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xv | |
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xvi | |
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xvii | |
Acknowledgements |
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xix | |
Abbreviations used in glosses |
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xxi | |
Abstract |
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xxv | |
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1 | (22) |
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3 | (20) |
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1.1 Aspect and aspectual interfaces |
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4 | (2) |
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1.2 The study of aspect in Quechua |
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6 | (3) |
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6 | (2) |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (2) |
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1.3.1 The corpus of South Conchucos Quechua (SCQ) speech |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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1.3.3 On naturally-occurring speech |
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10 | (1) |
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1.4 The Quechua language family |
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11 | (3) |
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1.5 South Conchucos Quechua |
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14 | (4) |
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1.5.1 Language and people |
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14 | (2) |
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1.5.2 Sketch of verbal morphology |
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16 | (2) |
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18 | (2) |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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20 | (3) |
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20 | (1) |
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21 | (2) |
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PART II THE GRAMMATICAL EXPRESSION OF ASPECT IN SOUTH CONCHUCOS QUECHUA |
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23 | (86) |
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25 | (22) |
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2.1 Derivational perfectives |
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27 | (12) |
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2.1.1 rpu `down-completive' |
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27 | (2) |
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2.1.2 rku `completive-perfective (mutual consent)' |
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29 | (2) |
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2.1.3 yku `completive-perfective (obligation)' |
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31 | (2) |
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33 | (2) |
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35 | (2) |
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2.1.6 ri:ku `perfective (forceful)' |
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37 | (2) |
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2.2 Inflectional perfectives |
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39 | (5) |
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2.2.1 ru `past perfective' |
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39 | (2) |
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2.2.2 sha `past perfective' |
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41 | (1) |
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2.2.3 ra `past perfective' |
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42 | (2) |
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2.3 Summary of perfectives |
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44 | (3) |
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47 | (40) |
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3.1 Derivational imperfectives |
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49 | (27) |
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49 | (2) |
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51 | (3) |
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3.1.3 rayka:' continuous-durative (stative), habitual (dynamic)' |
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54 | (5) |
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3.1.4 ykacha: `iterative' |
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59 | (2) |
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3.1.5 paku `spatial distributive' |
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61 | (3) |
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3.1.6 =yan `temporal distributive' |
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64 | (3) |
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3.1.7 Verbal reduplication |
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67 | (9) |
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3.2 Inflectional imperfectives |
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76 | (9) |
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77 | (1) |
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3.2.2 Ø `present habitual' |
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78 | (4) |
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3.2.3 na: `narrative past' |
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82 | (3) |
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3.3 Summary of imperfectives |
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85 | (2) |
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87 | (22) |
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4.1 Elements in the grammatical expression of aspect in SCQ |
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87 | (2) |
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4.2 Orientation to aspect systems |
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89 | (2) |
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4.3 The layered SCQ aspect system |
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91 | (2) |
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4.4 Aspect marker combinations |
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93 | (4) |
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4.4.1 Derivational with inflectional aspect markers |
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93 | (2) |
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4.4.2 Derivational with other derivational aspect markers |
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95 | (2) |
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97 | (7) |
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4.5.1 Frequency and productivity of aspect markers |
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97 | (2) |
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4.5.2 Distribution with semantic classes of verb roots |
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99 | (3) |
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102 | (2) |
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4.6 The distribution of aspect markers with non-aspectual elements |
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104 | (3) |
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4.6.1 Finite versus nonfinite form |
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104 | (1) |
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4.6.2 Distribution with finite types |
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105 | (1) |
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4.6.3 Non-aspectual derivational suffixes |
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106 | (1) |
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4.7 Conclusions: The SCQ aspect system |
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107 | (2) |
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PART III ASPECT AND RELATED SEMANTIC DOMAINS |
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109 | (74) |
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111 | (16) |
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5.1 Past perfectives -ru, -sha, and -ra |
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112 | (3) |
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115 | (3) |
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118 | (2) |
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120 | (3) |
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5.5 Conclusions: Aspect and tense |
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123 | (4) |
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127 | (22) |
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6.1 Aspect and modality in Quechuan languages |
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127 | (4) |
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6.2 Expected outcome: Perfectives -rku and -yku |
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131 | (6) |
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6.3 Unexpected outcome: Perfective -ski and punctual -ri |
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137 | (5) |
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6.3.1 Further examples of perfective -ski as unexpected outcome |
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139 | (1) |
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6.3.2 Punctual -ri and subjective evaluation |
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140 | (2) |
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6.4 Outside experience: Narrative past-no |
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142 | (4) |
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6.5 Conclusions: Aspect and modality |
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146 | (3) |
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149 | (16) |
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7.1 Aspect and manner in Quechuan languages |
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149 | (2) |
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7.2 The interface of aspect with manner in SCQ |
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151 | (9) |
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7.2.1 Aspect primary, manner secondary |
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151 | (3) |
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7.2.2 Manner primary, aspect secondary |
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154 | (6) |
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7.3 Aspect and manner in other languages |
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160 | (1) |
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7.4 Conclusions: Aspect and manner |
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161 | (4) |
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8 Aspect and middle voice |
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165 | (18) |
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8.1 Middle voice -ku in the Quechuanist tradition |
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165 | (1) |
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8.2 Middle voice functions of -ku |
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166 | (4) |
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8.3 Self-benefactive middle -ku |
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170 | (1) |
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171 | (3) |
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8.4.1 Volition and engagement reported by -ku |
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172 | (1) |
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8.4.2 Heightened volition and engagement reported by reduplicated -kuku |
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173 | (1) |
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8.5 Aspectual senses of -ku in SCQ |
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174 | (4) |
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8.5.1 Habitual readings of -Am with dynamic verbs |
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175 | (1) |
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8.5.2 Durative and habitual readings of -ku with the copula ka- |
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176 | (2) |
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8.6 Progressive -ku and reflexive/middle -ri in Northern Quechua |
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178 | (3) |
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8.7 Conclusions: Aspect and middle voice |
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181 | (2) |
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PART IV THE EVOLUTION OF ASPECT IN QUECHUA |
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183 | (90) |
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9 The evolution of perfectives |
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185 | (26) |
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9.1 Lexicalization of the directional suffixes |
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186 | (3) |
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9.2 Grammaticization of the directional suffixes |
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189 | (3) |
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9.3 From derivational perfective to inflectional past perfective -ru |
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192 | (6) |
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9.4 From past to remote past -ra |
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198 | (1) |
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9.5 From periphrastic perfect to inflectional past perfective -sha |
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198 | (1) |
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9.6 A cross-linguistic perspective on the evolution of perfectives |
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199 | (2) |
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9.7 Diachronic forces in the evolution of perfectives |
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201 | (7) |
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202 | (1) |
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203 | (2) |
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205 | (1) |
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9.7.4 The boxcar metaphor |
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206 | (2) |
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9.8 Conclusion: The evolution of perfectives |
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208 | (3) |
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10 The evolution of imperfectives |
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211 | (20) |
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10.1 The emergence of present imperfective zero |
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212 | (1) |
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10.2 The development of progressives across Quechuan languages |
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213 | (6) |
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10.3 Paths leading to and from imperfective aspect |
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219 | (1) |
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10.4 The elaboration of habitual aspect |
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220 | (7) |
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10.5 Summary of paths to habitual |
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227 | (1) |
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10.6 Imperfectives restricted to past time reference |
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228 | (1) |
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10.7 Conclusion: The evolution of imperfectives |
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228 | (3) |
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11 Aspectualizing constructions |
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231 | (42) |
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11.1 The aspectualizing construction Stem-Nominalizer+Auxiliary |
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231 | (4) |
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11.2 Aspectual auxiliaries in SCQ (and other Quechuan languages) |
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235 | (12) |
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11.3 Aspectual auxiliaries attested elsewhere in Quechua |
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247 | (10) |
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11.4 Summary of aspect expressed via auxiliary structures |
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257 | (3) |
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11.5 The emergence of progressive *-yka |
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260 | (8) |
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11.6 Other aspectualizing constructions |
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268 | (2) |
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11.7 Conclusion: Aspectualizing constructions |
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270 | (3) |
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273 | (12) |
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12 The emergence of grammatical systems |
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275 | (10) |
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275 | (1) |
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12.2 Diachronic processes |
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276 | (4) |
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280 | (1) |
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12.4 Cross-linguistic perspective |
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280 | (3) |
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12.5 On emergence and self-organization |
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283 | (2) |
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Appendix A Maps of aspect markers across the Quechua language family |
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285 | (12) |
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Appendix B SCQ aspect and the derivation-inflection continuum |
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297 | (4) |
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Appendix C Suffixes and enclitics in the SCQ verb |
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301 | (2) |
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Appendix D Quechua suffixes with the shape C.CV |
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303 | (3) |
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Appendix E Perfective -ski as a former directional suffix |
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306 | (5) |
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Appendix F Transcriptions of two conversation segments in SCQ |
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311 | (8) |
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311 | (4) |
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2 Cows, oats, and guinea pigs |
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315 | (4) |
Bibliography |
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319 | (18) |
Author index |
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337 | (3) |
Index of languages and language families |
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340 | (2) |
Index of Quechuan languages |
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342 | (2) |
Subject index |
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344 | |