Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering: Environmental and Health Impact of Hospital Wastewater narrates the origin (history) of pharmaceuticals discoveries, hospital wastewater and its environmental and health impacts. It covers microbiology of hospital wastewater (pathogens, multi-drug resistance development, microbial evolution and impacts on humans, animals, fish), advanced treatment options (including biological, physical and chemical methods), and highlights aspects required during hospital wastewater treatment processes. This book provides an amalgamation of all recent scientific information on hospital wastewater which is not available in the current literature.
- Introduces physical, chemical and molecular testing methods for the analysis and characterization of hospital wastewater
- Discusses the environmental impact and health hazards of hospital wastewater
- Describes the microbiological aspects of the hospital wastewater, like microbial community, metagenomics, pathogens, VBNC and mechanism of antibiotic resistance development
- Explains hospital wastewater and its role in microbial evolution
- Highlights future treatment options, guidelines and drug disposal tactics
1. Introduction to wastewater microbiology: special emphasis on hospital
wastewater
1.1 Introduction
1.2 History of wastewater origin and treatment
1.3 History of microbiology and pathogens discovery
1.4 Antibiotic discovery
1.5 Pharmaceuticals in hospital wastewater
1.6 Presence of pharmacological substances in aquatic environment
1.7 Conclusion and future perspectives
Abbreviations
References
2. Pharmaceutical metabolites and their by-products in hospital wastewater
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Pharmaceutical metabolites and their classification
2.3 Route of entry and fate of pharmaceutical compounds
2.4 Metabolism and transformation mechanism of pharmaceutical compounds
2.5 Ecotoxicity of pharmaceutical compounds
2.6 Detection of pharmaceutical compounds
2.7 Conclusions and perspectives
Abbreviations
References
3. Physical, chemical, and biological impact (hazard) of hospital wastewater
on environment: presence of pharmaceuticals, pathogens, and
antibiotic-resistance genes
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Pharmaceuticals and pathogens in hospital wastewater
3.3 The development of antibiotic resistance genes
3.4 The transportation of pharmaceuticals and pathogens in the environment
3.5 The prevention of pharmaceuticals and pathogens into environment
3.6 Conclusions and perspectives
References
4. Microbiology of hospital wastewater
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Microorganisms and pathogens originating from hospital wastewater
4.3 Antibiotic-resistance genes prevalence in environment
4.4 Tools used to identify antibiotic-resistance genes
4.5 Metagenomics of hospital wastewater
4.6 Horizontal gene transfer
4.7 Emerging infectious particles
4.8 Conclusions and perspectives
Abbreviations
5. Fate of pathogens and viruses in hospital wastewater and their treatment
methods
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Pathogen surveillance and detection in hospital wastewater
5.3 Types of pathogens present in hospital wastewater
5.4 Treatment methods available for pathogens present in hospital wastewater
5.5 Treated water monitoring and analysis
5.6 Summary
5.7 Conclusions and perspectives
Abbreviations
References
6. Multidrug-resistant genes and pathogenic bacteria in hospital wastewater
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Origin and mechanism of drug resistance
6.3 Antifungal drug resistance
6.4 Antibiotic-resistance bacteria
6.5 Antibiotic-resistance genes
6.6 Conclusions and perspectives
Abbreviations
References
7. Cancer treatment drugs and endocrine-disrupting chemicals release and
fate in hospital wastewater
7.1 Introduction
7.2 List of chemicals released in the hospital wastewater
7.3 Endocrine-disrupting chemicals
7.4 Challenges in hospital wastewater treatment
7.5 Conclusions and perspectives
Abbreviations
References
8. Pharmaceuticals roles in microbial evolution
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Microbial evolution and adaptation
8.3 Aquatic environment microbiology
8.4 Soil microbiology
8.5 Effect on plants, animals, and humans in long run
8.6 Conclusions and perspectives
Abbreviations
References
9. Present scenario of antibiotic use in veterinary practice: importance of
wastewater microbiology
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Antibiotic released in veterinary applications
9.3 Microbial association with animals
9.4 Dissemination of animal pathogens to environment
9.5 Animal viruses in wastewater
9.6 Recent studies on wastewater associated with animals
9.7 Molecular detection of veterinary pathogens
9.8 Policy interventions in animal health
9.9 Conclusions and perspectives
Abbreviations
References
10. Bacteriophages isolated from hospital wastewater and its role in
controlling drug-resistant pathogens
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Background of bacteriophages ()
10.3 Classification of bacteriophages
10.4 Phages commonly found in hospital wastewater
10.5 Role of phages in drug-resistance gene transfer
10.6 General (vast) applications of bacteriophages in different fields
10.7 Limitations of phage use in real world applications
10.8 Removal of phages from wastewater treatment plant
10.9 Conclusions and perspectives
Abbreviations
References
11. Development of molecular methods to detect and control emerging
drug-resistance pathogens
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Antibiotic-resistance gene-carrying plasmidome in the cultivable
microbial community
11.3 Molecular tools/biosensors development for detection
of drug-resistance bacteria and genes
11.4 Recent approaches to control drug resistance development
11.5 Conclusions and perspectives
Abbreviations
References
12. Riboswitches and aptamers: potential future targets
to control drug-resistant bacteria
12.1 Introduction
12.2 History of riboswitches and aptamers
12.3 Role of riboswitches
12.4 Applications of aptamers
12.5 Engineering bacteria using riboswitches and aptamers
12.6 Conclusions and perspectives
Abbreviations
References
13. Treatment of wastewater containing pharmaceuticals: biological treatment
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Activated sludge process
13.3 Sequential batch reactor
13.4 Membrane bioreactor
13.5 Fluidized bed biofilm reactor and moving bed biofilm
reactor
13.6 The impact of property of pharmaceuticals on the removal
13.7 Novel methods and advanced treatment options
13.8 Engineering aspects to improve pharmaceuticals removal with biological
process of wastewater treatment
13.9 Technical and economical evaluation of biological processes
13.10 Treatment systems for small flows
13.11 Effect of climate change on the microbiology of the biological
treatment process in removing the pharmaceuticals
13.12 Conclusions and perspectives
Abbreviations
References
Further reading
14. Role of chemical treatments in pharmaceuticals degradation and its
consequences and environmental risks
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Photocatalysis
14.3 Fenton-type processes
14.4 The electrochemical advance oxidation process
14.5 Treatment of pharmaceutical pollutants by combined wastewater treatment
processes
14.6 By-products identification
14.7 Technoeconomic comparison for various hospital wastewater treatment
processes
14.8 Challenges in the treatment process
14.9 Conclusion and perspectives
References
Further reading
15. Hospital wastewater treatment scenario around the globe
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Global scenario of hospital wastewater treatment
15.3 Status of hospital wastewater management in developed countries
15.4 Status of hospital wastewater management in developing countries
15.5 Other countries
15.6 Conclusions and perspectives
Abbreviations
References
16. Guidelines for hospital wastewater discharge
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Guideline of hospital wastewater discharge to municipal sewer
16.3 On-site treatment of hospital wastewater
16.4 Workers health and safety principles
16.5 Conclusions and perspectives
Abbreviations
References
17. Future impacts and trends in treatment of hospital wastewater
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Emerging infectious diseases
17.3 Threats
17.4 Required research action and proposed remedies
17.5 Effect of global warming on pathogens survival
17.6 Conclusions and perspectives
Abbreviations
References
Prof. R. D. Tyagi is an internationally recognized Professor of Biochemical Engineering and biotransformation with Institut national de la recherché Scientifique - Eau, terre, et environnement, (INRS-ETE), University of Québec, Canada. He also holds Adjunct Professor position at the University of Missouri-Columbia, USA. Prof Tyagi has published over 600 papers/communications, which include 21 books, 75 book chapters, 10 research reports, nine patents, etc. He is Associate Editor of Practice Periodical of Hazardous, Toxic & Radioactive Waste Management- Am.Soc.Civil Engineering and serves on the editorial board of Process Biochemistry and Bioresource Technology. He has been recognised by many national and international awards and honours. He is member of European Academy of Sciences and Arts. He conducts research on hazardous/solids waste management, water/wastewater treatment, and wastewater sludge treatment/disposal, bioconversion of wastewater and wastewater sludge into value added products. Balasubramanian Sellamuthu is currently working as a "principal investigator in life science domain at the company Security and Protection international (SPI), Ottawa, Canada. At SPI, Dr. Sellamuthu developing fiber optic and screen printed electrodes based biosensors for detection of illicit drugs, toxins, and pathogens present in diverse environment and water. Additionally, Dr. Sellamuthu is working as a research agent at "Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de lUniversite de Montreal (CRCHUM)," Montreal, Canada Dr. Sellamuthu has 17 years of research experience in Microbiology, molecular biology and green biotechnology at both academic and industries (BioTEPP, HET, and MDDEP) in Canada. He has one patent, published 24 papers, 14 papers in conferences proceedings, 18 book chapters and 6 industrial/scientific reports. Dr. Bhagyashree Tiwari received her Ph.D. in water sciences from Institut national de la recherche Scientifique (INRS), Université du Québec, Canada in 2020. Her research work focuses on the development as well as optimization of various water and wastewater treatment techniques, production of value-added products, such as, biopolymers from waste, identification, and characterization of microscopic organisms and on molecular biology approach for emerging contaminant removal. Previously, Dr. Tiwari was a MITACS-ELEVATE Postdoctoral Fellow at INRS, Université du Québec, Canada. She has published several peer-reviewed journal papers, over 15 book chapters, edited 1 book and has presented in many national and international conferences. She is also the recipient of several awards, prominent among them are the Philip Jones award from Canadian Association on Water Quality in 33rd Eastern Canadian Symposium on Water Quality Research, best oral research presentation award in 7th International forum on Industrial Bioprocess in Wuxi, China. She received the prestigious mobility grant from Venice International University, Italy. Dr Yan Song research focuses on: the production of bioplastics, biodiesel, value added products using wastewater and sludge (biosolids), greenhouse gas emissions from wastewater and sludge treatment processes; and wastewater and sludge treatment process control. Dr. Yan has published 76 papers in refereed journals and presented 60 papers in national and international conferences. She is author of 2 books, 40 book chapters, and many scientific reports. Dr. Yan was part of the team which received the Superior Achievement Award for Excellence in Environmental Engineering and Science in 2010 and 2015 from American Academy of Environmental Engineers and Scientists (AAEES) for University Research work. She was selected as an Outstanding Reviewer of the ASCEs Journal of Environmental Engineering in 2012, and is the member of Canadian Association for Water Quality (CAWQ) and International Water Association (IWA). Patrick Drogui is professor and researcher at the Institut national de la recherche scientifiques Centre Eau Terre Environnement. He is an internationally recognized expert in electrochemical and membrane technologies, and oxidative processes for different applications in water treatment from industrial wastewater to potable water. The originality of his research work lies in the development of advanced electrolytic processes for water and wastewater treatment requiring no or minimum addition of chemical products. Co-inventor on 8 patents, Dr. Drogui is currently working on new electrolytic and/or membrane, photo-catalytic, and electro-photo-catalytic processes for water treatment, and the removal of phosphate and emerging contaminants. Prof. Drogui is the author of more than 260 papers published in scientific refereed journals. He is an author of 16 book chapters and 54 industrial and scientific reports. Prof. Patrick Drogui received 4 fellowships and 2 awards for the best research project from Pollutec and for the best paper published in Water Environment Federation, delivered 17 invited conferences and 119 communications and conferences. Prof. Patrick Drogui is a director of CREATE-Program in Environmental Decontamination Technologies and Integrated Water and Wastewater Management (TEDGIEER). Collaborative Research and Training Experience Program (CREATE) from National Science Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada. Dr. Xiaolei Zhang is currently working in Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) as assistant professor. She received her Ph.D in Water Science from INRS University of Quebec in 2014. Her research work focuses on municipal wastewater and industrial wastewater treatment; micro-electrolysis for wastewater treatment; advanced oxidation. Dr. Zhang has published more than 40 peer-reviewed journal papers, 9 book chapters, and many conference presentations. Prof. Ashok Pandey is currently Executive Director, Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability-India, Lucknow. His major research and technological development interests are industrial and environmental biotechnology and energy biosciences, focusing on biomass to biofuels and chemicals, waste to wealth and energy, etc.
