| Preface |
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xxi | |
| Digital & Print Resources |
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xxvi | |
| About the Author |
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xxviii | |
| About Our Sustainability Initiatives |
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xxix | |
| 1 This Is Geography |
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2 | (42) |
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Key Issue 1 Why Is Geography a Science? |
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4 | (10) |
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4 | (2) |
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Cartography: The Science of Mapmaking |
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6 | (2) |
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Contemporary Geographic Tools |
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8 | (2) |
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Doing Geography: Data Collection & Mental Mapping |
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8 | (2) |
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10 | (2) |
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12 | (2) |
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Key Issue 2 Why Is Each Point on Earth Unique? |
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14 | (6) |
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14 | (2) |
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16 | (2) |
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18 | (2) |
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Key Issue 3 Why Are Different Places Similar? |
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20 | (12) |
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20 | (2) |
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Space: Distribution of Features |
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22 | (2) |
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24 | (2) |
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26 | (2) |
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28 | (2) |
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Connections: Spatial Interaction |
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30 | (2) |
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Debate It! GPS location services: On or off? |
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31 | (1) |
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Key Issue 4 Why Are Some Actions Not Sustainable? |
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32 | (9) |
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Geography, Sustainability, and Resources |
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32 | (2) |
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Sustainability and Earth's Physical Systems |
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34 | (2) |
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Geography, Sustainability, and Ecology |
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36 | (2) |
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Sustainable Environmental Change |
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38 | (8) |
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Sustainability & Our Environment: The Everglades |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (2) |
| 2 Population and Health |
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44 | (32) |
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Key Issue 1 Where Are the World's People Distributed? |
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46 | (6) |
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Introducing Population and Health |
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46 | (2) |
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Population Concentrations |
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48 | (2) |
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50 | (2) |
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Key Issue 2 Why Is World Population Increasing? |
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52 | (6) |
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52 | (2) |
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54 | (2) |
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Doing Geography: The Future Population of the World |
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55 | (1) |
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What's Your Population Geography? |
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55 | (1) |
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The Demographic Transition |
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56 | (2) |
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Key Issue 3 Why Do Some Places Face Health Challenges? |
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58 | (8) |
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58 | (2) |
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60 | (2) |
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62 | (2) |
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The Epidemiologic Transition |
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64 | (2) |
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Key Issue 4 Why Might Population Increase in the Future? |
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66 | (8) |
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66 | (2) |
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Debate It! Can Earth's resources support our growing population? |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | (2) |
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Sustainability & Our Environment: Japan's Population Decline |
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69 | (1) |
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70 | (2) |
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72 | (2) |
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74 | (1) |
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75 | (1) |
| 3 Migration |
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76 | (34) |
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Key Issue 1 Where Are the World's Migrants Distributed? |
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78 | (8) |
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78 | (2) |
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International Net Migration |
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80 | (2) |
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International and Internal Migration |
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82 | (2) |
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Changing U.S. Immigration |
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84 | (2) |
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Key Issue 2 Where Do People Migrate Within a Country? |
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86 | (6) |
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Interregional Migration in the United States |
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86 | (2) |
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Interregional Migration in Other Large Countries |
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88 | (2) |
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90 | (2) |
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Key Issue 3 Why Do People Migrate? |
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92 | (8) |
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Cultural Reasons for Migrating |
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92 | (2) |
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Environmental Reasons for Migrating |
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94 | (2) |
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96 | (2) |
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Gender and Age of Migrants |
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98 | (2) |
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Key Issue 4 Why Do Migrants Face Challenges? |
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100 | (8) |
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Government Immigration Policies |
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100 | (2) |
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102 | (2) |
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Doing Geography: Claiming Ellis Island |
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102 | (1) |
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What's Your Migration Geography? |
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103 | (1) |
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U.S.-Mexico Border Issues |
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104 | (2) |
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Sustainability & Our Environment: The Immigration View from Mexico |
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104 | (1) |
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Debate It! Immigration reform: Tougher controls or legal status? |
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105 | (1) |
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Europe's Immigration Crisis |
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106 | (2) |
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108 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
| 4 Folk and Popular Culture |
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110 | (34) |
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Key Issue 1 Where Are Folk and Popular Leisure Activities Distributed? |
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112 | (10) |
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Introducing Folk and Popular Culture |
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112 | (2) |
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Origin, Diffusion, and Distribution of Folk and Popular Culture |
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114 | (2) |
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Geographic Differences Between Folk and Popular Culture |
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116 | (2) |
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Doing Geography: Time Use Surveys |
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116 | (2) |
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Origin and Diffusion of Folk and Popular Music |
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118 | (2) |
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Origin and Diffusion of Folk and Popular Sports |
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120 | (2) |
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Key Issue 2 Where Are Folk and Popular Material Culture Distributed? |
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122 | (10) |
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Elements of Material Culture |
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122 | (2) |
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Folk and Popular Clothing |
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124 | (2) |
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Debate It! Should Europe accept face covers for women? |
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125 | (1) |
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126 | (2) |
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128 | (2) |
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130 | (2) |
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Key Issue 3 Why Is Access to Folk and Popular Culture Unequal? |
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132 | (6) |
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Diffusion of TV and Internet |
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132 | (2) |
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Diffusion of Social Media |
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134 | (2) |
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Challenges in Accessing Electronic Media |
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136 | (2) |
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Key Issue 4 Why Do Folk and Popular Culture Face Sustainability Challenges? |
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138 | (4) |
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Sustainability Challenges for Folk Culture |
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138 | (2) |
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Sustainability Challenges for Popular Culture |
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140 | (6) |
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Sustainability & Our Environment: Golf Courses |
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141 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
| 5 Languages |
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144 | (38) |
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Key Issue 1 Where Are the World's Languages Distributed? |
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146 | (8) |
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146 | (2) |
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148 | (2) |
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Two Largest Language Families |
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150 | (2) |
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Other Large Language Families |
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152 | (2) |
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Key Issue 2 Where Did English and Related Languages Originate and Diffuse? |
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154 | (10) |
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Distribution of Indo-European Branches |
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154 | (2) |
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Origin and Diffusion of Indo-European |
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156 | (2) |
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Origin and Diffusion of English |
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158 | (2) |
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Global Importance of English |
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160 | (2) |
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162 | (2) |
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Debate It! Should English be the official language of the United States? |
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163 | (1) |
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Key Issue 3 Why Do Individual Languages Vary Among Places? |
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164 | (8) |
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164 | (2) |
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166 | (2) |
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168 | (2) |
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Sustainability & Our Environment: Gender Differences in Language |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (2) |
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Key Issue 4 Why Do Local Languages Survive? |
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172 | (8) |
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172 | (2) |
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174 | (2) |
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Isolated and Extinct Languages |
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176 | (2) |
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New and Growing Languages |
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178 | (6) |
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Doing Geography: Finding a New Language |
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179 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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181 | (1) |
| 6 Religions |
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182 | (46) |
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Key Issue 1 Where Are the World's Religions Distributed? |
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184 | (12) |
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184 | (2) |
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Global Distribution of Religions |
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186 | (2) |
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Distribution of Christians |
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188 | (2) |
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Distribution of Muslims and Buddhists |
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190 | (2) |
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Distribution of Ethnic Religions |
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192 | (2) |
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Distribution of Other Religions |
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194 | (2) |
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Key Issue 2 Why Do Religions Have Distinctive Distributions? |
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196 | (10) |
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Origin of Christianity and Islam in Southwest Asia |
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196 | (2) |
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Origin of Buddhism and Hinduism in South Asia |
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198 | (2) |
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Historical Diffusion of Religions |
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200 | (2) |
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Recent Migration of Christians |
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202 | (2) |
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Migration of Muslims and Jews |
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204 | (2) |
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Key Issue 3 Why Do Religions Organize Space in Distinctive Patterns? |
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206 | (12) |
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206 | (2) |
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Religious Settlements and Toponyms |
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208 | (2) |
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Doing Geography: Distribution of Religions |
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209 | (1) |
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What's Your Geography of Religions? |
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209 | (1) |
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210 | (2) |
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Sacred Space in Universalizing Religions |
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212 | (2) |
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The Landscape in Ethnic Religions |
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214 | (2) |
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216 | (2) |
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Key Issue 4 Why Do Territorial Conflicts Arise Among Religious Groups? |
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218 | (8) |
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Challenges for Religions in South and East Asia |
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218 | (2) |
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Sustainability & Our Environment: Communist China and the Dalai Lama |
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219 | (1) |
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Challenges for Religions in Central and Southwest Asia |
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220 | (2) |
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Geographic Perspectives in the Middle East |
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222 | (2) |
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Jerusalem's Challenging Geography |
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224 | (6) |
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Debate It! How do perspectives on the separation barrier differ? |
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225 | (1) |
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226 | (1) |
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227 | (1) |
| 7 Ethnicities |
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228 | (36) |
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Key Issue 1 Where Are Ethnicities Distributed? |
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230 | (10) |
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230 | (2) |
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232 | (2) |
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Doing Geography: Ethnicity and Race and the Census |
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233 | (1) |
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What's Your Ethnic Geography? |
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233 | (1) |
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Distribution of U.S. Ethnicities |
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234 | (2) |
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236 | (2) |
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Ethnically Complex Brazil |
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238 | (2) |
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Key Issue 2 Why Do Ethnicities Have Distinctive Distributions? |
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240 | (6) |
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International Migration of Ethnicities |
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240 | (2) |
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Internal Migration of African Americans |
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242 | (2) |
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244 | (2) |
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Key Issue 3 Why Might Ethnicities Face Conflicts? |
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246 | (6) |
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Ethnicities and Nationalities |
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246 | (2) |
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248 | (2) |
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250 | (2) |
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Key Issue 4 Why Do Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide Occur? |
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252 | (10) |
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Forced Migration in Europe |
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252 | (2) |
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Ethnic Cleansing in Bosnia & Herzegovina |
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254 | (2) |
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Ethnic Cleansing Elsewhere in the Balkans |
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256 | (2) |
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Sustainability & Our Environment: Geographic Evidence of Ethnic Cleansing |
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257 | (1) |
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Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide in Africa |
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258 | (2) |
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Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide in Central Africa |
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260 | (6) |
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Debate It! Should the United States intervene in ethnic conflicts? |
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261 | (1) |
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262 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
| 8 Political Geography |
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264 | (42) |
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Key Issue 1 Where Are States Distributed? |
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266 | (4) |
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Introducing Political Geography |
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266 | (2) |
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Challenges in Defining States |
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268 | (2) |
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Key Issue 2 Why Are Nation-States Difficult to Create? |
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270 | (10) |
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270 | (2) |
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Nation-states and Multinational States |
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272 | (2) |
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Sustainability & Our Environment: Rising Oceans and the Future of Nauru |
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273 | (1) |
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Russia: The Largest Multiethnic State |
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274 | (2) |
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Nation-states in the Former Soviet Union |
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276 | (2) |
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278 | (2) |
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Key Issue 3 Why Do Boundaries Cause Problems? |
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280 | (14) |
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280 | (2) |
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282 | (2) |
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284 | (2) |
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286 | (2) |
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288 | (2) |
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290 | (2) |
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Debate It! Should independent commissions decide boundaries? |
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291 | (1) |
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What's Your Political Geography? |
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291 | (1) |
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Geography of Gerrymandering |
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292 | (2) |
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Doing Geography: Dueling Gerrymandering in Nevada |
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293 | (1) |
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Key Issue 4 Where Do States Face Threats? |
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294 | (10) |
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Global Cooperation and Competition |
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294 | (2) |
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Competition and Cooperation in Europe |
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296 | (2) |
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Terrorist Attacks Against the United States |
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298 | (2) |
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300 | (2) |
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State Support for Terrorism |
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302 | (2) |
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304 | (1) |
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305 | (1) |
| 9 Food and Agriculture |
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306 | (42) |
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Key Issue 1 Where Did Agriculture Originate? |
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308 | (4) |
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Introducing Food and Agriculture |
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308 | (2) |
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Subsistence and Commercial Agriculture |
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310 | (2) |
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Key Issue 2 Why Do People Consume Different Foods? |
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312 | (4) |
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312 | (2) |
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314 | (2) |
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Key Issue 3 Where Is Agriculture Distributed? |
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316 | (16) |
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Agricultural Regions and Climate |
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316 | (2) |
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Subsistence Agriculture in Dry Regions |
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318 | (2) |
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Subsistence Agriculture in Tropical Regions |
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320 | (2) |
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Subsistence Agriculture in Population Concentrations |
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322 | (2) |
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324 | (2) |
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Sustainability & Our Environment: Asian Carp and Chicago's Economy |
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325 | (1) |
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Commercial Agriculture: Crop-based |
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326 | (2) |
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Commercial Agriculture: Mixed Crop and Livestock |
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328 | (2) |
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Commercial Agriculture: Animal-based |
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330 | (2) |
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Key Issue 4 Why Do Farmers Face Sustainability Challenges? |
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332 | (14) |
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332 | (2) |
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Improving Agricultural Productivity |
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334 | (2) |
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Conserving Agricultural Resources |
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336 | (2) |
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Doing Geography: California Agriculture and Water |
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336 | (1) |
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What's Your Food and Agriculture Geography? |
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336 | (2) |
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Applying Biotechnology to Agriculture |
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338 | (2) |
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Debate It! Should GMOs be labeled? |
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339 | (1) |
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340 | (2) |
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Global Agriculture and Undernourishment |
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342 | (2) |
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344 | (2) |
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346 | (1) |
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347 | (1) |
| 10 Development |
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348 | (34) |
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Key Issue 1 Why Does Development Vary Among Countries? |
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350 | (8) |
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350 | (2) |
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A Decent Standard of Living |
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352 | (2) |
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354 | (2) |
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356 | (2) |
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Key Issue 2 Where Are Inequalities in Development Found? |
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358 | (10) |
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Unequal and Uneven Development |
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358 | (2) |
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360 | (2) |
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Gender Empowerment and Employment |
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362 | (2) |
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364 | (2) |
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HDI and Gender Inequality |
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366 | (2) |
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Doing Geography: Comparing HDI and Gil |
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366 | (1) |
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What's Your Development Geography? |
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367 | (1) |
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Key Issue 3 Why Do Countries Face Challenges to Development? |
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368 | (8) |
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368 | (2) |
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370 | (2) |
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Debate I! Should countries adopt the international trade approach? |
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371 | (1) |
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372 | (2) |
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Development Challenges During Hard Times |
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374 | (2) |
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Key Issue 4 Why Are Countries Making Progress in Development? |
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376 | (4) |
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376 | (2) |
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378 | (6) |
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Sustainability & Our Environment: Sustainable Development Goals |
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379 | (1) |
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380 | (1) |
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381 | (1) |
| 11 Industry and Energy |
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382 | (48) |
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Key Issue 1 Where Is Industry Distributed? |
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384 | (4) |
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Introducing Industry and Energy |
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384 | (2) |
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386 | (2) |
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Key Issue 2 Why Are Situation and Site Factors Important? |
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388 | (12) |
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Situation Factors: Proximity to Inputs |
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388 | (2) |
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Situation Factors: Proximity to Markets |
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390 | (2) |
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Changing Situation Factors: Steel |
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392 | (2) |
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Truck, Train, Ship, or Plane? |
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394 | (2) |
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396 | (2) |
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Changing Site Factors: Clothing |
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398 | (2) |
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Key Issue 3 Why Do Industries Face Resource Challenges? |
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400 | (20) |
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400 | (2) |
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402 | (2) |
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404 | (2) |
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406 | (2) |
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408 | (2) |
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410 | (2) |
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412 | (2) |
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414 | (2) |
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416 | (2) |
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418 | (2) |
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Key Issue 4 Why Are Industries Changing Locations? |
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420 | (8) |
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Emerging Industrial Regions |
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420 | (2) |
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Industrial Change in Developed Countries |
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422 | (2) |
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Skilled or Unskilled Labor |
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424 | (2) |
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Debate It! Should the U.S. government buy domestic- or foreign-made clothes? |
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424 | (1) |
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Doing Geography: National Origin of Clothing |
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425 | (1) |
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What's Your Industrial Geography? |
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425 | (1) |
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Recycling and Remanufacturing |
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426 | (6) |
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Sustainability & Our Environment: Remanufacturing |
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427 | (1) |
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428 | (1) |
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428 | (2) |
| 12 Services and Settlements |
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430 | (28) |
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Key Issue 1 Where Are Services Distributed? |
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432 | (2) |
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Introducing Services and Settlements |
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432 | (2) |
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Key Issue 2 Where Are Consumer Services Distributed? |
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434 | (8) |
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434 | (2) |
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Hierarchy of Consumer Service |
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436 | (2) |
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438 | (2) |
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Debate It! Is Walmart good or bad for a settlement? |
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438 | (1) |
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Doing Geography: Locating Supermarkets and Food Deserts |
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439 | (1) |
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What's Your Retail Geography? |
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439 | (1) |
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440 | (2) |
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Sustainability & Our Environment: What Types of Services Are Airbnb and Uber? |
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440 | (2) |
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Key Issue 3 Where Are Business Services Distributed? |
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442 | (6) |
|
Hierarchy of Business Services |
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442 | (2) |
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Business Services in Developing Countries |
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444 | (2) |
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Economic Specialization of Settlements |
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446 | (2) |
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Key Issue 4 Why Do Services Cluster in Settlements? |
|
|
448 | (8) |
|
Services in Rural Settlements |
|
|
448 | (2) |
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Services in Early Urban Settlements |
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450 | (2) |
|
|
|
452 | (2) |
|
Size of Urban Settlements |
|
|
454 | (2) |
|
|
|
456 | (1) |
|
|
|
457 | (1) |
| 13 Urban Patterns |
|
458 | |
|
Key Issue 1 Why Are Downtowns Distinctive? |
|
|
460 | (6) |
|
Introducing Urban Patterns |
|
|
460 | (2) |
|
The Central Business District |
|
|
462 | (2) |
|
Competition for Space in CBDs |
|
|
464 | (2) |
|
Key Issue 2 Where Are People Distributed in Urban Areas? |
|
|
466 | (12) |
|
Models of Urban Structure |
|
|
466 | (2) |
|
Applying the Models in North America |
|
|
468 | (2) |
|
Applying the Models in Europe |
|
|
470 | (2) |
|
Pre-modern Cities in Developing Countries |
|
|
472 | (2) |
|
Applying the Models in Developing Countries |
|
|
474 | (2) |
|
Changing Urban Structure of Mexico City |
|
|
476 | (2) |
|
Key Issue 3 Why Do Urban Areas Expand? |
|
|
478 | (10) |
|
Origin and Growth of Suburbs |
|
|
478 | (2) |
|
|
|
480 | (2) |
|
|
|
482 | (2) |
|
Legacy of Public Transport |
|
|
484 | (2) |
|
Reliance on Motor Vehicles |
|
|
486 | (2) |
|
Key Issue 4 Why Do Cities Face Sustainability Challenges? |
|
|
488 | (10) |
|
|
|
488 | (2) |
|
|
|
490 | (2) |
|
|
|
492 | (2) |
|
Doing Geography: Market Segmentation: You Are Where You Live |
|
|
492 | (1) |
|
What's Your Urban Geography? |
|
|
492 | (1) |
|
Debate It! Can a declining city be stronger by shrinking? |
|
|
493 | (1) |
|
|
|
494 | (2) |
|
Sustainability & Our Environment: Regional Variations in Electricity |
|
|
495 | (1) |
|
|
|
496 | (2) |
|
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
|
|
499 | |
| Afterword |
|
AF-1 | |
| Appendix: Map Scale And Projections |
|
AP-1 | |
| Glossary |
|
G-1 | |
| Text, Photo, And Illustration Credits |
|
CR-1 | |
| Map Index |
|
MI-1 | |
| Subject Index |
|
S-1 | |
