List of contributors xi Preface and introduction xv Induction 1(2) Inducers Endotoxin as an inducer of cytokines 3(12) F. Ulrich Schade Regina Flach Thomas Hirsch Ralph R. Schumann Acute lung inflammation in septic shock of the cytokine release induced by bacterial superantigens 15(22) Brigitte Neumann Bernhard Holzmann Lipopolysaccharide signaling pathways and their role in the development of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome 37(20) David J. Hackam Sergio Grinstein Ori D. Rotstein Predisposing factors Predisposing factors: Effect of sex, nutritional factors and age on immunity following shock and sepsis 57(22) Rene Zellweger Alfred Ayala Irshad H. Chaudry Genetics: Cytokine polymorphisms 79(14) Frank Stuber Diagnostic 93(56) Possibilities and problems of cytokine measurements 95(26) Jean-Marc Cavaillon Soluble TNF receptors 121(12) Maarten G. Bouma Wim A. Buurman Relevance of surrogate tests in intensive care patients or ``Heisenberg at the ICU 133(16) Wolfgang Strohmaier Franz Tatzber Actions (selected events) 149(96) Nitric oxide and endothelin-1 in circulatory shock involving cytokines 151(22) Christoph Thiemermann Timothy D. Warner Multistep processes in neutrophil homotypic aggregation and tissue injury 173(26) C. Wayne Smith Scott I. Simon Hartmut Jaeschke Cytokines, coagulation and fibrinolysis 199(14) C. Erik Hack Apoptosis: Its role in the systemic inflammatory response syndrome and the involvement of cytokines 213(14) R. William G. Watson Importance of cytokine metabolism for malnutrition, catabolism and endocrinological state in sepsis 227(18) Erich Roth Michael Bergmann Therapy 245(118) Endotoxin scavengers as a therapeutic strategy for sepsis 247(14) Steven M. Opal Interfering with the production of cytokines in sepsis 261(24) Peter Zabel Soheyl Bahrami Neutralizing antibodies and receptor constructs 285(10) Edward Abraham Immunomodulation following shock and sepsis 295(20) Rene Zellweger Alfred Ayala Ping Wang Irshad H. Chaudry Gene therapy---an alternative approach for anti-cytokine therapies 315(18) Michael A. Rogy The failure of clinical trials in sepsis The failure of clinical trials in sepsis: Challenges of pre-clinical models 333(16) David Creery John C. Marshall The failure of clinical trials in sepsis: Challenges of clinical trial design 349(14) John C. Marshall Index 363
