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Developing an Appropriate Contaminated Land Regime in China: Lessons Learned from the US and UK Second Edition 2019 [Hardback]

  • Formāts: Hardback, 326 pages, height x width: 235x155 mm, weight: 688 g, 2 Illustrations, color; 2 Illustrations, black and white; XXI, 326 p. 4 illus., 2 illus. in color., 1 Hardback
  • Izdošanas datums: 05-Sep-2019
  • Izdevniecība: Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K
  • ISBN-10: 3662595567
  • ISBN-13: 9783662595565
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Developing an Appropriate Contaminated Land Regime in China: Lessons Learned from the US and UK Second Edition 2019Palielināt
  • Formāts: Hardback, 326 pages, height x width: 235x155 mm, weight: 688 g, 2 Illustrations, color; 2 Illustrations, black and white; XXI, 326 p. 4 illus., 2 illus. in color., 1 Hardback
  • Izdošanas datums: 05-Sep-2019
  • Izdevniecība: Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K
  • ISBN-10: 3662595567
  • ISBN-13: 9783662595565
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9783662595565.html

This book explores the complex package of mechanisms used to identify, record, manage and remediate contaminated land, including the system for allocating liabilities that has been set up by China’s contaminated land law and accompanying administrative decrees and environmental standards. Statutory control of soil or land contamination is a comparatively new phenomenon for Chinese lawmakers and researchers. After more than ten years of preparation, China recently adopted its first nationwide contaminated land law—the Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Soil Contamination, which entered into effect in the beginning of 2019. The law deals exclusively with risk management in connection with soil contamination, and the remediation of contaminated land.

This book analyzes various facets of how China is managing the risks associated with soil contamination and remediating contaminated sites by means of legislation. Chapters 1 and 2 reveal the current extent of the soil contamination problem in China and the initial policy responses of the country’s central government. In turn, Chapters 3 and 4 address the regulatory frameworks and the latest contaminated land legislation at both the local and national level. Lastly, Chapters 5 through 9 offer concrete recommendations, based on lessons learned in the US and UK, for reforming contaminated land management in China. 

Overall, the book covers the past, present and future of contaminated land management in China, making it of interest to environmental policymakers, administrators, academics, lawyers and engineers engaged in soil or environmental protection. Further, it offers a source of reliable information for those who want to learn more about China’s environmental legislation and contaminated land management policy. 


1 Introduction
1(8)
Reference
7(2)
2 Status Quo of Land Contamination in China: Causes, Effects and Features
9(34)
2.1 Introduction
9(2)
2.2 Several Key Concepts
11(1)
2.2.1 Contarninated Land
11(1)
2.2.2 Soil Pollution and Land Contamination
11(1)
2.3 Causes of Land Contamination in China
11(19)
2.3.1 Agricultural Nonpoint Sources Pollution (NSP)
12(7)
2.3.2 Heavy Metal Pollution
19(8)
2.3.3 Radioactive Pollution
27(1)
2.3.4 Urban Land Contamination: Former Industry Sites
28(1)
2.3.5 Other Sources
29(1)
2.4 Effects of Present Land Contamination in China
30(6)
2.4.1 Health Damage to People and Ecosystem
30(1)
2.4.2 Tremendous Economic Loss
31(1)
2.4.3 Endangered Food Security
32(2)
2.4.4 Endangered Food Quality Safety
34(1)
2.4.5 Endangered Social Stability
35(1)
2.5 Conclusion
36(1)
References
36(7)
3 The Regulatory Frameworks to Address Land Contamination in China
43(36)
3.1 Introduction
43(1)
3.2 The Institutional Framework of Environmental Legislation in China
44(5)
3.2.1 Background Information
44(2)
3.2.2 NPC
46(1)
3.2.3 MEE
46(2)
3.2.4 Relevant Ministries
48(1)
3.2.5 EPBs
49(1)
3.3 Regulatory Frameworks on Addressing Contaminated Land Issues
49(13)
3.3.1 The 1982 Constitution
51(1)
3.3.2 Environmental Protection Law 1989
52(1)
3.3.3 Soil Contamination Law 2018
53(1)
3.3.4 Other National Wide Laws and Regulations
54(3)
3.3.5 Decrees
57(2)
3.3.6 Local Legislation
59(2)
3.3.7 Environmental Standards
61(1)
3.4 Existing Land Contamination Control Regimes
62(8)
3.4.1 Land Contamination Monitoring Systems
63(1)
3.4.2 Site Assessment and Reporting
64(1)
3.4.3 Contaminated Land Treatment and Remediation
65(1)
3.4.4 Land Contamination Liability Regime
66(4)
3.5 The Government's Response
70(5)
3.5.1 Scientific Outlook on Development and State Council Decisions
71(1)
3.5.2 China's Five-Year-Plan for National Economic and Social Development
72(1)
3.5.3 Survey on Soil Pollution
72(1)
3.5.4 Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Soil Pollution (2016)
73(1)
3.5.5 National Environment and Health Action Plan (2007-2015)
74(1)
3.6 Concluding Remarks
75(2)
References
77(2)
4 Contaminated Land Regime Under the Soil Contamination Law of China 2018
79(26)
4.1 Introduction
79(2)
4.2 Statutory Definition of Soil Contamination
81(1)
4.3 Institutional Design and Institutional Controls of China's Contaminated Land Regime
81(4)
4.3.1 Institutional Design
81(1)
4.3.2 Institutional Controls
82(3)
4.4 Risk Management and Control, and Remediation
85(12)
4.4.1 General Requirements
86(2)
4.4.2 Risk Management and Control: Soil Contamination Investigation
88(4)
4.4.3 Risk Management and Control: Risk Assessment
92(1)
4.4.4 Risk Management and Control for Agricultural Land
93(2)
4.4.5 Risk Management and Control for Construction Land
95(1)
4.4.6 Contaminated Land Remediation
95(2)
4.5 Liability Issues
97(2)
4.5.1 Administrative Liabilities and Criminal Liabilities
97(1)
4.5.2 Civil Liabilities
98(1)
4.6 Financial Supports and Tax Incentives
99(3)
4.6.1 General Request of the Funding Policy
100(1)
4.6.2 Fund
100(1)
4.6.3 Loans
101(1)
4.6.4 Tax Incentives
101(1)
4.7 Conclusion
102(1)
References
103(2)
5 Contaminated Land Liability Scheme in the US: Lessons for China?
105(38)
5.1 Overview
105(1)
5.2 Operative Concepts of CERCLA Liability Scheme
106(26)
5.2.1 The Liability Standard of CERCLA
106(4)
5.2.2 Responsible Parties
110(8)
5.2.3 Secondarily Liable Potentially Responsible Parties
118(7)
5.2.4 Triggers of Liability
125(4)
5.2.5 Other Issues to Address the CERCLA Liability Mechanism
129(3)
5.3 Critique of the CERCLA Liability Scheme
132(3)
5.3.1 Limited Coverage of Claims
133(1)
5.3.2 Limit Statutory Defences
133(1)
5.3.3 Neglected Fairness Issue
134(1)
5.3.4 Continued Debate Over CERCLA's Effectiveness
134(1)
5.4 Criteria for an Ideal Liability System: Cost-Benefit Analysis
135(5)
5.4.1 A Liability-Based Approach Should Generate Low Transaction Costs
136(1)
5.4.2 A Liability Mechanism Should Balance Stakeholder Interactions
137(1)
5.4.3 Fair Methods
138(1)
5.4.4 Limitations of Cost-Benefit Analysis
139(1)
5.5 Conclusion
140(1)
References
141(2)
6 Contaminated Land Liability Regime in the UK: General Concerns for Developing Contaminated Land Liability System in China
143(34)
6.1 Introduction
143(3)
6.2 Liability Basis: Defining Contaminated Land
146(6)
6.2.1 The Statutory Definition of Contaminated Land
146(1)
6.2.2 Establishment of the Concept of `Pollutant Linkage'
147(1)
6.2.3 The Concepts of `Substances' and `Land'
147(1)
6.2.4 Criteria for `Harm' and the `Significant Possibility of Harm'
148(2)
6.2.5 Stages for Identifying Liability
150(1)
6.2.6 The Role of the Enforcing Authorities
151(1)
6.3 Liability Regime for the Contaminated Land
152(12)
6.3.1 Liable Parties: The Appropriate Person
152(4)
6.3.2 The Second Rank of Appropriate Persons: `Class B'
156(2)
6.3.3 Exclusions and Exemptions of Liability
158(3)
6.3.4 The Liability Standard of Part DA
161(3)
6.4 Types of Appropriate Persons
164(10)
6.4.1 Liability of Owners and Occupiers
164(1)
6.4.2 Company's Liability Associated with Contaminated Land
165(4)
6.4.3 Banks, Other Lenders and Similar Entities
169(3)
6.4.4 Environmental Consultants and Contractors
172(1)
6.4.5 Local Authorities and Governmental Bodies
173(1)
6.5 Conclusion
174(2)
References
176(1)
7 Contaminated Land Remediation: Legal Issues and Recommendations for China
177(42)
7.1 Introduction
177(3)
7.2 Why Remediate Contaminated Land? Cost-Benefit Analysis for Remediation Decisions
180(4)
7.2.1 Costs of Contaminated Land Remediation
181(1)
7.2.2 Benefits of Contaminated Land Remediation
182(1)
7.2.3 Cost-Benefit Analysis for Remediation Decision: Critical Remarks
183(1)
7.3 How to Remediate Contaminated Sites? Legal Frameworks in the US and UK
184(12)
7.3.1 Essential Issues of the Remediation Mechanism in the US
184(1)
7.3.2 Blue Print for Remediation: National Contingency Plan(NCP)
185(1)
7.3.3 Contaminated Sites Information Management Mechanism Under the CERCLA
186(4)
7.3.4 Contaminated Sites Ranking and Listing Under the CERCLA
190(2)
7.3.5 Authoritative Departments of Implementing Remediation
192(2)
7.3.6 Essential Elements of the Remediation Mechanism in the UK
194(2)
7.4 Technological Issues Related to Contaminated Land Remediation in the US and UK
196(6)
7.4.1 Remedial Technologies Applied in the US
196(3)
7.4.2 Remedial Technologies Applied in the UK
199(1)
7.4.3 Review for Current Contaminated Land Remediation Mechanism
200(2)
7.5 How Clean Is Clean? Questions on Contaminated Land Remediation Standards
202(8)
7.5.1 Remediation Standards in the UK
203(2)
7.5.2 Contaminated Land Cleanup Standards in the US
205(5)
7.6 Recommended Principles for Sustainable Contaminated Land Remediation in China
210(4)
7.7 Conclusion
214(1)
References
215(4)
8 The Role of Environmental Liability Insurance in Contaminated Land Legislation of China: Theories and Case Study
219(32)
8.1 Introduction
219(3)
8.2 Environmental Risk and Environmental Insurance
222(1)
8.3 Functions of Environmental Insurance
222(2)
8.4 Insurability of Contaminated Land Related Risks
224(3)
8.5 Features of Environmental Insurance Policies
227(1)
8.6 Contaminated Land Related Insurance in US and UK
228(12)
8.6.1 Insurance Response to Environmental Liability in US
228(1)
8.6.2 Insurance Response to Environmental Liability in UK
229(1)
8.6.3 Types (Coverage) of Environmental Insurance
230(1)
8.6.4 Changes and Developments
231(1)
8.6.5 Appropriative Coverage of Insurance for Contaminated Land
232(4)
8.6.6 Trigger Issues
236(2)
8.6.7 Stakeholder Analysis for Contaminated Land Related Environmental Insurance
238(2)
8.7 Environmental Liability Insurance in China
240(7)
8.7.1 Contemporary Environmental Liability Insurance in China
240(4)
8.7.2 Challenges Facing China
244(2)
8.7.3 Case study: The First Environmental Insurance Case in China
246(1)
8.8 Conclusion: Legislative Recommendations
247(1)
References
248(3)
9 Financing Mechanisms for Contaminated Land Remediation and Redevelopment
251(28)
9.1 Introduction
251(3)
9.2 Contaminated Land Redevelopment Funding Mechanisms in the UK
254(7)
9.2.1 Frameworks for Funding Mechanisms Under the Environmental Protection Act 1990
254(1)
9.2.2 English Partnerships (Former) Operated Programs
255(1)
9.2.3 Regional Development Agencies and the Single Regeneration Budget
256(2)
9.2.4 Other Key Funding Programs
258(3)
9.3 Funding Mechanisms for Brownfield Redevelopment in the US
261(9)
9.3.1 Federal and State Grants Under the EPA Brownfields Programs
261(2)
9.3.2 The US Department of Housing and Urban Development's Brownfields Grants
263(1)
9.3.3 Brownfield Trust Funds
264(1)
9.3.4 Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT)
265(1)
9.3.5 Tax as Brownfield Financing Instruments
266(2)
9.3.6 Designated Federal and State Clean-Up Funds
268(2)
9.4 Comparison of US and UK Contaminated Land Funding Mechanisms
270(1)
9.5 Main Concerns for Establishing Contaminated Land Funding Mechanisms in China
271(3)
9.5.1 Objectives of Contaminated Land Funding Mechanisms
271(1)
9.5.2 The Role of the Local Government
272(1)
9.5.3 Key Factors for a Successful Contaminated Land Funding Mechanism
273(1)
9.6 Conclusion
274(1)
References
275(4)
10 Conclusion and Recommendations: A Comparative Review of China's Contaminated Land Regime
279(18)
10.1 Challenges and Problems Faced by China
279(1)
10.2 A Reflection on China's Contaminated Land Legal Frameworks Before 2018
280(2)
10.2.1 Lack of a Directly Responsible Authority
280(1)
10.2.2 Lack of Reliable Scientific Data
281(1)
10.2.3 Lack of State and Local Resources to Handle Emergency Situations
281(1)
10.2.4 Lack of a Single Scientific Director in Charge of Relevant Issues
282(1)
10.2.5 Insensitivity of Local Authorities
282(1)
10.3 A Comparative Review of China's Contaminated Land Regime Under the Soil Pollution Law 2018
282(13)
10.3.1 Denning Soil Contamination in China
282(1)
10.3.2 Institutional Design and Controls for Soil Contamination Prevention and Control
283(2)
10.3.3 Risk Management and Control and Remediation Mechanism
285(4)
10.3.4 Liability Mechanism
289(2)
10.3.5 Financial Mechanism
291(1)
10.3.6 Public Participation in Contaminated Land Management
292(1)
10.3.7 Conducting Environmental Education and Using Consultation for Contaminated Land Case
293(1)
10.3.8 Public Interests Litigation on Contaminated Land Cases
293(1)
10.3.9 NGO Capacity on Dealing with Land Contaminated Land Issue
294(1)
References
295(2)
Table of Cases 297(6)
US Cases
297(3)
UK Cases
300(1)
China Cases
301(1)
New Zealand Case
301(2)
Table of Legislation 303(6)
Legislation in China
303(4)
US Legislation
307(1)
UK Legislation
307(1)
Dutch Legislation
308(1)
EU Legislation
308(1)
Appendices 309(12)
Appendix I Selected Terms and Glossaries for US CERCLA
309(7)
Appendix II Terms and Glossaries for UK Contaminated Land Law
316(5)
Index 321