Preface |
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xvii | |
Acknowledgments |
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xxi | |
About the Authors |
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xxiii | |
Part One The Cyberwarfare Landscape |
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Chapter 1 Information as a Military Asset |
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3 | (26) |
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5 | (3) |
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6 | (2) |
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The Evolving Nature of War |
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8 | (1) |
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The Role of Information in Armed Conflict |
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9 | (4) |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (2) |
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12 | (1) |
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Iraq War and Weapons of Mass Destruction |
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12 | (1) |
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13 | (2) |
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Exploring the Cyber Domain |
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15 | (1) |
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Offensive Information Operations |
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15 | (1) |
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Defensive Information Operations |
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16 | (1) |
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Information Operations Techniques |
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16 | (9) |
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18 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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21 | (1) |
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21 | (2) |
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Identification of Critical Information |
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23 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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Countermeasure Implementation |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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26 | (3) |
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Chapter 2 Targets and Combatants |
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29 | (28) |
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Traditional Military Targets |
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32 | (7) |
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Military Targets in Conventional Warfare |
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33 | (1) |
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Acceptable Targets, Treaties, and International Law |
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34 | (2) |
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Cyber Targets in Unconventional Warfare |
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36 | (1) |
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Targets in Asymmetric Cyberwarfare |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (8) |
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Cyberwarfare against Traditional Military Targets |
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39 | (1) |
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39 | (2) |
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Flame: Replacing Spies with Software |
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41 | (1) |
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The First U.S. Cyberwar Strike: Serbia and Kosovo |
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41 | (1) |
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Nontraditional Cyberwarfare Targets |
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42 | (1) |
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Political Activism and Hacktivism |
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42 | (2) |
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44 | (2) |
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Military Cyberattacks on Nontraditional Targets |
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46 | (1) |
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Targets of Information Operations |
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47 | (1) |
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Combatants in Cyberwarfare |
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47 | (4) |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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Guerrilla Cyberwarriors and Insurrectionists |
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49 | (1) |
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Individuals and Small Groups |
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50 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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Comparing Traditional Warfare, Guerrilla Warfare, and Cyberwarfare |
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51 | (4) |
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How Cyberattack Differs from Traditional War |
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52 | (2) |
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54 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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Chapter 3 Cyberwarfare, Law, and Ethics |
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57 | (22) |
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59 | (2) |
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International Law and Kinetic Warfare |
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59 | (2) |
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Legal Review and Legality of Actions |
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61 | (1) |
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61 | (15) |
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Cyberwarfare in a Kinetic Warfare Context |
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61 | (1) |
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Kinetic Warfare Law in a Cyber Context |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (2) |
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Sovereignty, Jurisdiction, and Control |
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65 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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International Governmental Organizations |
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73 | (1) |
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Civilians and Infrastructure |
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73 | (1) |
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Civilians and Military Use of the Internet |
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73 | (1) |
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Prohibited Targets: Children, Journalists, Medical and Religious Personnel, and Nature |
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74 | (1) |
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The Conduct of Attacks and Indiscriminate Means |
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75 | (1) |
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Espionage, Treachery, and Ruses |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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Chapter 4 Intelligence Operations in a Connected World |
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79 | (22) |
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81 | (5) |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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Processing and Exploitation |
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83 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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84 | (2) |
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86 | (8) |
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Human Intelligence (HUMINT) |
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86 | (3) |
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Signals Intelligence (SIGINT) |
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89 | (1) |
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Open Source Intelligence (OSINT) |
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90 | (1) |
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Geospatial Intelligence (GEOINT) |
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91 | (2) |
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Measurement and Signature Intelligence (MASINT) |
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93 | (1) |
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Intelligence Support to Cyberwarfare |
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94 | (1) |
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Supporting Offensive Cyberwarfare |
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94 | (1) |
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Supporting Defensive Cyberwarfare |
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94 | (1) |
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Case Studies: Media Reporting on Intelligence Activities |
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95 | (2) |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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Data Center Eavesdropping |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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98 | (3) |
Part Two Offensive and Defensive Cyberwarfare |
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101 | (240) |
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Chapter 5 The Evolving Threat: From Script Kiddies to Advanced Attackers |
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103 | (24) |
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The Changing Threat Model |
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105 | (4) |
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105 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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107 | (2) |
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Inside the Advanced Persistent Threat |
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109 | (4) |
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Characteristics of the APT |
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110 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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Cybercrime and Corporate Espionage |
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111 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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Social Engineering and Phishing |
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113 | (1) |
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Strategic Web Compromises |
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113 | (1) |
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113 | (10) |
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114 | (2) |
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116 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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120 | (2) |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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124 | (3) |
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Chapter 6 Social Engineering and Cyberwarfare |
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127 | (24) |
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129 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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131 | (8) |
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132 | (1) |
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Commitment and Consistency |
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133 | (2) |
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135 | (1) |
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135 | (2) |
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137 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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Tools of the Social Engineer |
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139 | (4) |
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139 | (2) |
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141 | (2) |
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143 | (1) |
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Defending against Social Engineering |
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143 | (2) |
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Security Awareness and Education |
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143 | (1) |
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Incident Reporting and Response |
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144 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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Robin Sage: A Case Study in Social Engineering |
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145 | (2) |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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148 | (3) |
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Chapter 7 Weaponizing Cyberspace: A History |
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151 | (20) |
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153 | (4) |
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153 | (2) |
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155 | (2) |
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157 | (1) |
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The 2000s: The Worm Turns |
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157 | (5) |
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158 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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Stuxnet and the 21st Century |
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162 | (5) |
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162 | (1) |
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162 | (2) |
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164 | (1) |
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164 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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Russia's Ukraine Campaign |
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166 | (1) |
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USCYBERCOM Action Against Russia |
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166 | (1) |
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167 | (1) |
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167 | (1) |
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168 | (3) |
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Chapter 8 Nonstate Actors in Cyberwar |
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171 | (22) |
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Understanding Nonstate Actors |
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173 | (4) |
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Nongovernmental Organizations |
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173 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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Individuals and the Media |
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175 | (2) |
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The Roles of Nonstate Actors in Cyberwar |
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177 | (2) |
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178 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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179 | (2) |
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179 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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181 | (1) |
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181 | (2) |
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183 | (2) |
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183 | (1) |
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Cooperation with Intelligence Agencies |
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184 | (1) |
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185 | (2) |
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185 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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Individuals and the Media |
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187 | (3) |
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187 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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Leakers and Whistleblowers |
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188 | (2) |
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190 | (1) |
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190 | (1) |
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190 | (3) |
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Chapter 9 Defense-in-Depth Strategies |
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193 | (32) |
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195 | (4) |
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Defense-in-Depth Strategies |
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199 | (7) |
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The NSA People, Technology, and Operations Defense Strategy |
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199 | (1) |
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199 | (1) |
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200 | (1) |
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200 | (2) |
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202 | (1) |
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The Department of Homeland Security and Defense in Depth |
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203 | (1) |
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Computer Network Defense and Defense in Depth |
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204 | (2) |
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Where and Why Defense in Depth Fails |
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206 | (6) |
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Neglecting Layers: Getting Past the Shell |
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206 | (2) |
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System Administrators: Trusted Attackers |
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208 | (1) |
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Attacking the User: Human Factors |
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209 | (1) |
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210 | (2) |
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Designing a Modern CND Strategy |
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212 | (10) |
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212 | (1) |
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CND and Defense-in-Depth Design |
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213 | (1) |
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214 | (1) |
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215 | (1) |
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Network Enclaves and Properties |
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215 | (2) |
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217 | (1) |
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218 | (1) |
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218 | (1) |
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219 | (2) |
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221 | (1) |
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222 | (1) |
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222 | (1) |
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223 | (2) |
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Chapter 10 Cryptography and Cyberwar |
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225 | (34) |
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An Introduction to Cryptography |
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227 | (14) |
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228 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
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230 | (2) |
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Enigma: Using and Breaking Wartime Symmetric Encryption |
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232 | (1) |
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233 | (4) |
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237 | (1) |
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237 | (1) |
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238 | (1) |
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Advanced Encryption Standard |
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239 | (1) |
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239 | (1) |
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Hashing and Message Digests |
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239 | (2) |
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241 | (3) |
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Computer Network Defense and Cryptographic Systems |
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241 | (2) |
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Computer Network Attack and Cryptographic Systems |
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243 | (1) |
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244 | (3) |
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245 | (1) |
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245 | (1) |
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246 | (1) |
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246 | (1) |
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Defeating Attacks on Cryptographic Systems |
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247 | (1) |
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247 | (1) |
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Defense in Depth Using Cryptographic Systems |
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247 | (1) |
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248 | (5) |
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Defensive Cryptography: Malware Encryption |
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248 | (1) |
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249 | (1) |
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249 | (3) |
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Cryptolocker and Other Ransomware Malware |
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252 | (1) |
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The Future of Cryptography in Cyberwar |
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253 | (2) |
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253 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
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255 | (1) |
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256 | (1) |
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256 | (3) |
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Chapter 11 Defending Endpoints |
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259 | (30) |
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261 | (1) |
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262 | (9) |
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263 | (1) |
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264 | (1) |
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Industrial Control Systems |
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264 | (1) |
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Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Systems |
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264 | (1) |
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Distributed Control Systems |
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265 | (1) |
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Programmable Logic Controllers |
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265 | (2) |
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267 | (1) |
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Drones and Remote Platforms |
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267 | (1) |
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268 | (1) |
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268 | (1) |
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269 | (2) |
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271 | (1) |
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272 | (3) |
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U.S. Department of Defense Strategy |
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273 | (2) |
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Zero Trust and Endpoint Security |
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275 | (12) |
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275 | (1) |
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275 | (1) |
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276 | (1) |
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277 | (1) |
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277 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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279 | (1) |
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279 | (1) |
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Anti-Malware and Antivirus |
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280 | (1) |
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280 | (1) |
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281 | (1) |
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Allow Listing and Deny Listing |
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282 | (3) |
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285 | (2) |
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287 | (1) |
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287 | (1) |
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288 | (1) |
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Chapter 12 Defending Networks |
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289 | (30) |
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291 | (3) |
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Identify, Protect, Detect, Respond, and Recover in the Context of Network Defense |
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294 | (1) |
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295 | (4) |
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297 | (1) |
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Network Operational Procedures |
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298 | (1) |
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299 | (2) |
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300 | (1) |
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Network Defense Technologies |
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301 | (12) |
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302 | (1) |
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302 | (1) |
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303 | (1) |
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303 | (1) |
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303 | (1) |
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303 | (1) |
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304 | (2) |
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306 | (1) |
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Network Security Boundaries |
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307 | (1) |
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307 | (2) |
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Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems |
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309 | (1) |
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Security Information and Event Management Systems |
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310 | (1) |
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Physical Network Protection |
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310 | (1) |
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Wireless Network Security |
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311 | (1) |
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Remote Access and Administration |
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311 | (2) |
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313 | (3) |
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Honeypots, Honeynets, and Darknets |
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314 | (1) |
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315 | (1) |
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316 | (1) |
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316 | (1) |
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317 | (2) |
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Chapter 13 Defending Data |
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319 | (22) |
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321 | (4) |
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325 | (7) |
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325 | (2) |
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327 | (3) |
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330 | (2) |
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Data Integrity and Availability |
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332 | (2) |
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332 | (1) |
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333 | (1) |
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333 | (1) |
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333 | (1) |
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Data Retention and Disposal |
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334 | (4) |
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Data Life Cycle Management |
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334 | (1) |
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335 | (1) |
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Drives and Media Management |
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336 | (2) |
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338 | (1) |
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339 | (1) |
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339 | (1) |
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340 | (1) |
Part Three The Future of Cyberwarfare |
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341 | (40) |
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Chapter 14 Cyberwarfare and Military Doctrine |
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343 | (16) |
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344 | (5) |
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345 | (2) |
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347 | (1) |
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348 | (1) |
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Cyberattack Strikes the Air Force |
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349 | (1) |
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Organizing for Cyber Operations |
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350 | (4) |
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U.S. Strategic Command (USSTRATCOM) |
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353 | (1) |
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U.S. Cyber Command (USCYBERCOM) |
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353 | (1) |
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Five Pillars of Cyberwarfare |
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354 | (2) |
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356 | (1) |
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356 | (1) |
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357 | (2) |
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Chapter 15 Pandora's Box: The Future of Cyberwarfare |
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359 | (22) |
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362 | (1) |
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Blurred Boundaries: Cyberwar and Nonstate Actors |
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363 | (10) |
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Advanced Persistent Threats |
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367 | (2) |
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369 | (2) |
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Integrating Cyberwar and Kinetic Warfare |
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371 | (1) |
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Alliances and Partnerships |
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371 | (2) |
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International Law and Cyberwarfare |
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373 | (1) |
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Networks Everywhere: Cyberwar in a Highly Connected World |
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374 | (2) |
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Cyberwar and Infrastructure |
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376 | (1) |
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Advanced Tools and Training |
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376 | (2) |
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The Future of Defensive Cyberwar |
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378 | (1) |
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379 | (1) |
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379 | (2) |
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Appendix A Answer Key |
|
381 | (2) |
Appendix B Standard Acronyms |
|
383 | (4) |
Glossary of Key Terms |
|
387 | (12) |
References |
|
399 | (16) |
Index |
|
415 | |