Preface |
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About the Editors |
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xvii | |
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1 | (56) |
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1 Current Diagnostic Approach for COVID-19 |
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3 | (20) |
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3 | (1) |
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1.2 Recommended Laboratory Diagnosis for COVID-19 |
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3 | (5) |
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1.2.1 SARS-CoV-2 Testing: Detection Approach by Screening Suitable Specimen Cultures |
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3 | (1) |
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1.2.2 SARS-CoV-2 Detection: The Nucleic Acid Approach |
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4 | (1) |
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1.2.2.1 COVID-19 Detection Approach Through Real-Time PCR |
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4 | (1) |
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1.2.2.2 Detection Approach Through Nested RT-PCR |
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5 | (1) |
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1.2.2.3 Detection and Analysis Approach via Droplet Digital PCR |
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6 | (1) |
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1.2.2.4 Lab-on-chip Approaches Using Nucleic Acid as Chief Target Points |
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6 | (1) |
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1.2.2.5 Analysis Through Nanoparticle Amplification Process |
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7 | (1) |
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1.2.2.6 Portable Methodology: The Concept of Benchtop-Sized Analyzer |
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7 | (1) |
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1.3 Antigenic Approach for COVID-19 Diagnosis |
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8 | (2) |
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1.4 Antibody Diagnostic Strategies for Detection of COVID-19 |
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10 | (2) |
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1.4.1 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Strategies: The Vircell and Euroimmun ELISA |
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11 | (1) |
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1.4.2 Immunoassay-Based Detection Approach: Immunofluorescence and Chemiluminescence Assay |
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11 | (1) |
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1.5 Point-of-care/Lab-on-chip Approaches: The LFA (Lateral Flow Assay) |
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12 | (1) |
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1.6 Miniaturization Detection Approach: Combining Microarray with Microfluidic Chip Technology |
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12 | (1) |
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1.7 Neutralization Detection Approaches Toward COVID-19 |
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13 | (1) |
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1.8 Genomic Sequencing Detection Approach: The Amplicon, Hybrid Capture, and Meta-transcriptomic Strategy |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (9) |
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2 COVID-19 Diagnostics: Current Approach, Challenges, and Technology Adaptation |
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23 | (20) |
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23 | (2) |
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2.2 Diagnosis of COVID-19 |
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25 | (2) |
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25 | (1) |
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2.2.2 Sample Collection and Testing |
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26 | (1) |
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2.3 Understanding Genetic Consequences |
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27 | (1) |
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2.3.1 SARS-CoV-2 Genome and Database |
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27 | (1) |
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2.3.2 Infection and Genetic Diagnosis |
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27 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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2.4 Understanding Immunological Consequences |
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28 | (1) |
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2.4.1 Role of Immunological Test |
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28 | (1) |
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2.4.2 Rapid Antigen Testing |
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29 | (1) |
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2.4.3 Rapid Antibody Tests |
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29 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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2.5.1 Computed Tomography |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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2.6.1 Challenges of Developing COVID-19 Tests |
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30 | (1) |
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2.6.2 Sample Collection and Tests |
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31 | (1) |
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2.7 Advanced Diagnosis Technologies and Adaptation |
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31 | (1) |
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2.8 Adaptation of a New Approach |
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31 | (4) |
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2.8.1 Emerging Diagnostic Tests for COVID-19 |
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33 | (1) |
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2.8.2 Role of siRNA, Nanoparticle Toward COVID-19 |
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33 | (1) |
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2.8.3 RT-LAMP Nucleic Acid Testing |
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34 | (1) |
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2.8.4 Point-of-care Testing |
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34 | (1) |
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2.8.5 FNCAS9 Editor-Limited Uniform Detection Assay |
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34 | (1) |
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2.8.6 Development of a Novel Technology for COVID-19 Rapid Test |
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34 | (1) |
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2.8.7 Specific High-Sensitivity Enzymatic Reporter Unlocking |
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35 | (1) |
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2.9 Digital Healthcare Technologies |
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35 | (1) |
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2.9.1 Artificial Intelligence and Mass Healthcare |
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36 | (1) |
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2.9.2 Standard Healthcare Management During Pandemic Crisis |
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36 | (1) |
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2.10 Implications of Technology-Based Diagnosis and Testing |
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36 | (1) |
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2.10.1 Benefit of Diagnosis |
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37 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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39 | (4) |
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3 Current Scenario of Pandemic COVID-19: Overview, Diagnosis, and Future Prospective |
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43 | (14) |
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Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain |
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43 | (4) |
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3.2 Diagnosis and Treatment |
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47 | (2) |
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3.3 Infection and Control |
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49 | (1) |
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3.4 Current Status of COVID-19 |
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50 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
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53 | (4) |
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Part II Bio-analytical Strategies for SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 |
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57 | (48) |
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4 COVID Detection via Nanotechnology: A Promising Field in the Diagnosis and Analysis of Novel Coronavirus Infection |
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59 | (16) |
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59 | (1) |
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4.1.1 Pandemic Outbreak of COVID-19: A Tour Around the Globe from Wuhan |
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59 | (1) |
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4.1.2 Nanotech Solutions for Faster Detection Analysis of COVID-19 |
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60 | (1) |
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4.2 Methodologies from Lab to People: Advantages of Nanovaccines in Providing Point-of-care Diagnosis |
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60 | (1) |
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4.3 An Overview: The Potential Strategies Related to Nanotechnology for Combating COVID-19 |
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61 | (3) |
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4.3.1 Loop-Mediated Isothermal Reverse Transcriptase Coupling with Nanobiosensors |
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62 | (1) |
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4.3.2 Nanopoint-of-care/Lab-on-chip Diagnosis: A Strategy to Reach out the Resource-Poor Areas |
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63 | (1) |
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4.3.3 Tagging up the Biosensor with Optics for Reducing the Long Detection Time |
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63 | (1) |
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4.3.4 Sequencing Strategy Involving the Nanopore-Assisted Target Sequencing (NTS) |
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63 | (1) |
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4.4 Screening of Potential Agents for Restricting the Rapid Spread of COVID-19 |
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64 | (1) |
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4.5 Potential New Generation Vaccines: A Journey from Nucleoside, Subunit, Peptide Analogs to Nanoformulation |
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65 | (3) |
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4.5.1 Nucleoside Analog Vaccines: Searching Potential Candidates Among DNA, RNA, and mRNA |
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65 | (2) |
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4.5.2 Nano-VLP Subunit Vaccines: A Stable and Ordered Vaccine Complex |
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67 | (1) |
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4.5.3 Nanopeptide-Based Vaccines: "Hitchhiking Through Albumin" |
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68 | (1) |
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4.6 Future Prospective: Resolving the Big Pandemics |
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68 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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69 | (6) |
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5 Biosensing Approach for SARS-CoV-2 Detection |
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75 | (12) |
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75 | (1) |
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5.2 SARS-COVID-19 Structure and Genome |
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76 | (1) |
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5.3 SARS-COVID-19 Sensors |
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77 | (6) |
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5.3.1 Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) Sensor |
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77 | (1) |
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5.3.2 Field Effect Transistor (FET) |
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78 | (1) |
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5.3.3 Cell-Based Potentiometric Biosensor |
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79 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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5.3.6 DNA Nanoscaffold Hybrid Chain Reaction (DNHCR)-Based Fluorescence Biosensor |
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81 | (2) |
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83 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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84 | (3) |
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6 Role of Nanotechnology in Coronavirus Detection |
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87 | (18) |
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87 | (1) |
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6.2 Application of Nanomaterials |
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88 | (2) |
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6.2.1 Silver Nanoparticles |
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88 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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89 | (1) |
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6.3 Nanotechnology and Application in Medicine |
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90 | (2) |
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90 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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6.4 Biosensors for Infectious Disease Detection |
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92 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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6.4.2 Nano-Based Biosensors |
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93 | (1) |
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6.5 Coronavirus Detection |
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93 | (3) |
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6.5.1 Biosensors for COVID-19 Detection |
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94 | (1) |
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6.5.2 Nano-Based Biosensors for Coronavirus Detection |
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95 | (1) |
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6.6 Emerging Concerns on COVID-19 |
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96 | (2) |
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6.6.1 Nanotechnology in COVID-19 Contaminated Water |
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97 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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99 | (6) |
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Part III Biosensors for Analysis of SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 |
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105 | (58) |
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7 Sensor Development for Coronavirus |
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107 | (16) |
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107 | (11) |
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118 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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119 | (4) |
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8 Chemical Sensor for the Diagnosis of Coronavirus |
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123 | (14) |
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123 | (1) |
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8.2 Multiplexed Nanomaterial-Based Sensor |
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124 | (2) |
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8.3 Nanomaterial-Mediated Paper-Based Sensors |
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126 | (1) |
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8.4 Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Based Technology |
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127 | (1) |
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8.5 Dual-Functional Plasmonic Photothermal Sensors for SARS-CoV-2 Detection |
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128 | (1) |
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8.6 Zirconium Quantum Dot-Based Chemical Sensors |
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128 | (1) |
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8.7 Calixarene-Functionalized Graphene Oxide-Based Sensors |
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129 | (1) |
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8.8 AlGaN/GaN High Electron Mobility Transistor-Based Sensors |
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130 | (2) |
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132 | (1) |
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132 | (5) |
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9 Lab on a Paper-Based Device for Coronavirus Biosensing |
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137 | (26) |
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9.1 Paper-Based Technology as Point-of-care Testing Devices |
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137 | (5) |
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9.1.1 Fabrication Methods |
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140 | (1) |
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9.1.2 Main Detection Methods Coupled to PADs |
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141 | (1) |
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9.2 Current Outbreak and Coronavirus Biology |
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142 | (2) |
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9.3 Main Approach Used to COVID-19 Biosensing |
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144 | (1) |
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9.4 Paper-Based Analytical Devices for COVID-19 Diagnostics |
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145 | (10) |
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9.5 Challenges and Perspectives |
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155 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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157 | (6) |
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Part IV Commercialization and Standardization of Analytical Technologies |
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163 | (56) |
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10 Nanobioengineering Approach for Early Detection of SARS-CoV-2 |
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165 | (22) |
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165 | (1) |
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10.2 Can Nanobioengineering Stand in the Battle Against SARS-CoV-2? |
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166 | (1) |
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10.3 Sequential and Molecular Data Analysis |
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167 | (2) |
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10.3.1 Role of Nanobioengineering for SARS-CoV-2 Detection |
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168 | (1) |
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10.4 Nanobioengineering-Based Detection of SARS-CoV-2 |
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169 | (10) |
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10.4.1 Nucleic Acid-Based Molecular Detection |
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169 | (1) |
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10.4.1.1 Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) |
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169 | (3) |
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10.4.1.2 Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) |
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172 | (1) |
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10.4.2 Protein-Based Detection |
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172 | (3) |
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10.4.3 Lymphopenia-Based Assessment |
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175 | (2) |
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10.4.4 Bioengineered Surfaces for SARS-CoV-2 Detection |
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177 | (1) |
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10.4.5 Nanobioengineered Prototypes |
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177 | (1) |
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10.4.6 Digital Radiographical Biosensing Platforms |
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177 | (2) |
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10.4.7 Other Methods for SARS-CoV-2 Detection |
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179 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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181 | (1) |
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181 | (6) |
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11 Development of Electrochemical Biosensors for Coronavirus Detection |
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187 | (20) |
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187 | (1) |
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11.2 Detection of Viral Infections |
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187 | (6) |
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11.2.1 Detection of Virus |
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187 | (1) |
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11.2.1.1 Electron Microscopy |
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187 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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11.2.2 Detection of Viral DNA/RNA |
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188 | (1) |
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11.2.2.1 Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (1) |
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11.2.3 Detection of Post-infection Antibodies |
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189 | (1) |
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11.2.3.1 Lateral Flow Immunoassays (LFIAs) |
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190 | (1) |
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11.2.3.2 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) |
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190 | (1) |
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11.2.3.3 Chemiluminescent Immunoassay (CLIA) |
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191 | (2) |
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11.3 Current Biosensor Candidates for COVID-19 Detection |
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193 | (6) |
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11.3.1 Electrochemical Biosensors for SARS-CoV-2 Detection |
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193 | (2) |
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195 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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197 | (1) |
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197 | (1) |
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198 | (1) |
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199 | (2) |
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201 | (6) |
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12 Electrochemical Biosensor Fabrication for Coronavirus Testing |
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207 | (12) |
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207 | (2) |
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12.2 Application of Electrochemical Biosensors |
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209 | (1) |
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12.3 Fabrication of Electrochemical Biosensors |
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210 | (2) |
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12.4 Fabrication of Electrochemical Biosensors for COVID-19 (Immunosensors) |
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212 | (2) |
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214 | (1) |
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215 | (4) |
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219 | (56) |
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13 Effects of COVID-19: An Environmental Point of View |
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221 | (22) |
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221 | (3) |
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13.2 Methodological Approach |
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224 | (1) |
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13.3 Effects of COVID-19 on Socioeconomic Development in the Environment |
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225 | (1) |
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13.4 Environmental Management as an Important Factor for COVID-19 Transmission |
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225 | (1) |
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13.5 Environmental Impact Assessment of COVID-19 |
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226 | (10) |
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13.5.1 Environmental Variables Related to COVID-19 |
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226 | (2) |
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13.5.2 Effects of COVID-19 on Global Physical Environment: Air Quality and Environmental Pollution |
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228 | (3) |
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13.5.3 COVID-19 Impacts on Water Resources and Aquatic Life |
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231 | (2) |
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13.5.4 COVID-19 Impacts on Ecological Parameters and Soil Systems |
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233 | (1) |
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13.5.5 COVID-19 Impacts on Noise Pollution, Increased Solid Wastes, and Recycling |
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234 | (1) |
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13.5.6 COVID-19 Impacts on Wastewater Quality and Sanitary Systems |
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234 | (1) |
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13.5.7 Socioeconomic Environmental Impacts of COVID-19 |
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235 | (1) |
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13.5.8 Indirect Effects of COVID-19 on the Environment |
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235 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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237 | (6) |
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14 COVID-19 Pandemic and CO2 Emission in the United States: A Sectoral Analysis |
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243 | (18) |
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243 | (2) |
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14.2 Stylized Facts on the Effect of COVID-19 Pandemic on Sectoral CO2 Emission |
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245 | (4) |
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14.3 Data Issues and Methodology |
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249 | (2) |
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251 | (4) |
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14.4.1 Preliminary Results |
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251 | (1) |
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251 | (4) |
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255 | (2) |
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257 | (4) |
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15 Theranostic Approach for Coronavirus |
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261 | (14) |
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261 | (1) |
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15.2 Conventional Medicines |
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262 | (3) |
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15.3 Role of Nanoparticles in COVID-19 Detection |
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265 | (1) |
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15.4 Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (RT-LAMP) Coupled with a Nanoparticle-Based Biosensor (NBS) Assay |
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265 | (1) |
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15.5 Point-of-care Testing |
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266 | (2) |
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15.6 Optical Biosensor Nanotechnology |
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268 | (1) |
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15.7 Nanopore Target Sequencing (NTS) |
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268 | (1) |
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15.8 Role of Nanotechnology in the Treatment |
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269 | (1) |
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270 | (1) |
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270 | (5) |
Index |
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