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E-grāmata: Delivering Police Services Effectively

(Police Foundation, Washington D.C., USA)
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This book addresses the various strategies that are available to police management, such as consolidation, regionalization, and amalgamation of police agencies; new public management (NPM); enhanced performance management; civilianization; and organizational restructuring. It fills the gap in the research as to how police agencies have reacted to the environmental and fiscal changes since the 1980s. The book examines the strategies employed and the effect on police and their delivery of service.

Series Preface xiii
Foreword xv
About the Author xix
Acknowledgments xxi
Section I THE THEORY OF POLICE REFORM TO ACHIEVE EFFICIENT AND EFFECTIVE SERVICE DELIVERY
1 Introduction
3(6)
Demand for Police Services
4(3)
Conclusion
7(2)
2 Defining Methods for Improving Police Services
9(8)
Introduction
9(1)
Efficiency and Effectiveness of Service Delivery
9(3)
Understanding Costs
12(2)
Defining Consolidation
14(1)
Conclusion
15(2)
3 Theory of Government and Police Reform
17(14)
Introduction
17(3)
Theory of Government Funding
20(1)
Theory of Modern Police Reform
21(3)
Theory of Local Government Reform, Regionalization, and Mergers
24(3)
Theory of Police Agency Regionalization and Mergers
27(2)
Conclusion
29(2)
4 Historical Approaches to Improving Police Service Delivery
31(10)
Introduction
31(1)
Government Approach to Reform 1980--2000
32(1)
Factors That Led to Police Reform 1980--2000
33(1)
Value for Money and Planning, Programming, and Budgeting
33(1)
Rise in the Number of Regionalizations, Consolidations, and Mergers
34(3)
Rise of New Public Management
37(3)
Conclusion
40(1)
5 Late-Twentieth-Century Approaches to Improving Police Service Delivery
41(38)
Introduction
41(1)
Factors That Influenced the Improvement in Service Delivery Strategies in the Late-Twentieth-Century
42(1)
Performance Measurement, Organizational Structures, and Service Delivery
43(3)
Effects That New Public Management Has Had on Police Agencies
46(1)
Value for Money
47(2)
Organizational Structure
49(3)
Performance Measurement
52(3)
Compstat
55(1)
Intelligence-Led Policing
56(2)
Civilianization of Sworn Positions
58(2)
Civilianization in the United States
60(1)
Civilianization in Canada
61(2)
Civilianization in the United Kingdom
63(1)
Outsourcing, Alliances, and Police Interagency Collaboration
64(5)
Mergers, Amalgamations, and Regionalization
69(3)
Regionalization in the United Kingdom
72(2)
Use of Technology
74(1)
Conclusion
75(4)
Section II STRATEGIES EMPLOYED TO IMPROVE SERVICE DELIVERY IN AUSTRALIA, CANADA, ENGLAND AND WALES, NEW ZEALAND, AND THE UNITED STATES
6 Strategies Employed to Improve Service Delivery in Australia
79(10)
Introduction
79(1)
Changes to the Australian Public Service and Police
80(4)
New South Wales Police Force Case Study
84(1)
Queensland Police Service Case Study
85(2)
Conclusion
87(2)
7 Strategies Employed to Improve Service Delivery in Canada
89(12)
Introduction
89(1)
Canadian Police
90(1)
Rationalization of Police Agencies and Police Services
90(2)
Regionalization of Canadian Police Agencies
92(2)
Case Studies of the Regionalization of the Canadian Police
94(6)
British Columbia Province
94(1)
Greater Vancouver Region
95(3)
Ontario Province
98(1)
Halifax City
99(1)
Conclusion
100(1)
8 Strategies Employed to Improve Service Delivery in England and Wales
101(16)
Introduction
101(1)
Brief History of Police Reform in England and Wales
102(1)
Structure and Size of the Police Service in England and Wales
103(3)
Efficiency and Effectiveness of Police Service
106(3)
Difficulty of Merging Police Services
109(1)
Five Reports That Have Examined Police Effectiveness
109(6)
Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary (2004) Modernizing the Police Service: A Thematic Inspection of Workforce Modernization---The Role, Management, and Development of Police Staff in the Police Service of England and Wales
110(1)
Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary (2005) Closing the Gap: A Review of the "Fitness for Purpose" of the Current Structure of Policing in England and Wales
110(3)
Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary (2010) Valuing the Police: Policing in an Age of Austerity
113(1)
Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary (2011) Adapting to Austerity
114(1)
Policy Exchange (2011) Cost of Cops: Manpower and Deployment in Policing
115(1)
Conclusion
115(2)
9 Strategies Employed to Improve Service Delivery in New Zealand
117(10)
Introduction
117(1)
New Zealand Reforms
118(1)
The First Phase: A Performance and Accountability Framework
119(1)
The Second Phase: Reorientation
119(1)
New Zealand Police
120(1)
Response of the New Zealand Police to the Environment
120(1)
New Zealand Police Corporate Planning (A New Approach to Objectives and Outputs)
121(1)
New Zealand Police: Strategic Planning
122(2)
Policing Excellence Program
124(1)
Conclusion
125(2)
10 Strategies Employed to Improve Service Delivery in the United States
127(18)
Introduction
127(1)
Economy
128(1)
Management
129(1)
Community-Oriented Policing
130(1)
Staffing of Police Agencies
130(1)
Amalgamation, Mergers, and Regionalization
131(1)
Inconsistencies of Consolidations
132(2)
Ambiguities of Regionalization
134(2)
Examples of Consolidation and Regionalization
136(1)
Consolidation of Police Agencies in Pennsylvania
137(3)
Consolidation of Police Agencies in Other States
140(1)
Conclusion
140(1)
Part 2 Conclusion
141(4)
Section III CASE STUDIES
11 Establishment of Police Scotland: A Reform to Increase Effectiveness
145(30)
Introduction
145(1)
Background to the Reform
146(1)
History of Policing in Scotland
147(2)
Governance of Police prior to April 1, 2013: "Tripartite Structure"
149(3)
Major Issues Leading to the Reform
152(4)
Case for Change
156(7)
Financial Backdrop
156(1)
Sustainable Policing Project
157(2)
Police Reform Program: Outline Business Case
159(3)
Consultation on the Future of Policing in Scotland
162(1)
The Reform Bill
163(1)
Methodology
163(2)
Results
165(5)
Why Was a Merger of All Police Forces Adopted? What Were the Main Drivers?
165(1)
What Alternatives to a Merger Were Considered?
166(1)
What Activities and Budget Analyses Were Undertaken to Plan for and Implement the Merger?
166(1)
Has There Been Any Change in the Efficiency and Effectiveness of the Delivery of Services by the New Police Service of Scotland?
167(3)
Discussion
170(4)
Policy Analysis Framework
172(2)
Conclusion
174(1)
12 Ghosts of Policing Strategies Past: Is the New Zealand Police "Prevention First" Strategy Historic, Contemporary, or of the Future?
175(22)
Introduction
175(1)
A Framework for Analyzing the New Zealand Police Change Management Programs
176(2)
New Zealand Public Sector Reforms (1984--1990)
178(1)
Initial Response by the New Zealand Police to the Environment of the Late 1980s
179(4)
Creation of Policing 2000
183(1)
Investment in Technology
184(1)
Profound Change in Culture
184(1)
Post 2000 New Zealand Police Organizational Change Programs
185(6)
Policing Excellence
185(1)
Prevention First
186(4)
Discussion
190(1)
Comparison of Policing 2000, Policing Excellence, and Prevention First
191(3)
Has the Service Delivery of the New Zealand Police Improved as a Result of Policing 2000, Policing Excellence, and Prevention First?
194(1)
Conclusion
195(2)
13 Increasing Service Delivery Efficiency in Camden County Police Department, New Jersey
197(22)
Introduction
197(1)
Background
198(7)
Proposal to Establish the CCPD
205(2)
Establishing the CCPD
207(2)
CCPD Draft Plan
209(3)
CCPD Metro in 2014
212(1)
CCPD's Performance 2012--2014
213(1)
2013 Performance
214(1)
2014 Performance
214(1)
CCPD Metro Approach to Crime Prevention
215(2)
Conclusion
217(2)
14 Conclusion
219(4)
References 223(18)
Index 241
Dr. Garth den Heyer is a qualitative researcher whose interests include police organizational reform and performance, and police service delivery effectiveness. He is currently the principal investigator on a U.S. Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) funded research project. This project is a national and international comparative assessment of cost-reducing strategies adopted by police agencies to maintain effective and efficient delivery of services. He recently completed an international study that evaluated the role of civilian police in peacekeeping as well as a project with the Scottish Policing Institute of Research on evaluating the first year of the merging of the eight Scottish Police Forces to form the new national Police Scotland.