This book addresses sample size and power in the context of research, offering valuable insights for graduate and doctoral students as well as researchers in any discipline where data is generated to investigate research questions. It explains how to enhance the authenticity of research by estimating the sample size and reporting the power of the tests used. Further, it discusses the issue of sample size determination in survey studies as well as in hypothesis testing experiments so that readers can grasp the concept of statistical errors, minimum detectable difference, effect size, one-tail and two-tail tests and the power of the test. The book also highlights the importance of fixing these boundary conditions in enhancing the authenticity of research findings and improving the chances of research papers being accepted by respected journals.
Further, it explores the significance of sample size by showing the power achieved in selected doctoral studies. Procedure has been discussed to fix power in the hypothesis testing experiment. One should usually have power at least 0.8 in the study because having power less than this will have the issue of practical significance of findings. If the power in any study is less than 0.5 then it would be better to test the hypothesis by tossing a coin instead of organizing the experiment. It also discusses determining sample size and power using the freeware G*Power software, based on twenty-one examples using different analyses, like t-test, parametric and non-parametric correlations, multivariate regression, logistic regression, independent and repeated measures ANOVA, mixed design, MANOVA and chi-square.
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1 Introduction to Sample Size Determination |
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1 | (8) |
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2 | (1) |
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Issues with Very Small Samples |
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3 | (1) |
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Issues with Very Large Samples |
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3 | (1) |
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Strategy in Sample Selection |
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4 | (1) |
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Common Errors in Conducting Research |
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4 | (1) |
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Flow Diagrams for Deciding Sample Size |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (2) |
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2 Understanding Statistical Inference |
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9 | (20) |
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10 | (8) |
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18 | (6) |
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Procedure in Hypothesis Testing Experiment |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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26 | (2) |
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28 | (1) |
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3 Understanding Concepts in Estimating Sample Size in Survey Studies |
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29 | (12) |
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30 | (1) |
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Determining Sample Size in Estimating Population Mean |
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30 | (1) |
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Factors Affecting Sample Size |
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31 | (1) |
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Sample Size Determination for Estimating Mean When Population SD Is Known |
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32 | (1) |
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Sample Size Determination for Estimating Mean When Population SD Is Unknown |
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32 | (2) |
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Determining Sample Size in Estimating Population Proportion |
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34 | (2) |
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Sample Size Determination for Estimating Proportion |
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36 | (2) |
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Determining Sample Size in Estimating Difference Between Two Population Means |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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4 Understanding Concepts in Estimating Sample Size in Hypothesis Testing Experiments |
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41 | (14) |
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42 | (1) |
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Importance of Sample Size in Experimental Studies |
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43 | (1) |
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Sample Size on the Basis of Power |
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44 | (1) |
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One-Sample Testing of Mean |
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44 | (1) |
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44 | (2) |
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Estimation of Sample Size in One-Sample Test |
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46 | (1) |
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Estimation of Minimum Detectable Difference |
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47 | (1) |
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Estimation of Power in One-Sample t-Test |
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48 | (1) |
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Testing Difference Between Two Means |
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48 | (1) |
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Determining Sample Size in Two-Sample t-Test |
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48 | (4) |
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Estimation of Power in Two-Sample t-Test |
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52 | (1) |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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5 Use of G*Power Software |
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55 | (6) |
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56 | (1) |
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Procedure of Installing G*Power 3.1 |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (3) |
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60 | (1) |
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6 Determining Sample Size in Experimental Studies |
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61 | (28) |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (4) |
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67 | (10) |
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Testing Significance of Relationship |
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77 | (7) |
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84 | (3) |
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87 | (2) |
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7 Determining Sample Size in General Linear Models |
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89 | (33) |
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90 | (1) |
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Linear Multiple Regression Model |
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90 | (4) |
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94 | (6) |
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100 | (15) |
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115 | (3) |
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118 | (4) |
| Supplementary Information Appendix |
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122 | |
Prof. J P Verma is the founder Vice Chancellor of Sri Sri Aniruddhadeva Sports University of Assam. This is a state university of Assam Government established at Chabua in Dibrugarh. The university is a high-class university dedicated for the sports education and research activities in the north eastern region of India. Prior to this assignment Prof. Verma was Head, Department of Sport Psychology and Dean of Student Welfare at Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education, Gwalior. He has more than 38 years of teaching and research experience. He also worked as the Director of the Centre for Advanced Studies for three years. He holds three masters degrees; in Statistics, Psychology and Computer Application and a Ph.D. in Mathematics. Prof. Verma has published eleven books on research and statistics in the area of management, psychology, exercise science, health, sports and physical education, and 45 research papers/articles, and has developed sports statistics as an academic discipline. He was a visiting fellow at the University of Sydney in 2002 and has held academic visits in universities in Japan, Bulgaria, Qatar, Australia, Poland and Scotland, where he conducted numerous workshops on research methodology, research designs, multivariate analysis and data modeling in the area of management, social sciences, physical education, sports sciences, economics and health sciences.
Priyam Verma is currently pursuing his Ph.D. Economics at the University of Houston, Texas. He completed his M.Phil. in Development Economics and masters in Economics at Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research (IGIDR), Mumbai. He has worked on monetary policy issues of developing countries, land valuations in rural India and economics of child labor in India. His current interests include econometrics, behavioral economics, experimental economics and macroeconomics.
