of Reality
287(2)
A Third Obstacle: The Problem of Bureaucracy
289(1)
The Problem of Misleading Success
290(2)
Competition, Sound Thinking, and Success
292(5)
Assessing Irrational Thinking in Organizational Life
297(6)
The Power of Sound Thinking
303(2)
Some Personal Implications
305(1)
Conclusion
306(3)
Chapter 13 Summary
309(2)
Chapter 14 Strategic Thinking: Part One
311(20)
Understanding and Using Strategic Thinking
311(2)
Components of Strategic Thinking
313(1)
The Beginnings of Strategic Thinking
314(1)
Key Idea#1 Thoughts, Feelings, and Desires Are Interdependent
315(4)
A Caveat: Powerful Emotions That Seem Disconnected from Thought
319(1)
Key Idea #2 There Is a Logic to This, and You Can Figure It Out
320(7)
Key Idea #3 For Thinking to Be of High Quality, We Must Routinely Assess It
327(2)
Chapter 14 Summary
329(2)
Chapter 15 Strategic Thinking: Part Two
331(22)
Key Idea #4 Our Native Egoeentrism Is a Default Mechanism
331(1)
Strategic Idea
331(5)
Key Idea #5 We Must Become Sensitive to the Egoeentrism of Those Around Us
336(2)
Key Idea #6 The Mind Tends to Generalize Beyond the Original Experience
338(3)
Key Idea #7 Egocentric Thinking Appears to the Mind as Rational
341(2)
Key Idea #8 The Egocentric: Mind Is Automatic in Nature
343(2)
Key Idea #9 We Often Pursue Power Through Dominating or Submissive Behavior
345(3)
Key Idea #10 Humans Are Naturally Sociocentric Animals
348(2)
Key Idea #11 Developing Rationality Requires Work
350(1)
Conclusion
351(1)
Chapter 15 Summary
351(2)
A Glossary of Critical Thinking Terms and Concepts 353(88)
References 441(2)
About the Authors 443(2)
Index 445
Dr. Linda Elder is an educational psychologist who has taught both psychology and critical thinking at the college level. She is the President of the Foundation for Critical Thinking and the Executive Director of the Center for Critical Thinking. She has a special interest in the relation of thought and emotion, as well as the cognitive and affective. She has developed an original theory of the stages of critical thinking development. Elder has coauthored four books on critical thinking, as well as all 23 titles found in the Thinker's Guide Library.

Dr. Richard Paul was a leading proponent of critical thinking and through his work and legacy remains an international authority in the field. He founded the Center for Critical Thinking at Sonoma State University in 1980, followed by the Foundation for Critical Thinking. He developed concepts, principles, and theory essentials to a robust and fairminded conception of critical thinking and authored more than 200 articles and seven books on the topic. He presented workshops to hundreds of thousands of educators over his 35-year career as a leader in the critical thinking movement.
Biežāk uzdotie jautājumi par e-grāmatām Biežāk uzdotie jautājumi par e-grāmatām
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