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E-grāmata: DeGowin's Diagnostic Examination, Tenth Edition

4.38/5 (45 ratings by Goodreads)

Donald Brown, Manish Suneja, Richard LeBlond

Formāts: 896 pages
Izdošanas datums: 22-Jun-2014
Izdevniecība: McGraw-Hill Medical
Valoda: eng
ISBN-13: 9780071814485

Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:

Medical diagnosis

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Formāts: 896 pages
Izdošanas datums: 22-Jun-2014
Izdevniecība: McGraw-Hill Medical
Valoda: eng
ISBN-13: 9780071814485

Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:

Medical diagnosis

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For more than forty years, the single-best guide for learning how to become a master clinical diagnosticianA Doodys Core Title for 2019!

Much more than a text describing how to perform a history and physical examination, DeGowin's Diagnostic Examination is unmatched in its ability to help you logically assess symptoms and physical signs to facilitate development of reasonable, testable diagnostic hypotheses.

Part physical examination primer, part differential diagnosis guide, DeGowin's:

Describes how to obtain a complete history and perform a thorough physical examination Links symptoms and signs with the pathophysiology of disease Presents a symptom, sign, anatomy, and physiology-based approach to differential diagnosis Facilitates efficient cost-effective diagnostic testing using focused differential diagnoses

Organized as a practical bedside guide to assist diagnosis, DeGowin's is valuable as a quick reference at the point-of-care or as a text to study the principles and practice of history taking and physical examination.

Preface

xxv

Common Abbreviations

xxix

Introduction and User's Guide

xxxi

PART 1 THE DIAGNOSTIC FRAMEWORK

1 Diagnosis

(12)

1 Why Is Diagnosis Important?

(1)

2 Diseases and Syndromes: Communication and Entry to the Medical Literature

(1)

A The Diagnostic Examination

(9)

1 Stories: Listen, Examine, Interpret, Explain

(1)

2 Finding Clues to the Diagnosis

(1)

3 Select Hypotheses: Generate a Differential Diagnosis

(3)

4 Cognitive Tests of the Diagnostic Hypotheses

(1)

5 Selection of Diagnostic Tests

(1)

6 Rare Diseases

(1)

7 Certainty and Diagnosis

(1)

8 Prognostic Uncertainty

(1)

9 Deferred Diagnoses

(1)

10 A Summary of the Diagnostic Process

(1)

11 Caveat

(1)

12 An Example of the Diagnostic Process

(1)

B Other Examinations

(2)

1 The Autopsy

(1)

2 Other Varieties of Medical Examinations

(1)

2 History Taking And The Medical Record

(16)

A Outline of the Medical Record

(1)

B Procedure for Taking a History

(2)

1 Description of the Medical History

(1)

2 Scope of the History

(1)

3 How to Take a History

(1)

4 Do Not Make Assumptions

(1)

C Completion of the Medical Record

(9)

1 Identification

(1)

2 The Informant

(1)

3 Chief Complaints

(2)

4 Past Medical and Surgical History

(1)

5 Family History

(1)

6 Social History

(1)

7 Military History

(1)

8 Review of Systems

(2)

9 Gynecologic History

(1)

10 Male History

(1)

11 Venereal Disease History

(1)

12 Medications

(1)

13 Allergies and Medication Intolerances

(1)

14 Preventive Care Services

(1)

15 Advance Directives

(1)

16 Physical Examination

(1)

17 Laboratory

(1)

18 Assessment

(1)

19 The Plan

(1)

D The Oral Presentation

(1)

E Other Clinical Notes

(1)

1 Inpatient Progress Notes

(1)

2 Off-Service Note

(1)

3 Discharge Summary

(1)

4 Clinical Notes

(1)

F The Patient's Medical Record

(2)

1 Purposes

(1)

2 Physician's Signature

(1)

3 Custody of the Record

(1)

G Electronic Medical Records

(1)

3 The Screening Physical Examination

(18)

A Methods for Physical Examination

(6)

1 Inspection

(1)

2 Palpation

(1)

3 Percussion

(2)

4 Auscultation

(2)

B Procedure for the Screening Physical Examination

(6)

1 Preparing for the Screening Examination

(1)

2 Performance of the Screening Examination

(4)

C Ultrasound in Bedside Diagnosis

(5)

1 Technical Considerations

(2)

2 Scope of Ultrasound in Diagnostic Examination

(3)

PART 2 THE DIAGNOSTIC EXAMINATION

The Diagnostic Examination:
Chapters 4 to 16

(1)

4 Vital Signs, Anthropometric Data, And Pain

(33)

A Vital Signs

(25)

1 Body Temperature

(8)

2 The Pulse: Rate, Volume, and Rhythm

(1)

3 Examination of the Pulse

(8)

4 Breathing: Respiratory Rate and Partem

(2)

5 Blood Pressure and Pulse Pressure

(6)

B Anthropometric Data

(5)

1 Height

(1)

2 Weight

(4)

C Pain

(3)

1 Diagnostic Attributes of Pain

(1)

2 Pain Syndromes

(1)

5 Nonregional Systems And Diseases

(24)

A Constitutional Symptoms

(3)

1 Fatigue

(1)

2 Disturbance of Appetite

(1)

3 Disturbance of Thirst

(1)

4 Constitutional Syndromes/Diseases

(1)

B The Immune System

(1)

1 Common Immunodeficiency Syndromes

(1)

C The Lymphatic System

(9)

1 Examination of the Lymph Nodes

(2)

2 Lymph Node Symptoms

(1)

3 Lymph Node Diseases and Syndromes

(2)

4 Diseases and Syndromes of Specific Regional Lymph Nodes

(3)

5 Disorders of B Cells/Plasma Cells

(1)

D The Hematopoietic System and Hemostasis

(5)

1 Red Blood Cell (Erythrocyte) Disorders

(2)

2 Neutrophil Disorders

(1)

3 Myeloproliferative Disorders and Acute Leukemia

(1)

4 Platelet Disorders

(1)

5 Coagulation Disorders

(1)

E The Endocrine System

100

(6)

1 Diabetes and Hypoglycemia

100

(1)

2 Disorders of Thyroid Function

101

(2)

3 Disorders of Adrenal Function

103

(1)

4 Disorders of Parathyroid Function

104

(1)

5 Disorders of Pituitary Function

105

(1)

6 The Skin And Nails

106

(54)

A Physiology of the Skin and Nails

106

(1)

B Functional Anatomy of the Skin and Nails

106

(5)

1 Epidermis

106

(1)

2 Dermis and Subcutaneous Tissue

107

(1)

3 Fingernails

107

(1)

4 Toenails

107

(2)

5 Skin Coloration

109

(1)

6 Hair

109

(1)

7 Sebaceous Glands

109

(1)

8 Eccrine (Sweat) Glands

110

(1)

9 Apocrine Glands

110

(1)

10 Nerves

110

(1)

11 Circulation of the Skin and Mucosa

110

(1)

12 Cutaneous Wound Healing and Repair

110

(1)

C Examination of the Skin and Nails

111

(1)

1 Evaluation of Skin Turgor

111

(1)

2 Examination of Nailfold Capillaries

111

(1)

D Supplemental Aids to Dermatologic Diagnosis

111

(1)

1 Magnification

111

(1)

2 Diascopy

111

(1)

3 KOH Preparation

112

(1)

4 Tzanck Smear

112

(1)

5 Wood Light

112

(1)

6 Skin Biopsy

112

(1)

E Skin and Nail Symptoms

112

(1)

1 Itching (Pruritus)

112

(1)

F Skin and Nail Signs

113

(16)

1 Anatomic Distribution of Lesions

113

(1)

2 Pattern of Lesions

113

(2)

3 Morphology of Individual Lesions

115

(4)

4 Generalized Skin Signs

119

(3)

5 Changes in Skin Color

122

(2)

6 Changes in Hair

124

(1)

7 Fingernail Signs

125

(4)

G Foot and Toenail Signs

129

(1)

H Vascular Signs

130

(8)

1 Arterial Circulation Signs

131

(2)

2 Purpura

133

(1)

3 Nonpurpuric Vascular Lesions

134

(4)

I Signs of Systemic Lipid Disorders

138

(1)

1 Xanthomas

138

(1)

J Common Skin and Nail Syndromes

138

(5)

1 Common Skin Disorders

138

(5)

K Skin Infections and Infestations

143

(17)

1 Insects, Spiders, Mites, and Worms

143

(1)

2 Bacterial Infections

144

(3)

3 Viral Infections

147

(2)

4 Fungal Infections

149

(1)

5 Bullous Skin Diseases

150

(1)

6 Skin Manifestations of Systemic Diseases

150

(5)

7 Vascular Disorders

155

(2)

8 Skin Neoplasms

157

(3)

7 The Head And Neck

160

(100)

A Major Systems of the Head and Neck

160

(1)

B Functional Anatomy of the Head and Neck

161

(12)

1 The Scalp and Skull

161

(1)

2 The Face and Neck

161

(1)

3 The Ears

162

(1)

4 The Eyes

163

(3)

5 The Nose

166

(2)

6 The Mouth and Oral Cavity

168

(2)

7 The Larynx

170

(1)

8 The Salivary Glands

171

(1)

9 The Thyroid Gland

172

(1)

C Physical Examination of the Head and Neck

173

(15)

1 Examination of the Scalp, Face, and Skull

173

(1)

2 Examination of the Ears, Hearing, and Labyrinthine Function

173

(2)

3 Testing Labyrinth Function

175

(1)

4 Examination of the Eyes, Visual Fields, and Visual Acuity

176

(6)

5 Examination of the Nose and Sinuses

182

(2)

6 Examination of the Lips, Mouth, Teeth, Tongue, and Pharynx

184

(2)

7 Examination of the Larynx

186

(1)

8 Examination of the Salivary Glands

186

(1)

9 Examination of the Temporomandibular Joint

187

(1)

10 Examination of the Neck

187

(1)

11 Examination of the Lymph Nodes

188

(1)

12 Examination of the Vascular System

188

(1)

D Head and Neck Symptoms

188

(5)

1 General Symptoms

188

(1)

2 Skull, Scalp, and Face Symptoms

188

(1)

3 Ear Symptoms

189

(1)

4 Eye Symptoms

190

(1)

5 Nose Symptoms

191

(1)

6 Lip, Mouth, Tongue, Teeth, and Pharynx Symptoms

191

(1)

7 Larynx Symptoms

192

(1)

8 Salivary Gland Symptoms

192

(1)

9 Neck Symptoms

192

(1)

E Head and Neck Signs

193

(45)

1 Scalp, Face, Skull, and Jaw Signs

193

(2)

2 External Ear Signs

195

(1)

3 External Acoustic Meatus Signs

196

(1)

4 TM Signs

197

(1)

5 Hearing Signs

197

(1)

6 Eye Lid Signs

197

(4)

7 Eye Movement Signs

201

(1)

8 Conjunctiva Signs

201

(2)

9 Cornea Signs

203

(1)

10 Sclera Signs

204

(1)

11 Pupil Signs

205

(1)

12 Lens Signs

205

(1)

13 Retina Signs

206

(9)

14 Nose and Sinus Signs

215

(4)

15 Breath Signs

219

(1)

16 Lip Signs

220

(4)

17 Teeth and Gum Signs

224

(2)

18 Tongue Signs

226

(4)

19 Pharyngeal Signs

230

(1)

20 Larynx and Trachea Signs

230

(2)

21 Salivary Gland Signs

232

(2)

22 Neck Signs

234

(1)

23 Midline Cervical Mass

235

(1)

24 Lateral Cervical Masses

236

(1)

25 Thyroid Signs

237

(1)

F Head and Neck Syndromes

238

(22)

1 Squamous Cell Cancers of the Head and Neck

238

(1)

2 Scalp, Face, Skull, and Jaw Syndromes

239

(1)

3 Eye Syndromes

240

(2)

4 Ear Syndromes

242

(4)

5 Nose and Sinus Syndromes

246

(3)

6 Oral Syndromes (Lips, Mouth, Tongue, Teeth, and Pharynx)

249

(3)

7 Larynx Syndromes

252

(3)

8 Salivary Gland Syndromes

255

(1)

9 Thyroid Goiters and Nodules

255

(5)

8 The Chest: Chest Wall, Pulmonary, And Cardiovascular Systems; The Breasts

260

(126)

Section 1 Chest Wall, Pulmonary, and Cardiovascular Systems

260

(1)

A Major Systems and Physiology

260

(6)

1 The Thoracic Wall

260

(1)

2 The Respiratory System

261

(2)

3 The Lungs and Pleura

263

(2)

4 The Cardiovascular System

265

(1)

B Superficial Thoracic Anatomy

266

(4)

1 The Chest Wall

266

(2)

2 The Lungs and Pleura

268

(1)

3 The Heart and Precordium

268

(2)

C Physical Examination of the Chest and Major Vessels

270

(17)

1 Inspection of the Rib Cage and Thoracic Musculature

270

(1)

2 Palpation of the Rib Cage and Thoracic Musculature

270

(2)

3 Examination of the Lungs and Pleura

272

(4)

4 Physical Examination of the Heart and Precordium

276

(4)

5 Physical Examination of the Blood Vessels

280

(4)

6 Examination of the Arterial Circulation in the Extremities

284

(3)

7 Examination of the Large Limb Veins

287

(1)

D Chest, Cardiovascular, and Respiratory Symptoms

287

(5)

1 General Symptoms

287

(3)

2 Chest Wall Symptoms

290

(1)

3 Lung and Pleural Symptoms

291

(1)

4 Cardiovascular Symptoms

291

(1)

E Chest, Trachea, and Respiratory Signs

292

(16)

1 Chest Wall Signs

292

(5)

2 Trachea Signs

297

(1)

3 Lung, Pleura, and Respiratory Signs

298

(1)

4 Vibratory Palpation

299

(1)

5 Sonorous Percussion

299

(1)

6 Auscultation of Breath Sounds

300

(1)

7 Auscultation of Voice Sounds

301

(1)

8 Auscultation of Abnormal Sounds

302

(1)

9 Interpretation of Pulmonary and Pleural Signs

302

(5)

10 Sputum Signs

307

(1)

F Cardiovascular Signs

308

(25)

1 Inspection

308

(1)

2 Palpation

308

(3)

3 Percussion

311

(1)

4 Auscultation of Heart Sounds

312

(5)

5 Auscultation of Heart Murmurs

317

(1)

6 Systolic Murmurs

317

(8)

7 Diastolic Murmurs

325

(3)

8 Continuous Murmurs

328

(1)

9 Vascular Signs of Cardiac Activity

328

(1)

10 Pulse Contour and Volume

329

(1)

11 Arterial Murmur or Bruit

330

(1)

12 Venous Signs of Cardiac Action

331

(2)

13 Arterial Circulation Signs

333

(1)

G Chest, Cardiovascular, and Respiratory Syndromes

333

(43)

1 Chest Wall Syndromes

333

(2)

2 Respiratory Syndromes

335

(8)

3 Cardiovascular Syndromes

343

(1)

4 Myocardial Ischemia Six-Dermatome Pain Syndromes

344

(3)

5 Inflammatory Six-Dermatome Pain Syndromes

347

(1)

6 Mediastinal and Vascular Six-Dermatome Pain Syndromes

348

(2)

7 Gastrointestinal Six-Dermatome Pain Syndromes

350

(1)

8 Pulmonary Six-Dermatome Pain Syndromes

350

(1)

9 Other Cardiovascular Syndromes

350

(4)

10 Valvular Heart Disease

354

(1)

11 Congenital Heart Disease

354

(1)

12 Pericardial Syndromes

355

(1)

13 Disorders of the Arterial and Venous Circulations

356

(4)

14 Disorders of Circulation in the Head, Neck, and Trunk

360

(2)

15 Arterial Aneurysms

362

(6)

16 Disorders of Large Limb Arteries

368

(4)

17 Disorders of the Major Extremity Veins

372

(4)

Section 2 The Breasts

376

(1)

H Breast Physiology

376

(1)

1 The Female Breast

376

(1)

2 The Male Breast

376

(1)

I Superficial Anatomy of the Breasts

376

(1)

J Physical Examination of the Breasts

377

(2)

1 Breast Examination

377

(2)

K Breast Symptoms

379

(1)

L Breast Signs

380

(2)

M Breast Syndromes

382

(4)

1 The Female Breast

382

(3)

2 The Male Breast

385

(1)

9 The Abdomen, Perineum, Anus, And Rectosigmoid

386

(71)

A Major Systems and Their Physiology

386

(2)

1 Alimentary System

386

(1)

2 Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic System

387

(1)

3 Spleen and Lymphatics

388

(1)

4 Kidneys, Ureters, and Bladder

388

(1)

B Superficial Anatomy of the Abdomen and Perineum

388

(1)

1 The Abdomen

388

(1)

2 The Anus

389

(1)

3 The Rectum

389

(1)

4 The Sigmoid and Descending Colon

389

(1)

C Physical Examination of the Abdomen

389

(10)

1 Inspection

390

(1)

2 Auscultation

390

(1)

3 Percussion

391

(1)

4 Palpation

391

(7)

5 Examination of the Perineum, Anus, Rectum, and Distal Colon

398

(1)

6 Examination of the Anus

398

(1)

7 Examination of the Rectum

399

(1)

8 Examination of the Sigmoid Colon

399

(1)

D Abdominal, Perineal, and Anorectal Symptoms

399

(8)

1 Nonspecific Symptoms

399

(4)

2 Site-Attributable Symptoms

403

(1)

3 Esophagus, Stomach, and Duodenum Symptoms

404

(1)

4 Small Intestine and Colon

405

(1)

5 Pelvic Symptoms

406

(1)

E Abdominal Signs

407

(12)

1 Inspection

407

(7)

2 Auscultation

414

(1)

3 Percussion

415

(1)

4 Palpation

416

(3)

F Perineal, Anal, and Rectal Signs

419

(3)

1 Inspection

419

(1)

2 Palpation

420

(2)

G Abdominal, Perineal, and Anorectal Syndromes

422

(35)

1 GI, Hepatobiliary, and Pancreatic Syndromes

422

(2)

2 Acute Abdominal Pain Syndromes

424

(1)

3 Acute Abdominal Pain

425

(2)

4 Acute Epigastric Pain

427

(2)

5 Acute RUQ Pain

429

(2)

6 Acute LUQ Pain

431

(1)

7 Acute RLQ Pain

432

(1)

8 Acute LLQ Pain

433

(1)

9 Acute Suprapubic Pain

433

(1)

10 Chronic Abdominal Pain Syndromes

434

(3)

11 Bloating and Distention Syndromes

437

(1)

12 Diarrhea Syndromes

437

(6)

13 Constipation Syndromes

443

(1)

14 Bowel Obstruction Syndromes

444

(3)

15 Abdominal Masses

447

(1)

16 RUQ Mass

448

(2)

17 Epigastric Masses

450

(1)

18 LUQ Mass

451

(1)

19 RLQ Masses

451

(1)

20 LLQ Masses

451

(1)

21 Suprapubic and Pelvic Masses

451

(2)

22 Other Abdominal Masses

453

(1)

23 Abdominal, Inguinal, and Other Hernias

453

(1)

24 Inguinal Hernias

454

(1)

25 Perineal, Anal, and Rectal Syndromes

455

(1)

26 Occult GI Blood Loss

455

(2)

10 The Urinary System

457

(12)

A Overview and Physiology of the Urinary System

457

(1)

B Anatomy of the Urinary System

457

(1)

C Physical Examination of the Urinary System

457

(1)

D Urinary System Symptoms

458

(2)

E Urinary System Signs

460

(2)

F Urethral Signs

462

(1)

G Urinary System Syndromes

462

(7)

11 The Female Genitalia And Reproductive System

469

(20)

A Overview of Female Reproductive Physiology

469

(1)

B Anatomy of the Female Genitalia and Reproductive System

469

(3)

1 The Vulva

469

(2)

2 The Vagina, Uterus, and Adnexa

471

(1)

C Physical Examination of the Female Genitalia and Reproductive System

472

(3)

1 The Female Pelvic Examination

472

(3)

D Female Genital and Reproductive Symptoms

475

(1)

1 General Symptoms

475

(1)

2 Vulvar and Vaginal Symptoms

476

(1)

E Female Genital and Reproductive Signs

476

(8)

1 Vulvar Signs

476

(2)

2 Urethral Meatus Abnormalities

478

(1)

3 Vaginal Signs

478

(2)

4 Cervical Signs

480

(2)

5 Uterine Signs

482

(1)

6 Adnexal Signs

483

(1)

7 Rectal Signs

484

(1)

F Female Genital and Reproductive Syndromes

484

(5)

1 Menstrual Disorders

484

(3)

2 Ovary Disorders

487

(1)

3 Uterine Disorders

487

(2)

12 The Male Genitalia And Reproductive System

489

(19)

A Overview of Male Reproductive Physiology

489

(1)

B Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System

489

(4)

1 The Penis

489

(1)

2 The Scrotum

490

(1)

3 Testis, Epididymis, Vas Deferens, and Spermatic Cord

491

(1)

4 The Prostate and Seminal Vesicles

491

(2)

C Physical Examination of the Male Genitalia and Reproductive System

493

(2)

1 Examination of the Penis

493

(1)

2 Examination of the Scrotum

493

(1)

3 Examination of Scrotal Contents

493

(1)

4 Examination for Scrotal Hernia

493

(1)

5 Examination of the Testes

493

(1)

6 Examination of the Epididymis

493

(1)

7 Examination of the Spermatic Cord

494

(1)

8 Examination of the Male Inguinal Region for Hernia

494

(1)

9 Rectal Examination of the Male

494

(1)

D Male Genital and Reproductive Symptoms

495

(1)

E Male Genital and Reproductive Signs

496

(9)

1 Penis Signs

496

(4)

2 Urethral Signs

500

(1)

3 Scrotum Signs

501

(1)

4 Testis, Epididymis, and Other Intrascrotal Signs

501

(3)

5 Prostate and Seminal Vesicle Signs

504

(1)

F Male Genital and Reproductive Syndromes

505

(3)

13 The Spine, Pelvis, And Extremities

508

(92)

A Major Systems and Their Physiology

508

(1)

1 Bones

508

(1)

2 Joints

509

(1)

3 Muscles, Tendons, and Bursae

509

(1)

B Superficial Anatomy of the Spine and Extremities

509

(11)

1 The Axial Skeleton: Spine and Pelvis

509

(2)

2 Appendicular Skeleton

511

(9)

C Physical Examination of the Spine and Extremities

520

(16)

1 Examination of the Spine

520

(3)

2 Examination of the Appendicular Skeleton

523

(13)

D Musculoskeletal and Soft Tissue Symptoms

536

(4)

1 Pain

536

(4)

E Musculoskeletal and Soft Tissue Signs

540

(19)

1 General Signs

540

(1)

2 Thoracolumbar Spine and Pelvis Signs

541

(3)

3 Appendicular Skeleton, Joint, Ligament, Tendon, and Soft-Tissue Signs

544

(15)

F Musculoskeletal and Soft Tissue Syndromes

559

(41)

1 General Syndromes

559

(2)

2 Syndromes Primarily Affecting Joints

561

(7)

3 Conditions Primarily Affecting Bone

568

(4)

4 Neck, Spine, and Pelvis Syndromes

572

(4)

5 Upper Extremity Syndromes

576

(24)

14 The Nervous System

600

(88)

A Overview of the Nervous System

600

(2)

1 Anatomic Organization of the Nervous System

601

(1)

2 The Peripheral Nervous System

601

(1)

3 Functional Organization of the Nervous System

601

(1)

B The Neurologic Examination

602

(26)

1 Mental Status Screening Examination

602

(1)

2 Cranial Nerve (CN) Exam

602

(7)

3 Motor Examination

609

(1)

4 Examination of Reflexes

610

(6)

5 Posture, Balance, and Coordination---The Cerebellar Examination

616

(7)

6 Testing Specific Peripheral Nerves

623

(5)

C Neurologic Symptoms

628

(4)

1 General Symptoms

628

(2)

2 Cranial Nerve Symptoms

630

(1)

3 Motor Symptoms

631

(1)

4 Posture, Balance, and Coordination Symptoms

632

(1)

5 Sensory Symptoms

632

(1)

D Neurologic Signs

632

(1)

1 Cranial Nerve Signs

632

(1)

2 Anosmia---Olfactory Nerve (CN I)

633

(1)

3 Visual Field Signs

633

(1)

4 Eye Movement Signs

634

(3)

5 Abnormalities of Gaze

637

(3)

6 Pupil Signs

640

(2)

7 Other Cranial Nerve Signs

642

(2)

8 Motor Signs

644

(1)

9 Reflex Signs

645

(3)

E Posture, Balance, and Coordination Signs

648

(8)

1 Cerebellar Signs

648

(1)

2 Gait Disorders

649

(1)

3 Movement Disorders

650

(1)

4 Sensory Signs

651

(1)

5 Autonomic Nervous System Signs

652

(1)

6 Some Peripheral Nerve Signs

653

(3)

F Neurologic Syndromes

656

(32)

1 Recurrent Headache Syndromes

656

(3)

2 Traction, Displacement, and Inflammation Causing Intracranial Headache

659

(1)

3 Intracranial Bleeding Headaches

660

(2)

4 Other Headaches

662

(1)

5 Seizures

663

(1)

6 Transient Impaired Consciousness

664

(3)

7 Coma and Other Persistent Impairments of Consciousness

667

(4)

8 Ischemic Cerebrovascular Disease

671

(3)

9 Degenerative and Autoimmune CNS Diseases

674

(1)

10 CNS Infections

675

(1)

11 Spinal Cord Disorders

676

(1)

12 Peripheral Neuropathies

677

(4)

13 Other Motor and Sensory Syndromes

681

(1)

14 Disorders of Language and Speech

682

(1)

15 Delirium

683

(1)

16 Syndromes of Impaired Mentation

683

(1)

17 Syndromes of Impaired Cognition

684

(1)

18 Other Syndromes

685

(3)

15 The Mental Status, Psychiatric, And Social Evaluations

688

(22)

Section 1 The Mental Status and Psychiatric Evaluation

689

(1)

A The Mental Status Evaluation

689

(3)

1 Level of Consciousness

689

(1)

2 Orientation

689

(1)

3 Attention

689

(2)

4 Memory

691

(1)

5 Thought

691

(1)

6 Perception

691

(1)

7 Intellect

691

(1)

8 Mood

692

(1)

9 Affect

692

(1)

10 Appearance and Behavior

692

(1)

B Psychiatric Symptoms and Signs

692

(4)

1 Abnormal Perception

692

(1)

2 Abnormal Sleep Perceptions---Parasomnias

693

(1)

3 Abnormal Affect and Mood

693

(1)

4 Abnormal Thinking

694

(1)

5 Abnormal Memory

695

(1)

6 Abnormal Behaviors

695

(1)

7 Abnormal Sexual Feelings and Behaviors---Paraphilias

696

(1)

8 Bulimia

696

(1)

9 Anorexia Nervosa

696

(1)

10 Dyssomnias

696

(1)

C Psychiatric Syndromes

696

(10)

1 Multiaxial Assessment

696

(1)

2 Acute and Subacute Confusion

697

(1)

3 Anxiety Disorders

698

(1)

4 Disorders of Mood

699

(1)

5 Personality Disorders and Abnormal Behaviors

700

(1)

6 Personality Disorder Clusters

700

(2)

7 Other Personality Disorders

702

(1)

8 Eating Disorders

702

(1)

9 Alcohol-Related Illness

703

(1)

10 Impulse Control Disorders

704

(1)

11 Adjustment Disorders

704

(1)

12 Thought Disorders

705

(1)

13 Other Disorders

705

(1)

Section 2 The Social Evaluation

706

(1)

D Evaluation of Social Function and Risk

706

(1)

E Common Social Syndromes and Problems

706

(4)

1 Abuse and Neglect

706

(1)

2 Illiteracy

707

(1)

3 Homelessness

707

(1)

4 Isolation

707

(1)

5 Institutionalization

707

(3)

PART 3 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION

16 The Preoperative Evaluation

710

(10)

A Introduction to Preoperative Screening

710

(1)

B The History

710

(4)

1 Assessment of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Risk from History

711

(1)

2 Assessment of Bleeding Risk from History

712

(1)

3 Assessment of Metabolic Risk: Diabetes, Renal, and Hepatic Insufficiency

712

(1)

4 Age

713

(1)

5 Family History

713

(1)

6 Medications

713

(1)

7 Social History

714

(1)

8 Mechanical and Positioning Risks

714

(1)

C The Physical Examination

714

(1)

D Mental Status

715

(1)

E Laboratory Tests

715

(1)

F Summative Risk Assessment

716

(4)

PART 4 USE OF THE LABORATORY AND DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING

17 Principles Of Diagnostic Testing

720

(15)

A Principles of Laboratory Testing

720

(13)

1 Principles of Testing for Disease

721

(2)

2 Aids in the Selection and Interpretation of Tests

723

(8)

3 2 x 2 Tables Revisited: Caveat Emptor

731

(1)

4 Severity of Disease

731

(1)

5 Sampling

732

(1)

6 Rule In; Rule Out

732

(1)

7 Summary

733

(1)

B Principles of Diagnostic Imaging

733

(2)

18 Common Laboratory Tests

735

(32)

A Blood Chemistries

736

(18)

1 Albumin

736

(1)

2 Alkaline Phosphatase, Serum

736

(1)

3 Anion Gap, Serum

737

(1)

4 Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Serum

737

(1)

5 Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Serum

737

(1)

6 Bicarbonate, Total Serum (HCO3-), CO2 Content

738

(1)

7 Bilirubin, Total Serum

738

(1)

8 Blood Urea Nitrogen, Serum---BUN

739

(1)

9 B-Type Natriuretic Peptide

739

(1)

10 Calcium, Serum (Ca2+)

740

(1)

11 Chloride, Serum (C1-)

740

(1)

12 Cholesterol, Serum

741

(1)

13 C-Reactive Protein (CRP)

742

(1)

14 Creatine Kinase (CK), Serum

742

(1)

15 Creatinine, Serum

743

(1)

16 Creatinine Clearance

743

(1)

17 Ferritin, Serum

744

(1)

18 Glomerular Filtration Rate

744

(1)

19 Glucose, Serum

745

(1)

20 Hemoglobin A1C: Glycohemoglobin

746

(1)

21 Iron, Serum (FE2+)

746

(1)

22 Iron-Binding Capacity, Serum Total

747

(1)

23 Lactic Dehydrogenase (LDH), Serum

747

(1)

24 Phosphate, Serum Inorganic

747

(1)

25 Potassium, Serum (K+)

748

(1)

26 Protein, Total Serum

749

(1)

27 Protein: Albumin, Serum

749

(1)

28 Protein: Globulins, Serum

749

(1)

29 Protein: α1-Globulins

750

(1)

30 Protein: α2-Globulins

750

(1)

31 Protein:β-Globulins

750

(1)

32 Protein: γ-Globulins

750

(1)

33 Protein: Immunoglobulin IgG

751

(1)

34 Protein: Immunoglobulin IgA

751

(1)

35 Protein: Immunoglobulin IgM

751

(1)

36 Protein: Immunoglobulin IgD

751

(1)

37 Protein: Immunoglobulin IgE

752

(1)

38 Protein: Monoclonal γ-Globulins

752

(1)

39 Sodium, Serum (Na+)

752

(1)

40 Triglycerides

753

(1)

41 Urea Nitrogen

753

(1)

42 Uric Acid, Serum

753

(1)

B Hematologic Data

754

(6)

1 Blood Cells

754

(5)

2 Coagulation

759

(1)

C Urinalysis

760

(3)

1 Color

761

(1)

2 Acidity

761

(1)

3 Specific Gravity

761

(1)

4 Protein

761

(1)

5 Glucose

762

(1)

6 Ketones

762

(1)

7 Urinary Sediment

762

(1)

D Cerebrospinal Fluid

763

(1)

1 Increased CSF Protein

763

(1)

2 Decreased CSF Protein

763

(1)

3 Elevated CSF Glucose

763

(1)

4 Decreased CSF Glucose

763

(1)

5 Increased CSF Leukocytes

763

(1)

E Serous Body Fluids

764

(3)

1 Transudates

764

(1)

2 Exudates

764

(1)

3 Pleural Effusion

764

(1)

4 Peritoneal Effusion: Ascites

764

(1)

5 Serum/Ascites Albumin Gradient

764

(1)

6 WBC Counts

765

(2)

Index

767

McGraw-Hill authors represent the leading experts in their fields and are dedicated to improving the lives, careers, and interests of readers worldwide

Professor, Department of Internal Medicine Division of Cardiovascular Diseases University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics Iowa City, Iowa

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E-grāmata: DeGowin's Diagnostic Examination, Tenth Edition

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