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xiii | |
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1 Culturing of microalgae for food applications |
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1 | (2) |
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3 | (2) |
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5 | (6) |
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7 | (1) |
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1.3.2 Intermittent light application in the real world |
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8 | (3) |
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1.4 Optimal biomass concentration |
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11 | (2) |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (6) |
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20 | (4) |
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1.7.1 Oxygen stress at low light intensity |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (3) |
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1.9 Monitoring the physiological state of cultures through chlorophyll fluorescence |
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27 | (6) |
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1.10 Good manufacturing practices |
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33 | (5) |
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1.10.1 Best practices for the cultivation of microalgae of interest as food sources |
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33 | (2) |
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1.10.2 Safety and regulatory issues |
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35 | (3) |
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1.10.3 Cultivation of organic microalgae |
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38 | (1) |
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38 | (2) |
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40 | (9) |
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2 Unconventional microalgae species and potential for their use in the food industry |
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Juan Roberto Benavente-Valdes |
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Berinka Araceli Carreon-Conzalez |
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Maria Elena Velazquez-Arellano |
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Lourdes Morales-Oyervides |
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Julio Cesar Montanez-Saenz |
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49 | (1) |
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2.2 Microalgae as a food source |
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50 | (1) |
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2.3 Microalgae currently used in food |
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51 | (2) |
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2.4 Unconventional microalgae in food |
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53 | (1) |
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2.5 Potential uses of unconventional microalgae species in food: nutrimental and physical properties |
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54 | (11) |
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54 | (3) |
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57 | (2) |
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59 | (2) |
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61 | (3) |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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65 | (8) |
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3 Conventional and novel approaches to extract food ingredients and nutraceuticals from microalgae |
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73 | (1) |
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3.2 Algae harvesting and concentration |
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74 | (2) |
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74 | (1) |
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75 | (1) |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (3) |
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3.3.1 Need for cell rupture |
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76 | (1) |
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3.3.2 High-pressure homogenization |
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77 | (1) |
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3.3.3 Enzymes and autolysis |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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3.3.5 Pulsed electric fields |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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3.4 Lipid and pigment extraction |
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79 | (5) |
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3.4.1 Recovery of triacylglycerides |
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80 | (2) |
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3.4.2 Recovery of polyunsaturated fatty acids |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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84 | (2) |
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3.6 Carbohydrate recovery |
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86 | (1) |
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3.7 Concluding discussion |
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87 | (2) |
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89 | (1) |
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89 | (8) |
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4 Potential applications of microalgae-derived proteins and peptides in the food industry |
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97 | (2) |
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4.2 Microalgae protein extraction |
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99 | (4) |
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4.2.1 Microalgal cell disruption methods |
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99 | (2) |
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4.2.2 Nonconventional methods for microalgal protein extraction |
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101 | (2) |
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4.3 Technological approaches for microalgae peptide production |
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103 | (4) |
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4.3.1 Peptide production by enzymatic hydrolysis |
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103 | (2) |
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4.3.2 Peptide production by chemical methods |
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105 | (2) |
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4.4 Technofunctional properties of microalgae proteins and peptides |
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107 | (6) |
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4.4.1 Emulsifying properties |
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107 | (3) |
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110 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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4.4.4 Water-holding capacity |
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112 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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4.5 Application of microalgae proteins and peptides |
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113 | (4) |
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4.5.1 Human nutrition and health benefits |
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113 | (3) |
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116 | (1) |
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4.5.3 Other commercial applications |
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116 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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117 | (10) |
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5 Carbohydrates derived from microalgae in the food industry |
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127 | (3) |
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5.2 Microalgal carbohydrates |
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130 | (4) |
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5.2.1 Storage polysaccharides |
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131 | (2) |
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5.2.2 Cell wall-related polysaccharides |
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133 | (1) |
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5.3 Biochemical composition and physical properties of microalgal carbohydrates |
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134 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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5.4 Food applications of carbohydrates derived from microalgae |
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135 | (3) |
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5.5 Challenges and concluding remarks |
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138 | (2) |
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140 | (7) |
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6 Microalgae as source of edible lipids |
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147 | (1) |
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6.2 Microalgal lipid composition |
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148 | (5) |
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6.3 Methods for increased lipid production |
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153 | (7) |
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6.3.1 Manipulation of cultivation conditions |
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153 | (4) |
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6.3.2 Strain improvement for increased lipid production |
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157 | (1) |
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6.3.3 Random mutagenesis and strain selection |
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157 | (1) |
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6.3.4 Genetic transformation |
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158 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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6.4 Microalgal lipid industrial production |
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160 | (1) |
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6.5 Harvesting of microalgae for lipid extraction |
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161 | (2) |
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6.6 Microalgal lipids extraction and refining |
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163 | (1) |
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164 | (1) |
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6.8 Challenges and future perspectives |
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165 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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166 | (11) |
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7 Microalgae as a source of pigments for food applications |
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177 | (2) |
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7.2 Carotenoids from microalgae |
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179 | (6) |
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185 | (4) |
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189 | (2) |
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7.4.1 Phycobiliproteins: more than just a colorant for the food industry |
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190 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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192 | (7) |
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8 Current utilization of microalgae in the food industry beyond direct human consumption |
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199 | (2) |
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8.2 Microalgae in the treatment of food industry and agro-industrial effluents |
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201 | (13) |
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8.2.1 Characterization of food industry and agro-industrial effluents |
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201 | (3) |
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8.2.2 Role of microalgae and microalgal consortia in the treatment of food industry and agro-industrial effluents |
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204 | (10) |
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8.3 Microalgae in the improvement of agricultural practices |
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214 | (13) |
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8.3.1 Biofertilizers versus biostimulants |
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214 | (1) |
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8.3.2 Microalgal metabolites and phytohormones with potential interest for agriculture |
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215 | (5) |
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8.3.3 Role of algae and algal extracts in the improvement of agricultural practices |
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220 | (7) |
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8.4 Microalgae in the improvement of animal and animal-derived products |
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227 | (8) |
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8.4.1 Microalgal composition and beneficial effects |
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228 | (1) |
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8.4.2 Opportunities for microalgae as an ingredient in animal diets |
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229 | (6) |
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8.5 Challenges to the application of microalgae in these applications |
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235 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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237 | (1) |
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237 | (12) |
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9 Microalgae and cyanobacteria as food: Legislative and safety aspects |
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249 | (2) |
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9.2 Regulatory framework and legislation in the European Union |
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251 | (2) |
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9.3 Risk and safety issues |
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253 | (6) |
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9.3.1 Inherent to biomass risks and safety issues |
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253 | (3) |
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9.3.2 Risks related to the cultivation process |
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256 | (3) |
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259 | (1) |
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260 | (5) |
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10 Microalgae as structuring ingredients in food |
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265 | (1) |
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10.2 Food products enriched with microalgal biomass: impact on food structure |
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265 | (5) |
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10.3 Rheological properties of microalgal biomass in aqueous model systems |
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270 | (7) |
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10.4 Food processing operations for targeted functionalization of microalgal biomass |
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277 | (3) |
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280 | (1) |
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281 | (1) |
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281 | (6) |
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11 Biological activities of natural products from microalgae |
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287 | (2) |
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11.1.1 What are bioactive compounds? |
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287 | (1) |
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11.1.2 Microalgae: a key resource for bioactives |
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288 | (1) |
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289 | (5) |
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11.2.1 Polyunsaturated fatty acids |
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289 | (2) |
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291 | (1) |
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11.2.3 Tocopherols and tocotrienols |
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292 | (2) |
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294 | (9) |
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294 | (3) |
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297 | (2) |
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11.3.3 Chlorophyll and derivatives |
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299 | (2) |
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301 | (2) |
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11.4 Other health-promoting bioactive compounds |
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303 | (3) |
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303 | (1) |
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304 | (2) |
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306 | (9) |
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306 | (7) |
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11.5.2 Cylindrospermopsins |
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313 | (1) |
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313 | (2) |
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315 | (1) |
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316 | (9) |
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12 Bioaccessibility and bioavailability of bioactive compounds delivered from microalgae |
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Maria Janeth Rodriguez-Roque |
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Alan Eduardo Medina-Antillon |
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Mayra Cristina Soto-Caballero |
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Carlos Cuillermo Valdivia-Najar |
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325 | (2) |
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12.2 Bioaccessibility and bioavailability of bioactive compounds from microalgae |
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327 | (1) |
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327 | (3) |
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330 | (3) |
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330 | (1) |
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331 | (2) |
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333 | (1) |
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12.5 Polyunsaturated fatty acids |
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333 | (1) |
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334 | (1) |
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335 | (1) |
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336 | (1) |
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337 | (1) |
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337 | (1) |
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338 | (5) |
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13 Sustainability of microalgae cultivation |
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343 | (8) |
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13.2 Life cycle assessment of microalgae cultivation |
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351 | (3) |
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13.3 Land use and location |
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354 | (2) |
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356 | (1) |
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13.5 Freshwater use and freshwater footprint |
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357 | (2) |
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359 | (1) |
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359 | (1) |
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360 | (1) |
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13.7 Nutrient use and eutrophication |
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360 | (1) |
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360 | (1) |
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361 | (1) |
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361 | (6) |
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14 Consumer acceptance and attitudes toward microalgae and microalgal-derived products as food |
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367 | (2) |
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14.2 Cues affecting food acceptance and consumption |
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369 | (3) |
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14.3 Evolution of microalgae from a simple food to a top-trend ingredient |
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372 | (4) |
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14.4 Consumer acceptance and attitudes toward microalgae as food |
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376 | (5) |
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381 | (1) |
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382 | (1) |
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382 | (5) |
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15 Future perspectives of microalgae in the food industry |
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387 | (3) |
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15.2 Microalgae application in foods (R&D) |
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390 | (16) |
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15.3 European market for microalgae-derived food products |
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406 | (7) |
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15.3.1 Novel food-approved microalgae |
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407 | (3) |
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15.3.2 Marketed microalgae-based food products |
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410 | (3) |
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15.4 Future trends in microalgae production and food application |
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413 | (7) |
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15.4.1 Thickening/foaming agents |
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414 | (1) |
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415 | (1) |
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15.4.3 Microencapsulation |
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416 | (3) |
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15.4.4 Three-dimensional printing |
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419 | (1) |
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420 | (1) |
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421 | (1) |
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421 | (14) |
Index |
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435 | |