|
|
xxi | |
About the Editors |
|
xxvii | |
Preface |
|
xxxi | |
|
Part 1 Industrial and Therapeutic Enzymes |
|
|
1 | (540) |
|
|
3 | (22) |
|
|
|
|
|
3 | (2) |
|
|
5 | (1) |
|
1.3 Production of α-Amylase |
|
|
6 | (5) |
|
|
11 | (1) |
|
|
11 | (1) |
|
|
11 | (4) |
|
1.7 Purification and Characterization of α-Amylases |
|
|
15 | (2) |
|
1.8 Applications of α-Amylase |
|
|
17 | (2) |
|
1.9 Conclusion and Perspectives |
|
|
19 | (6) |
|
|
19 | (6) |
|
2 Amylolytic Enzymes: Glucoamylases |
|
|
25 | (22) |
|
|
|
|
25 | (1) |
|
2.2 Sources of Glucoamylase |
|
|
26 | (2) |
|
2.3 Glucoamylase Production |
|
|
28 | (3) |
|
2.4 Purification and Characterization |
|
|
31 | (5) |
|
|
36 | (1) |
|
|
37 | (1) |
|
2.7 Commercially Available Glucoamylases |
|
|
38 | (2) |
|
2.8 Conclusion and Perspective |
|
|
40 | (7) |
|
|
41 | (6) |
|
|
47 | (26) |
|
|
|
|
Juan C. Contreras-Esquivel |
|
|
|
|
47 | (1) |
|
|
48 | (1) |
|
3.3 Pectinase Classification |
|
|
48 | (1) |
|
|
49 | (2) |
|
3.5 Pectinase Production Processes |
|
|
51 | (7) |
|
3.6 Downstream and Purification Methods |
|
|
58 | (3) |
|
3.7 Technoeconomic Analysis of Pectinase Production |
|
|
61 | (2) |
|
3.8 Conclusions and Perspectives |
|
|
63 | (10) |
|
|
64 | (9) |
|
|
73 | (30) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
73 | (1) |
|
|
74 | (2) |
|
|
76 | (3) |
|
4.4 Regulation of Cellulase Expression |
|
|
79 | (1) |
|
4.5 Research on Bioprocesses for Improved Cellulase Production |
|
|
80 | (5) |
|
|
85 | (4) |
|
4.7 Cellulase Global Market |
|
|
89 | (2) |
|
4.8 Protocol for Assay of Filter Paper Activity |
|
|
91 | (2) |
|
4.9 Challenges for Enzymatic Biomass Conversion |
|
|
93 | (1) |
|
|
94 | (2) |
|
|
96 | (7) |
|
|
97 | (6) |
|
5 Industrial Enzymes:β-Glucosidases |
|
|
103 | (24) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
103 | (1) |
|
5.2 Classification of β-Glucosidases |
|
|
104 | (1) |
|
|
105 | (2) |
|
5.4 Sources of β-Glucosidases |
|
|
107 | (1) |
|
5.5 Production of β-Glucosidases |
|
|
107 | (4) |
|
5.6 Assay of β-Glucosidases |
|
|
111 | (1) |
|
|
112 | (4) |
|
5.8 Applications of β-Glucosidases |
|
|
116 | (3) |
|
5.9 Conclusions and Perspectives |
|
|
119 | (8) |
|
|
120 | (7) |
|
6 Industrial Enzymes: Xylanases |
|
|
127 | (22) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
127 | (1) |
|
|
128 | (1) |
|
6.3 Production of Xylanases |
|
|
129 | (3) |
|
6.4 Purification and Characterization of Xylanases |
|
|
132 | (2) |
|
|
134 | (5) |
|
|
139 | (1) |
|
6.7 Conclusions and Perspectives |
|
|
140 | (9) |
|
|
141 | (8) |
|
|
149 | (26) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
149 | (1) |
|
7.2 Sources of Proteolytic Enzymes |
|
|
150 | (2) |
|
7.3 Production of Proteolytic Enzymes |
|
|
152 | (3) |
|
7.4 Industrial Production Scenario |
|
|
155 | (1) |
|
7.5 Purification and Characterization of Proteolytic Enzymes |
|
|
156 | (2) |
|
7.6 Assay of Proteolytic Enzymes |
|
|
158 | (1) |
|
7.7 Properties of Proteolytic Enzymes |
|
|
159 | (1) |
|
|
160 | (4) |
|
7.9 Conclusions and Perspectives |
|
|
164 | (11) |
|
|
165 | (10) |
|
|
175 | (24) |
|
|
|
|
|
175 | (2) |
|
8.2 Microbial Sources of Enzymes |
|
|
177 | (2) |
|
|
179 | (4) |
|
8.4 Purification and Characterization of Lipases |
|
|
183 | (5) |
|
8.5 Studies on Pseudomonas aeruginosa Lipase Genes |
|
|
188 | (1) |
|
8.6 Assay of Enzyme Lipolytic Activity |
|
|
189 | (1) |
|
8.7 Conclusions and Perspectives |
|
|
190 | (9) |
|
|
190 | (9) |
|
|
199 | (18) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
199 | (1) |
|
9.2 Possible Substrates for Laccases |
|
|
199 | (4) |
|
9.3 Laccase Action Mechanism |
|
|
203 | (2) |
|
9.4 The Ideal Physicochemical Conditions for Laccases |
|
|
205 | (1) |
|
|
206 | (1) |
|
|
207 | (3) |
|
9.7 Future Trends in Uses and Applications |
|
|
210 | (1) |
|
9.8 Conclusions and Perspectives |
|
|
211 | (6) |
|
|
211 | (6) |
|
|
217 | (16) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
217 | (1) |
|
|
218 | (1) |
|
|
219 | (1) |
|
|
220 | (1) |
|
10.5 Sources of Peroxidases |
|
|
221 | (3) |
|
10.6 Enzymes as Biocatalysts |
|
|
224 | (1) |
|
10.7 Peroxidase Applications |
|
|
225 | (3) |
|
10.8 Trends and Future of Peroxidases |
|
|
228 | (1) |
|
10.9 Conclusions and Perspectives |
|
|
228 | (5) |
|
|
229 | (4) |
|
11 Therapeutic Enzymes: L-Glutaminase |
|
|
233 | (16) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
233 | (1) |
|
11.2 Isozymes of Glutaminase |
|
|
233 | (1) |
|
11.3 Glutaminase as a Therapeutic Agent |
|
|
234 | (1) |
|
11.4 Glutaminase in the Food Industry |
|
|
234 | (1) |
|
11.5 Sources of L-Glutaminases |
|
|
235 | (2) |
|
11.6 Production of L-Glutaminase |
|
|
237 | (4) |
|
11.7 Enzyme Characteristics |
|
|
241 | (2) |
|
|
243 | (1) |
|
|
243 | (1) |
|
11.10 Conclusion and Perspectives |
|
|
244 | (5) |
|
|
244 | (5) |
|
12 Therapeutic Enzymes: L-Asparaginases |
|
|
249 | (18) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
249 | (1) |
|
12.2 Sources of Asparaginases |
|
|
250 | (1) |
|
12.3 Production of L-Asparaginase |
|
|
251 | (3) |
|
12.4 Purification and Characterization of L-Asparaginases |
|
|
254 | (1) |
|
12.5 Assays for L-Asparaginase |
|
|
255 | (1) |
|
|
256 | (3) |
|
12.7 Commercially Available L-Asparaginases |
|
|
259 | (1) |
|
12.8 Carriers of Asparaginase for Better Delivery Methods |
|
|
259 | (1) |
|
12.9 Conclusions and Future Perspectives |
|
|
260 | (7) |
|
|
260 | (7) |
|
13 Industrial and Therapeutic Enzymes: Penicillin Acylase |
|
|
267 | (42) |
|
|
|
13.1 Introduction: Industrial Applications of Penicillin Acylase |
|
|
267 | (4) |
|
13.2 Sources of Penicillin Acylase |
|
|
271 | (3) |
|
13.3 Improvement of Penicillin Acylase-Producing Strains |
|
|
274 | (3) |
|
13.4 Improvement of Penicillin Acylase Catalysts for Industrial Use |
|
|
277 | (1) |
|
13.5 Production of Penicillin Acylase |
|
|
278 | (2) |
|
13.6 Purification of Penicillin Acylase |
|
|
280 | (6) |
|
13.7 Characterization of Penicillin Acylase |
|
|
286 | (2) |
|
13.8 Assays for Penicillin Acylase Activity |
|
|
288 | (3) |
|
13.9 Conclusions and Perspectives |
|
|
291 | (18) |
|
|
291 | (16) |
|
|
307 | (2) |
|
14 Other Enzymes: Phytases |
|
|
309 | (26) |
|
|
|
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
|
310 | (4) |
|
14.3 Phytase Market and Production |
|
|
314 | (4) |
|
14.4 Purification and Characterization |
|
|
318 | (2) |
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
|
321 | (2) |
|
14.7 Summary and Conclusions |
|
|
323 | (12) |
|
|
324 | (11) |
|
|
335 | (34) |
|
|
|
|
|
335 | (2) |
|
15.2 Sources of Chitinases |
|
|
337 | (2) |
|
15.3 Production of Microbial Chitinases |
|
|
339 | (6) |
|
|
345 | (3) |
|
|
348 | (2) |
|
15.6 Purification and Characterization of Chitinases |
|
|
350 | (5) |
|
15.7 Biocontrol Properties of Chitinases |
|
|
355 | (2) |
|
15.8 Conclusions and Perspectives |
|
|
357 | (12) |
|
|
358 | (1) |
|
|
358 | (11) |
|
|
369 | (26) |
|
|
|
369 | (1) |
|
16.2 Substrates for α-Galactosidases |
|
|
370 | (3) |
|
16.3 Sources of α-Galactosidases |
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
16.4 Production of α-Galactosidases |
|
|
374 | (2) |
|
16.5 Industrial Production Scenario |
|
|
376 | (2) |
|
16.6 Purification and Characterization of α-Galactosidases |
|
|
378 | (8) |
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
16.8 Conclusion and Perspectives |
|
|
387 | (8) |
|
|
387 | (8) |
|
|
395 | (28) |
|
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
17.2 Assay of β-Galactosidase Activity |
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
17.3 Sources of β-Galactosidase |
|
|
396 | (2) |
|
17.4 Production of β-Galactosidase |
|
|
398 | (3) |
|
17.5 Extraction of β-Galactosidase |
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
17.6 Purification and Characterization |
|
|
402 | (5) |
|
|
407 | (5) |
|
|
412 | (2) |
|
17.9 Conclusion and Perspectives |
|
|
414 | (9) |
|
|
415 | (8) |
|
|
423 | (24) |
|
|
|
|
423 | (1) |
|
18.2 Inulinase Production |
|
|
424 | (5) |
|
18.3 Purification and Characterization of Inulinases |
|
|
429 | (4) |
|
|
433 | (1) |
|
|
433 | (1) |
|
18.6 Applications of Inulinases |
|
|
434 | (2) |
|
18.7 Conclusions and Perspectives |
|
|
436 | (11) |
|
|
437 | (10) |
|
|
447 | (24) |
|
|
|
|
|
447 | (1) |
|
|
448 | (2) |
|
19.3 Production of Keratinase |
|
|
450 | (2) |
|
19.4 Industrial Production Scenario |
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
19.5 Purification of Keratinase |
|
|
453 | (2) |
|
19.6 Biochemical Characterization of Keratinases |
|
|
455 | (2) |
|
19.7 Assays of Keratinase |
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
19.8 Strain Improvement Techniques |
|
|
458 | (3) |
|
19.9 Conclusions and Perspectives |
|
|
461 | (10) |
|
|
461 | (10) |
|
|
471 | (20) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
471 | (1) |
|
20.2 Chemical Structure of Tannins |
|
|
472 | (1) |
|
20.3 Methods for Tannases Assay |
|
|
473 | (1) |
|
20.4 Production of Tannases |
|
|
474 | (6) |
|
20.5 Downstream Processing |
|
|
480 | (3) |
|
20.6 Scientific and Technological Perspectives |
|
|
483 | (1) |
|
|
483 | (8) |
|
|
483 | (8) |
|
21 Microbial Aminopeptidases |
|
|
491 | (18) |
|
|
|
|
491 | (1) |
|
21.2 Classification and Nomenclature of Aminopeptidases |
|
|
492 | (1) |
|
21.3 Catalytic Mechanism of Aminopeptidases |
|
|
493 | (2) |
|
21.4 Localization of Aminopeptidase |
|
|
495 | (1) |
|
21.5 Physiological Role of Bacterial Aminopeptidases |
|
|
496 | (2) |
|
21.6 Fermentative Production of Aminopeptidases |
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
21.7 Commercial Aminopeptidases |
|
|
499 | (1) |
|
21.8 Industrial Applications of Aminopeptidases |
|
|
500 | (2) |
|
21.9 Conclusions and Perspectives |
|
|
502 | (7) |
|
|
503 | (6) |
|
|
509 | (18) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
509 | (2) |
|
22.2 Fibrinolytic Enzymes |
|
|
511 | (2) |
|
22.3 Nattokinase Production |
|
|
513 | (4) |
|
22.4 In Vitro and In Vivo Tests |
|
|
517 | (2) |
|
22.5 Purification and Characterization |
|
|
519 | (1) |
|
|
520 | (1) |
|
22.7 Conclusion and Perspectives |
|
|
521 | (6) |
|
|
522 | (5) |
|
|
527 | (14) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
527 | (1) |
|
23.2 Sources of Polysaccharide Lyase |
|
|
528 | (2) |
|
23.3 Production of Polysaccharide Lyases |
|
|
530 | (1) |
|
|
530 | (1) |
|
|
531 | (1) |
|
23.6 Purification and Characterization |
|
|
531 | (1) |
|
23.7 Biochemical Characterization of Polysaccharide Lyase |
|
|
532 | (1) |
|
|
533 | (2) |
|
23.9 Conclusion and Perspectives |
|
|
535 | (6) |
|
|
536 | (5) |
|
|
541 | (90) |
|
24 Production and Application of Lactic Acid |
|
|
543 | (14) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
543 | (1) |
|
24.2 Production of Lactic Acid |
|
|
544 | (3) |
|
24.3 Metabolic Pathways of Lactic Acid Synthesis |
|
|
547 | (3) |
|
|
550 | (1) |
|
|
551 | (1) |
|
24.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives |
|
|
552 | (5) |
|
|
553 | (4) |
|
25 Production and Application of Citric Acid |
|
|
557 | (20) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
557 | (1) |
|
|
558 | (4) |
|
|
562 | (2) |
|
25.4 Factors Affecting Citric Acid Production |
|
|
564 | (4) |
|
25.5 Citric Acid Recovery Processes |
|
|
568 | (2) |
|
|
570 | (1) |
|
25.7 Conclusions and Perspectives |
|
|
571 | (6) |
|
|
573 | (4) |
|
|
577 | (24) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
577 | (1) |
|
|
578 | (1) |
|
|
579 | (2) |
|
|
581 | (1) |
|
26.5 Sources of Gluconic Acid |
|
|
582 | (1) |
|
|
582 | (5) |
|
26.7 Production of Gluconic Acid |
|
|
587 | (7) |
|
26.8 Downstream Processing |
|
|
594 | (7) |
|
|
595 | (6) |
|
27 Production and Applications of Succinic Acid |
|
|
601 | (30) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
601 | (2) |
|
27.2 Market and Companies Involved in Succinic Acid Production |
|
|
603 | (2) |
|
27.3 Microorganisms Involved in the Production of Succinic Acid |
|
|
605 | (2) |
|
27.4 Synthesis and Enzyme Regulation of Succinic Acid |
|
|
607 | (3) |
|
27.5 Estimation of Enzymes Involved in Succinic Acid Production |
|
|
610 | (2) |
|
27.6 Enzymatic Regulation of Succinic Acid Production |
|
|
612 | (1) |
|
27.7 Production and Regulation of Succinic Acid |
|
|
613 | (3) |
|
27.8 Recovery Systems for Succinic Acid |
|
|
616 | (5) |
|
27.9 Applications and Uses of Succinic Acid |
|
|
621 | (1) |
|
27.10 Conclusions and Perspectives |
|
|
622 | (9) |
|
|
624 | (1) |
|
|
624 | (7) |
|
Part 3 Biopolymers and Other Products |
|
|
631 | (150) |
|
28 Production and Application of Polylactides |
|
|
633 | (22) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
633 | (1) |
|
28.2 Properties of Polylactide |
|
|
634 | (1) |
|
28.3 Synthesis of Polylactide |
|
|
635 | (7) |
|
28.4 Applications of Polylactide |
|
|
642 | (4) |
|
28.5 Polylactide Global Market |
|
|
646 | (1) |
|
28.6 Conclusion and Perspectives |
|
|
646 | (9) |
|
|
647 | (8) |
|
29 Production of Polyhydroxyalkanoates |
|
|
655 | (38) |
|
|
|
|
29.1 Introduction to Polyhydroxyalkanoates |
|
|
655 | (6) |
|
29.2 Applications of Polyhydroxyalkanoates |
|
|
661 | (3) |
|
29.3 Laboratory Production of Polyhydroxyalkanoates |
|
|
664 | (11) |
|
29.4 Industrial Production of Polyhydroxyalkanoates |
|
|
675 | (5) |
|
29.5 Open and Continuous Production of Polyhydroxyalkanoates by Halophilic Microorganisms |
|
|
680 | (2) |
|
29.6 Extraction and Purification of Polyhydroxyalkanoates |
|
|
682 | (1) |
|
|
683 | (10) |
|
|
684 | (9) |
|
30 Production and Application of Poly-γ-glutamic Acid |
|
|
693 | (26) |
|
|
|
|
|
693 | (1) |
|
30.2 Poly-γ-glutamic Acid Biosynthesis by Microorganisms |
|
|
693 | (5) |
|
30.3 Fermentative Production of Poly-γ-glutamic Acid |
|
|
698 | (5) |
|
30.4 Purification and Characterization of Poly-γ-glutamic Acid |
|
|
703 | (3) |
|
30.5 Applications of Poly-γ-glutamic Acid |
|
|
706 | (5) |
|
30.6 Conclusions and Perspectives |
|
|
711 | (8) |
|
|
712 | (7) |
|
31 Production and Applications of 1,3-Propanediol |
|
|
719 | (20) |
|
|
|
|
|
719 | (1) |
|
31.2 Properties of 1,3-Propanediol |
|
|
720 | (1) |
|
31.3 Substrates and Cosubstrates for 1,3-Propanediol Production |
|
|
720 | (1) |
|
31.4 Chemical Synthesis of 1,3-Propanediol |
|
|
720 | (1) |
|
31.5 Biological Production of 1,3-Propanediol |
|
|
721 | (10) |
|
|
731 | (1) |
|
31.7 Problems in Biotransformation |
|
|
732 | (1) |
|
31.8 Applications of 1,3-Propandiol |
|
|
733 | (1) |
|
31.9 Conclusions and Perspectives |
|
|
733 | (6) |
|
|
734 | (1) |
|
|
734 | (5) |
|
32 Biodegradation of Biopolymers |
|
|
739 | (18) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
739 | (1) |
|
32.2 Types of Biopolymers |
|
|
740 | (1) |
|
32.3 Mechanisms Involved and Factors Affecting Biodegradability |
|
|
741 | (1) |
|
32.4 Biodiversity of Biopolymer-Degrading Microorganisms |
|
|
742 | (1) |
|
32.5 Biodegradation of Bio-Based Plastics |
|
|
742 | (1) |
|
32.6 Starch-Based Polymers |
|
|
743 | (2) |
|
32.7 Cellulose-Based Polymers |
|
|
745 | (1) |
|
32.8 Aliphatic Polyesters of Microbial Origin |
|
|
745 | (2) |
|
32.9 Polymers From Bio-Derived Monomers: Polylactic Acid |
|
|
747 | (1) |
|
32.10 Polymers From Petrochemical Products |
|
|
748 | (3) |
|
32.11 Conclusion and Future Perspectives |
|
|
751 | (6) |
|
|
751 | (6) |
|
33 Production of Fungal Spores for Biological Control |
|
|
757 | (24) |
|
|
|
|
|
757 | (1) |
|
33.2 Insect Pests and Their Effects on Agricultural Production |
|
|
757 | (1) |
|
|
758 | (1) |
|
33.4 Current Alternatives for Pest Control |
|
|
758 | (1) |
|
33.5 Biological Control: Concept and Agents |
|
|
759 | (1) |
|
33.6 Entomopathogenic Fungi |
|
|
760 | (4) |
|
33.7 Substrates Used to Produce Entomopathogenic Fungi |
|
|
764 | (3) |
|
|
767 | (3) |
|
|
770 | (3) |
|
33.10 Unsolved Problems and Perspectives |
|
|
773 | (8) |
|
|
773 | (8) |
|
Part 4 Products Isolation and Purification |
|
|
781 | (42) |
|
34 Approaches for the Isolation and Purification of Fermentation Products |
|
|
783 | (24) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
783 | (3) |
|
34.2 From Molecule Properties to Process Selection |
|
|
786 | (1) |
|
34.3 Separation Principles |
|
|
786 | (2) |
|
34.4 Process Development for Bioseparations |
|
|
788 | (1) |
|
34.5 Typical Separation Steps for Selected Classes of Biomolecules |
|
|
789 | (1) |
|
34.6 Alternative Separations |
|
|
789 | (2) |
|
34.7 Sizing Guide for Operations |
|
|
791 | (9) |
|
34.8 Niche Operations and Single-Use Systems |
|
|
800 | (2) |
|
34.9 Selected Guidelines for Process Development |
|
|
802 | (1) |
|
34.10 Conclusions and Perspectives |
|
|
803 | (4) |
|
|
804 | (3) |
|
35 Cell Disruption and Isolation of Intracellular Products |
|
|
807 | (16) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
807 | (1) |
|
35.2 Cell Disruption Methods |
|
|
808 | (9) |
|
35.3 Choosing Cell-Disruption Equipment |
|
|
817 | (1) |
|
35.4 Selected Microorganisms and Disruption Conditions |
|
|
817 | (2) |
|
35.5 Product Isolation Rationale |
|
|
819 | (1) |
|
35.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives |
|
|
820 | (3) |
|
|
820 | (1) |
|
|
820 | (3) |
Index |
|
823 | |