| Preface to the 13th edition |
|
iii | |
| Extract from the preface to the first edition |
|
iv | |
| Table of Cases |
|
xvii | |
| Table of Statutes |
|
cxv | |
| I: Introduction |
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1 | (76) |
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Section 1 The development of the law of evidence |
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1 | (5) |
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Section 2 Range of the law of evidence |
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6 | (23) |
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6 | (16) |
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Different types of jurisdiction |
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7 | (3) |
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10 | (1) |
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Different stages of proceedings |
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11 | (11) |
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Proceedings in other tribunals |
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22 | (7) |
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Section 3 Purposes and categories of judicial evidence |
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29 | (37) |
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29 | (26) |
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29 | (1) |
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Facts as evidence of other facts: circumstantial evidence |
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30 | (1) |
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Examples of circumstantial evidence |
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31 | (24) |
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55 | (11) |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (8) |
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Section 4 Relevance, admissibility, and weight of evidence |
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66 | (11) |
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The admissibility of relevant evidence |
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66 | (3) |
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Definition of 'relevance' |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (2) |
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Multiple relevance and admissibility |
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69 | (1) |
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The inadmissibility of irrelevant, and insufficiently relevant, evidence |
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69 | (4) |
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69 | (3) |
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72 | (1) |
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The inadmissibility of relevant evidence in civil cases |
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73 | (1) |
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Relevance and admissibility |
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74 | (1) |
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75 | (3) |
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The demand for more basic concepts |
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75 | (1) |
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Admissibility and weight of evidence |
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75 | (2) |
| II: Matters Not Requiring Proof And Judicial Findings As Evidence |
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77 | (45) |
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Section 1 Judicial notice |
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78 | (9) |
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Facts judicially noticed without inquiry |
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78 | (1) |
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Facts judicially noticed after inquiry |
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79 | (2) |
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80 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (5) |
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Judicial notice and the reception of evidence |
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82 | (4) |
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86 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
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Section 2 Formal admissions |
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87 | (1) |
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Formal admissions in civil proceedings |
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87 | (1) |
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Formal admissions in criminal proceedings |
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87 | (1) |
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88 | (24) |
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Conclusive effect of judgments on the whole world-judgments in rem |
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89 | (1) |
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Effect of judgments on parties to civil cases |
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90 | (10) |
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90 | (4) |
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94 | (6) |
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100 | (1) |
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Effect of judgments on parties to criminal cases |
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100 | (12) |
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Double jeopardy: autrefois acquit and autrefois convict |
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101 | (1) |
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101 | (3) |
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Issue estoppel in criminal cases and abuse of process |
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104 | (8) |
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Section 4 Judicial findings as evidence of the facts upon which they were based |
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112 | (10) |
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The Civil Evidence Act 1968, ss 11-13 |
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113 | (3) |
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Previous convictions in subsequent civil proceedings |
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113 | (3) |
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Findings of adultery and paternity |
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116 | (1) |
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Previous convictions in criminal cases |
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116 | (3) |
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119 | (1) |
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120 | (3) |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
| III: Burdens And Proof |
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122 | (54) |
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Section 1 Nature of the burden |
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123 | (8) |
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The two principal senses of burden |
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124 | (3) |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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Illustrations of confusion |
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126 | (1) |
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Other senses and shifting of burden |
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127 | (4) |
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129 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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Section 2 Allocation of the burden |
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131 | (21) |
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Unconditional allocation at common law |
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131 | (5) |
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131 | (2) |
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133 | (1) |
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The terminology of presumption |
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134 | (2) |
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Conditional allocation at common law: presumptions |
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136 | (2) |
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Allocation by statutory provision |
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138 | (8) |
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Explicit allocation by statutory provision |
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139 | (2) |
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Implicit allocation by statutory provision |
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141 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
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Facts peculiarly within the knowledge of the accused |
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142 | (1) |
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General statutory provision |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (2) |
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Impact of Human Rights Act 1998 |
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146 | (6) |
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146 | (2) |
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148 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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149 | (3) |
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152 | (2) |
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The interpretation of agreements affecting the burden of proof |
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153 | (1) |
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Perils of the sea-The Glendarroch |
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153 | (1) |
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153 | (1) |
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Section 3 Discharge of the burden |
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154 | (22) |
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Discharge of evidential burden |
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154 | (23) |
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Discharge of persuasive burden |
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157 | (19) |
| IV: The Functions Of The Judge And Jury |
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176 | (51) |
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Section 1 The general rule |
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177 | (10) |
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177 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
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178 | (9) |
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178 | (1) |
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Facts affecting the admissibility of evidence |
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179 | (8) |
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Section 2 Judicial control of the jury |
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187 | (40) |
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Withdrawal of an issue from the jury |
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188 | (6) |
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Civil cases tried by a judge alone |
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191 | (1) |
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Civil cases tried with a jury |
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192 | (1) |
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Criminal cases tried with a jury |
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193 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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Discretion to exclude evidence |
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194 | (24) |
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195 | (4) |
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Discretion to exclude relevant evidence in criminal proceedings |
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199 | (15) |
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Discretion to exclude relevant evidence in civil proceedings |
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214 | (4) |
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218 | (4) |
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222 | (5) |
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222 | (2) |
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224 | (3) |
| V: Witnesses |
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227 | (50) |
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227 | (11) |
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227 | (1) |
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228 | (1) |
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229 | (9) |
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Section 2 Special categories |
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238 | (31) |
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239 | (11) |
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239 | (1) |
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240 | (2) |
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242 | (4) |
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246 | (2) |
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248 | (1) |
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249 | (1) |
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Otherwise incapacitated witnesses |
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250 | (2) |
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250 | (1) |
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251 | (1) |
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251 | (1) |
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252 | (6) |
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252 | (1) |
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253 | (4) |
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Application to spouse of co-accused |
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257 | (1) |
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257 | (1) |
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258 | (1) |
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258 | (4) |
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Competence of the accused |
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259 | (2) |
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261 | (1) |
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Complainants of sexual offences |
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262 | (3) |
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263 | (1) |
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263 | (2) |
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Other witnesses and special situations |
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265 | (4) |
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265 | (2) |
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Claims against the estates of deceased persons |
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267 | (1) |
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The sovereign and diplomats |
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267 | (1) |
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268 | (1) |
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268 | (1) |
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268 | (1) |
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Section 3 The nature of supporting evidence |
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269 | (8) |
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Support from the source requiring it |
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270 | (1) |
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Victims' complaints and distress |
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270 | (1) |
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Support from the object against whom it is required |
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271 | (5) |
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Admission of defendant or accused |
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271 | (1) |
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Lies of defendant or accused |
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271 | (2) |
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Failure to adduce evidence |
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273 | (1) |
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274 | (1) |
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Failure to provide a sample of real evidence |
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275 | (1) |
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Conduct on other occasions |
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276 | (1) |
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Functions of judge and jury |
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276 | (1) |
| VI: The Course Of Evidence |
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277 | (53) |
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Section 1 Miscellaneous procedural matters |
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277 | (23) |
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277 | (18) |
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278 | (8) |
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286 | (9) |
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295 | (1) |
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295 | (1) |
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The calling of witnesses and the role of the judge |
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296 | (4) |
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Section 2 Examination in chief |
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300 | (19) |
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300 | (5) |
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301 | (1) |
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302 | (1) |
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302 | (3) |
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Previous consistent statements |
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305 | (9) |
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307 | (3) |
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Previous consistent statements admitted to rebut suggestion of fabrication |
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310 | (1) |
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311 | (1) |
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312 | (1) |
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Statements validated by scientific means |
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313 | (1) |
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Unfavourable and hostile witnesses |
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314 | (5) |
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The prohibition against impeaching a party's own witness |
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314 | (1) |
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315 | (1) |
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316 | (1) |
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317 | (2) |
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Section 3 Cross-examination and re-examination |
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319 | (11) |
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Previous inconsistent statements |
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323 | (2) |
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Criminal Procedure Act 1865, s 4 |
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324 | (1) |
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Criminal Procedure Act 1865, s 5 |
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325 | (1) |
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Cross-examination on documents generally |
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325 | (1) |
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Finality of answers to collateral questions |
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326 | (2) |
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326 | (1) |
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Exceptions to the general rule |
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327 | (1) |
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328 | (2) |
| VII: Character In General |
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330 | (51) |
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Section 1 The character of parties |
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331 | (31) |
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331 | (4) |
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331 | (1) |
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332 | (3) |
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335 | (27) |
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335 | (10) |
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345 | (12) |
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357 | (5) |
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Section 2 The character of witnesses |
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362 | (17) |
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Character of party's own witness |
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362 | (2) |
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362 | (1) |
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363 | (1) |
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Character of opponent's witness |
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364 | (15) |
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365 | (2) |
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367 | (8) |
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375 | (1) |
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375 | (2) |
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377 | (2) |
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Section 3 The character of third parties |
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379 | (2) |
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380 | (1) |
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380 | (1) |
| VIII: Bad Character Of The Accused |
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381 | (44) |
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Section 1 Origins of the modern law |
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381 | (9) |
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381 | (2) |
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383 | (3) |
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383 | (1) |
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383 | (1) |
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Proposals for legislative reform |
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384 | (2) |
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386 | (4) |
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386 | (1) |
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387 | (1) |
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388 | (1) |
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389 | (1) |
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389 | (1) |
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390 | (1) |
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Section 2 Structure of the modern law |
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390 | (20) |
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391 | (1) |
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392 | (4) |
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396 | (6) |
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397 | (1) |
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398 | (4) |
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Protection of the Accused |
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402 | (8) |
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403 | (1) |
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404 | (2) |
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406 | (1) |
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407 | (3) |
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410 | (10) |
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Gateway (a): Agreement of the parties |
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410 | (1) |
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Gateway (b): Choice of the defendant |
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410 | (1) |
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Gateway (c): Important explanatory evidence |
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411 | (1) |
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Gateway (d): Important issue between defendant and prosecution |
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411 | (6) |
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414 | (2) |
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416 | (1) |
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Gateway (g): Attack on another |
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417 | (3) |
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Section 4 Other statutory provision |
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420 | (2) |
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422 | (3) |
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422 | (1) |
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423 | (1) |
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423 | (1) |
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424 | (1) |
| IX: Privilege |
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425 | (62) |
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Section 1 The privilege against self-incrimination |
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427 | (18) |
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428 | (11) |
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429 | (5) |
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434 | (2) |
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436 | (3) |
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439 | (1) |
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440 | (5) |
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Section 2 Legal professional privilege |
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445 | (36) |
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446 | (15) |
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446 | (2) |
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448 | (1) |
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449 | (1) |
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Confidentiality and waiver |
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450 | (5) |
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Legal advice in a relevant legal context |
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455 | (2) |
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457 | (2) |
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459 | (2) |
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461 | (7) |
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The legal adviser's own work |
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463 | (1) |
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Communications with third parties |
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463 | (4) |
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Communications with opponent |
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467 | (1) |
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468 | (6) |
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Communications to facilitate crime or fraud: the so-called 'iniquity exception' |
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468 | (3) |
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Information tending to establish innocence |
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471 | (1) |
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Disputes between clients and legal advisers |
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472 | (1) |
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473 | (1) |
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The claims of other relationships |
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474 | (7) |
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476 | (1) |
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476 | (1) |
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477 | (1) |
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478 | (3) |
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Section 3 Statements made without prejudice |
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481 | (4) |
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481 | (2) |
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483 | (2) |
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Section 4 Without-prejudice negotiations between estranged spouses |
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485 | (2) |
| X: Public Policy |
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487 | (53) |
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Section 1 Matters of public interest |
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490 | (22) |
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491 | (7) |
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Reports of proceedings in parliament |
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498 | (1) |
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498 | (1) |
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499 | (9) |
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499 | (4) |
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503 | (5) |
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508 | (4) |
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Section 2 Miscellaneous matters connected with previous litigation |
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512 | (3) |
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512 | (1) |
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513 | (1) |
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513 | (1) |
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514 | (1) |
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515 | (1) |
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Section 3 Improperly obtained evidence |
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515 | (25) |
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Facts discovered in consequence of inadmissible confessions |
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516 | (2) |
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Evidence procured by improper means |
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518 | (20) |
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522 | (5) |
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Perpetration of illegal acts |
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527 | (3) |
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Improper interception or recording of communications |
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530 | (5) |
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535 | (3) |
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538 | (2) |
| XI: Opinion |
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540 | (22) |
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Section 1 Rationale of the rule |
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540 | (5) |
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540 | (1) |
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541 | (1) |
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Reasons for excluding evidence of opinion |
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542 | (1) |
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Relation to the hearsay rule |
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543 | (2) |
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Section 2 Operation of the rule |
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545 | (8) |
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545 | (1) |
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546 | (2) |
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548 | (2) |
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550 | (3) |
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Section 3 Exceptions to the rule |
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553 | (7) |
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553 | (5) |
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558 | (2) |
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Section 4 Reform of the rule |
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560 | (2) |
| XII: Hearsay In General |
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562 | (33) |
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Section 1 The nature of the rule |
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562 | (13) |
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562 | (2) |
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564 | (2) |
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566 | (1) |
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567 | (8) |
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568 | (1) |
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Reform in civil proceedings |
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569 | (1) |
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Reform in criminal proceedings |
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570 | (1) |
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570 | (5) |
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Section 2 The scope of the rule |
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575 | (20) |
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575 | (4) |
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579 | (8) |
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Statements relating to a relevant event |
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580 | (1) |
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Statements accompanying a relevant act |
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581 | (1) |
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Statements of a relevant physical sensation or mental state |
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582 | (5) |
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Previous statements by testifying witnesses |
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587 | (3) |
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Previous inconsistent statements |
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587 | (1) |
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Previous consistent statements |
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588 | (2) |
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590 | (6) |
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Exculpatory third-party admissions |
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591 | (1) |
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591 | (4) |
| XIII: Hearsay In Civil Proceedings |
|
595 | (16) |
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Section 1 The Civil Evidence Act 1995 |
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596 | (4) |
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596 | (1) |
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597 | (3) |
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Section 2 Other provisions |
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600 | (11) |
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600 | (4) |
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600 | (1) |
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601 | (3) |
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604 | (1) |
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604 | (4) |
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605 | (1) |
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606 | (2) |
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608 | (1) |
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609 | (1) |
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609 | (1) |
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610 | (1) |
| XIV: Hearsay In Criminal Proceedings |
|
611 | (64) |
|
Section 1 The general position under the Criminal Justice Act 2003 |
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|
611 | (24) |
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612 | (1) |
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613 | (2) |
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615 | (4) |
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615 | (4) |
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619 | (1) |
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Business and other documents |
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620 | (2) |
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Previous statements of witnesses |
|
|
622 | (2) |
|
|
|
624 | (3) |
|
|
|
627 | (1) |
|
|
|
628 | (3) |
|
|
|
628 | (1) |
|
|
|
628 | (1) |
|
|
|
629 | (1) |
|
|
|
630 | (1) |
|
|
|
630 | (1) |
|
|
|
631 | (1) |
|
Bankers' Books Evidence Act 1879 |
|
|
631 | (1) |
|
Criminal Justice Act 1967, s 9 |
|
|
631 | (1) |
|
|
|
632 | (1) |
|
European Convention on Human Rights |
|
|
633 | (2) |
|
Section 2 Confessions, silence, and police questioning |
|
|
635 | (40) |
|
|
|
635 | (19) |
|
|
|
635 | (2) |
|
|
|
637 | (4) |
|
Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 |
|
|
641 | (6) |
|
|
|
647 | (6) |
|
|
|
653 | (1) |
|
|
|
654 | (11) |
|
Section 34 of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 |
|
|
655 | (2) |
|
|
|
657 | (1) |
|
|
|
657 | (2) |
|
|
|
659 | (3) |
|
|
|
662 | (1) |
|
|
|
663 | (2) |
|
|
|
665 | (10) |
|
|
|
665 | (1) |
|
|
|
666 | (6) |
|
|
|
672 | (3) |
| XV: Documentary Evidence |
|
675 | (23) |
|
Section 1 Proof of the contents of a document |
|
|
675 | (7) |
|
Proof of statements in documents |
|
|
676 | (1) |
|
Proof of business or public records |
|
|
677 | (1) |
|
The civil procedure rules |
|
|
678 | (1) |
|
|
|
679 | (2) |
|
|
|
681 | (1) |
|
Section 2 Proof of the execution of private documents |
|
|
682 | (5) |
|
|
|
682 | (3) |
|
|
|
682 | (1) |
|
|
|
683 | (1) |
|
|
|
683 | (2) |
|
|
|
685 | (1) |
|
|
|
685 | (1) |
|
|
|
685 | (1) |
|
Presumptions relating to documents |
|
|
686 | (1) |
|
|
|
686 | (1) |
|
Section 3 Admissibility of extrinsic evidence |
|
|
687 | (11) |
|
The conclusiveness of a document as evidence of the terms of the transaction it embodies |
|
|
687 | (6) |
|
Statement and illustrations of the rule |
|
|
687 | (2) |
|
Exceptions to, and cases falling outside, the rule |
|
|
689 | (4) |
|
Extrinsic evidence in aid of interpretation |
|
|
693 | (5) |
|
Standards of interpretation |
|
|
693 | (1) |
|
|
|
694 | (2) |
|
|
|
696 | (2) |
| XVI: Proof Of Frequently Recurring Matters |
|
698 | (31) |
|
|
|
698 | (4) |
|
Judicial notice and previous decisions |
|
|
699 | (1) |
|
Other statutory provisions |
|
|
700 | (1) |
|
|
|
701 | (1) |
|
Section 2 Evidence of identity |
|
|
702 | (20) |
|
|
|
703 | (18) |
|
|
|
703 | (2) |
|
|
|
705 | (2) |
|
Different procedures for identification |
|
|
707 | (11) |
|
|
|
718 | (3) |
|
Circumstantial evidence of identity |
|
|
721 | (1) |
|
Presumptive evidence of identity |
|
|
722 | (1) |
|
Section 3 Birth, age, death, marriage, and legitimacy |
|
|
722 | (3) |
|
|
|
722 | (1) |
|
|
|
723 | (1) |
|
|
|
723 | (1) |
|
|
|
723 | (1) |
|
|
|
723 | (1) |
|
|
|
724 | (1) |
|
|
|
724 | (1) |
|
Section 4 Judgments and convictions |
|
|
725 | (4) |
|
|
|
725 | (1) |
|
|
|
725 | (4) |
| Index |
|
729 | |
