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xiii | |
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I THEORIES AND TECHNIQUES IN THE CHARACTERIZATION OF DRUG SUBSTANCES AND EXCIPIENTS |
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1 Solubility of Pharmaceutical Solids |
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3 | (2) |
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1.2 Thermodynamics of Solutions |
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5 | (1) |
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1.3 Theoretical Estimation of Solubility |
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6 | (4) |
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1.4 Solubilization of Drug Candidates |
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10 | (8) |
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1.5 Experimental Determination of Solubility |
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18 | (5) |
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21 | (2) |
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2 Crystalline and Amorphous Solids |
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23 | (1) |
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2.2 Definitions and Categorization of Solids |
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23 | (2) |
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2.3 Thermodynamics and Phase Diagrams |
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25 | (9) |
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2.4 Pharmaceutical Relevance and Implications |
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34 | (4) |
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2.5 Transformations Among Solids |
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38 | (4) |
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2.6 Methods of Generating Solids |
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42 | (1) |
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2.7 Amorphous Drugs and Solid Dispersions |
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43 | (9) |
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52 | (7) |
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53 | (6) |
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3 Solid-State Characterization and Techniques |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (4) |
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3.3 Powder X-ray Diffraction |
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64 | (3) |
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67 | (5) |
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3.5 Vibrational Spectroscopy |
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72 | (7) |
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79 | (2) |
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3.7 Hyphenated Techniques |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (3) |
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82 | (3) |
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4 API Solid-Form Screening and Selection |
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85 | (1) |
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4.2 Solid-Form Selection Considerations |
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86 | (16) |
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4.3 Screening Solid-Forms of API |
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102 | (3) |
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4.4 Identification and Analysis of Forms |
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105 | (2) |
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107 | (1) |
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107 | (6) |
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109 | (4) |
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5 Drug Stability and Degradation Studies |
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113 | (1) |
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113 | (15) |
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5.3 Common Pathways of Drug Degradation |
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128 | (6) |
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5.4 Experimental Approaches to Studying the Chemical Degradation of Drugs |
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134 | (6) |
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5.5 Physical Stability and Phase Transformations |
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140 | (2) |
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5.6 Phase Transformations During Pharmaceutical Processing |
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142 | (9) |
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146 | (5) |
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6 Excipient Compatibility and Functionality |
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151 | (1) |
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6.2 Excipient Functionality |
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152 | (3) |
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6.3 Excipient Compatibility |
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155 | (14) |
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6.4 Excipient Variability |
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169 | (5) |
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6.5 Risk Assessment of Drug-Excipient Incompatibilities and Mitigation Strategies |
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174 | (1) |
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175 | (6) |
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175 | (6) |
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7 Polymer Properties and Characterization |
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181 | (4) |
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7.2 Basic Concepts and Characterization of Polymeric Materials |
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185 | (21) |
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7.3 Commonly Used Polymer Excipients in Solid Oral Products |
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206 | (14) |
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220 | (5) |
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221 | (4) |
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225 | (1) |
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8.2 Fundamental Intermolecular Forces |
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226 | (2) |
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8.3 Thermodynamics of Particles in Electrolyte Solutions |
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228 | (1) |
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8.4 Surface Tension and Surface Energy |
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229 | (3) |
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8.5 Thermodynamics of Wetting |
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232 | (4) |
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8.6 Solid---Vapor Interface |
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236 | (5) |
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8.7 Interfacial Phenomenon (Solid---Solid) |
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241 | (5) |
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8.8 Future Directions---Opinions |
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246 | (7) |
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247 | (6) |
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9 Fundamental of Diffusion and Dissolution |
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9.1 Fundamental of Diffusion |
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253 | (9) |
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9.2 Fundamentals of Dissolution |
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262 | (9) |
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270 | (1) |
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10 Particle, Powder, and Compact Characterization |
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271 | (1) |
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10.2 Particle Size Characterization |
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271 | (5) |
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10.3 Powder Characterization |
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276 | (5) |
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10.4 Compact (Mechanical Property) Characterization |
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281 | (9) |
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290 | (7) |
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290 | (7) |
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II BIOPHARMACEUTICAL AND PHARMACOKINETIC EVALUATIONS OF DRUG MOLECULES AND DOSAGE FORMS |
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11 Oral Absorption Basics: Pathways and Physicochemical and Biological Factors Affecting Absorption |
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11.1 Barriers to Oral Drug Delivery |
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297 | (1) |
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11.2 Pathways of Drug Absorption |
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298 | (9) |
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11.3 Pathways of Drug Metabolism |
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307 | (5) |
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11.4 Pathways of Drug Elimination |
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312 | (3) |
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11.5 Coupling of Enzymes and Efflux Transporters |
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315 | (4) |
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11.6 Regulation of Transporters and Enzymes by Nuclear Receptors |
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319 | (2) |
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11.7 Physicochemical Factors Affecting Drug Absorption |
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321 | (2) |
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11.8 Biological Factors Affecting Drug Absorption |
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323 | (8) |
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325 | (6) |
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12 Oral Drug Absorption: Evaluation and Prediction |
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331 | (1) |
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12.2 Anatomy and Physiology of the GI Tract |
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331 | (1) |
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12.3 Biopharmaceutics Classification System |
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332 | (6) |
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12.4 Intestinal Permeability Evaluation: Cultured Cells |
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338 | (4) |
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12.5 Intestinal Permeability Evaluation: Ex Vivo |
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342 | (4) |
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346 | (1) |
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12.7 In Vivo Methods to Determine Oral Drug Absorption |
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347 | (1) |
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12.8 Food Effects on Drug Intestinal Absorption |
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348 | (2) |
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12.9 Regional Drug Absorption Along GI |
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350 | (2) |
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352 | (1) |
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352 | (3) |
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352 | (1) |
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352 | (3) |
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13 Dissolution Testing of Solid Products |
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355 | (1) |
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13.2 Theory of Dissolution Test for Solid Drug Products |
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356 | (2) |
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13.3 Current Technology and Instrumentation for Dissolution Testing |
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358 | (6) |
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13.4 Regulatory Considerations |
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364 | (14) |
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378 | (3) |
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379 | (2) |
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14 Bioavailability and Bioequivalence |
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381 | (1) |
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14.2 Definitions and Key Concepts |
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382 | (2) |
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14.3 General Components of BA and BE Studies |
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384 | (3) |
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14.4 Data Analysis for BA and BE Studies |
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387 | (2) |
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14.5 Special Topics for BA and BE Assessment |
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389 | (4) |
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393 | (2) |
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14.7 Summary and Future Perspectives |
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395 | (4) |
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395 | (4) |
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15 Predictive Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics: Modeling and Simulation |
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399 | (1) |
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15.2 Modeling and Simulation Approaches for Biopharmaceutics and PK |
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400 | (7) |
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15.3 Application of Biopharmaceutics and PK Modeling and Simulation in Drug Development |
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407 | (1) |
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15.4 Application of Biopharmaceutics and PK Modeling and Simulation in Regulatory Activities |
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408 | (1) |
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409 | (6) |
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409 | (6) |
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16 In Vitro/In Vivo Correlations: Fundamentals, Development Considerations, and Applications |
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415 | (1) |
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16.2 Development and Assessment of an IVIVC |
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416 | (14) |
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16.3 Considerations in IVIVC Development |
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430 | (5) |
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16.4 IVIVC Development Approach |
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435 | (4) |
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16.5 Applications and Limitations |
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439 | (2) |
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441 | (6) |
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447 | (8) |
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447 | (8) |
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III DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT AND SCALE-UP OF FORMULATION AND MANUFACTURING PROCESS |
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17 Oral Formulations for Preclinical Studies: Principle, Design, and Development Considerations |
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455 | (1) |
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17.2 Considerations in Designing Formulations for Preclinical Species |
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456 | (4) |
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17.3 Use of API Properties to Guide Formulation Design |
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460 | (3) |
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17.4 Formulations for BCS Class I/III Compounds |
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463 | (2) |
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17.5 Formulations for BCS Class II/IV Compounds Using Enabling Technologies |
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465 | (17) |
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17.6 Evaluating Formulation Performance by In Vitro Dissolution |
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482 | (4) |
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17.7 Rationale Selection of Formulations Suitable for Intended Studies |
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486 | (2) |
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488 | (9) |
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491 | (1) |
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491 | (6) |
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18 Rational Design for Amorphous Solid Dispersions |
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497 | (1) |
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18.2 Key Components of Amorphous Solid Dispersions |
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497 | (2) |
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18.3 Characterization of Amorphous Dispersions |
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499 | (2) |
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18.4 Screening and Selection of Amorphous Solid Dispersions |
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501 | (3) |
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18.5 Stability Considerations |
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504 | (1) |
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18.6 Solubility and Dissolution Considerations |
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505 | (2) |
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18.7 Methods of Manufacturing Amorphous Solid Dispersions |
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507 | (2) |
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18.8 Dosage Form Development Considerations |
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509 | (1) |
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509 | (6) |
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515 | (4) |
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515 | (4) |
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19 Rational Design of Oral Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems |
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519 | (2) |
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19.2 Oral MR Technologies and Drug Delivery Systems |
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521 | (17) |
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19.3 Rational Design of Modified Release Systems |
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538 | (12) |
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550 | (5) |
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550 | (5) |
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20 Product and Process Development of Solid Oral Dosage Forms |
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555 | (1) |
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20.2 Development of Solid Dosage Forms |
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556 | (18) |
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574 | (4) |
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578 | (9) |
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20.5 Intellectual Property Considerations |
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587 | (1) |
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588 | (5) |
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589 | (4) |
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21 Analytical Development and Validation for Solid Oral Dosage Forms |
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21.1 Analytical Method Development and Validation Strategy |
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593 | (2) |
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21.2 Category of Analytical Method and Method Development |
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595 | (2) |
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21.3 Analytical Method Validation |
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597 | (9) |
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606 | (1) |
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607 | (3) |
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610 | (3) |
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610 | (3) |
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22 Statistical Design and Analysis of Long-Term Stability Studies for Drug Products |
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22.1 Stability Study Objectives |
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613 | (1) |
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613 | (1) |
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22.3 Test Methods and Data Management |
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614 | (1) |
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22.4 Modeling Instability |
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615 | (3) |
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22.5 Long-Term Stability Study Design |
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618 | (7) |
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22.6 Determination of Shelf Life |
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625 | (3) |
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22.7 Release Limit Estimation |
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628 | (1) |
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22.8 Probability of Future OOS Stability Test Results |
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629 | (8) |
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634 | (1) |
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634 | (3) |
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23 Packaging Selection for Solid Oral Dosage Forms |
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637 | (1) |
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23.2 Material Considerations |
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638 | (8) |
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23.3 Linking Packaging Property With Drug Property |
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646 | (3) |
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23.4 Postapproval Packaging Changes |
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649 | (4) |
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650 | (3) |
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24 Clinical Supplies Manufacture: Strategy, GMP Considerations, and Cleaning Validation |
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653 | (1) |
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24.2 Strategy of Clinical Supplies Manufacture |
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653 | (1) |
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654 | (1) |
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24.4 Clinical Supplies Liaison |
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655 | (1) |
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655 | (2) |
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24.6 Cross-Functional Training |
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657 | (1) |
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24.7 Outsourcing of Manufacturing and Packaging |
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658 | (1) |
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658 | (2) |
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24.9 GMP Considerations on Manufacturing Clinical Supplies |
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660 | (4) |
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24.10 Cleaning Validation and Verification |
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664 | (8) |
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672 | (2) |
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674 | (3) |
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674 | (1) |
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674 | (3) |
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25 Specification Setting and Manufacturing Process Control for Solid Oral Drug Products |
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677 | (1) |
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25.2 Specifications for the Drug Substance |
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678 | (4) |
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25.3 Specifications for Clinical Trial Materials |
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682 | (2) |
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25.4 Specifications for Commercial Drug Products |
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684 | (3) |
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25.5 Process Control for Solid Oral Drug Products |
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687 | (4) |
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25.6 Analytical Procedures |
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691 | (1) |
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692 | (3) |
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692 | (1) |
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692 | (3) |
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26 Process Development, Optimization, and Scale-Up: Providing Reliable Powder Flow and Product Uniformity |
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695 | (3) |
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26.2 Common Powder Handling Equipment |
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698 | (4) |
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26.3 Typical Flow and Segregation Concerns |
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702 | (5) |
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26.4 Measurement of Flow Properties |
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707 | (9) |
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26.5 Basic Equipment Design Techniques |
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716 | (7) |
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722 | (1) |
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27 Capsules Dosage Form: Formulation and Manufacturing Considerations |
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27.1 Introduction---Capsules as a Dosage Form |
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723 | (2) |
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27.2 Gelatin and Capsule Shell Composition |
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725 | (4) |
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27.3 Capsule Shell Manufacturing |
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729 | (1) |
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27.4 Alternatives to Gelatin |
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730 | (1) |
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731 | (3) |
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734 | (6) |
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27.7 Capsule Formulation Requirements |
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740 | (4) |
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27.8 Capsule Formulations |
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744 | (5) |
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746 | (3) |
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28 Design, Development, and Scale-Up of the High-Shear Wet Granulation Process |
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749 | (2) |
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28.2 Rate Processes in Wet Granulation |
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751 | (2) |
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28.3 Material Properties in Wet Granulation |
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753 | (4) |
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28.4 Design of the Pharmaceutical Wet Granulation Process |
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757 | (3) |
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28.5 Quality Attributes of Wet Granulated Products |
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760 | (4) |
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28.6 Scale-Up of the High-Shear Wet Granulation Process |
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764 | (5) |
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28.7 Modeling and Simulation in High-Shear Wet Granulation |
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769 | (3) |
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772 | (5) |
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772 | (5) |
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29 Process Development, Optimization, and Scale-Up: Fluid-Bed Granulation |
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29.1 Overview of the Fluid-Bed Granulation Process |
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777 | (1) |
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777 | (4) |
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29.3 Fluid-Bed Hydrodynamics |
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781 | (2) |
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29.4 Mechanisms of Agglomeration |
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783 | (1) |
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29.5 Formulation and Process Variables and Their Control |
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784 | (2) |
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29.6 Scale-Up Considerations |
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786 | (4) |
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29.7 Application of Quality-by-Design to Fluid-Bed Granulation |
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790 | (1) |
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790 | (3) |
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791 | (2) |
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30 Formulation, Process Development, and Scale-Up: Spray-Drying Amorphous Solid Dispersions for Insoluble Drugs |
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793 | (1) |
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793 | (2) |
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30.3 SDD Formulation Composition |
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795 | (8) |
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30.4 SDD Process Considerations: Manufacturing and Scale-Up |
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803 | (6) |
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30.5 SDD Characterization |
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809 | (6) |
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30.6 Dosage Form Considerations |
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815 | (2) |
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817 | (4) |
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818 | (3) |
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31 Process Development and Scale-Up: Twin-Screw Extrusion |
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821 | (1) |
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31.2 Twin-Screw Extruder and Extrusion Process |
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822 | (13) |
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835 | (7) |
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31.4 Continuous Granulation Using a Twin-Screw Extruder |
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842 | (11) |
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853 | (7) |
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860 | (5) |
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865 | (4) |
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865 | (4) |
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32 Development, Scale-Up, and Optimization of Process Parameters: Roller Compaction Theory and Practice |
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869 | (8) |
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32.2 In-Process Analytical Characterization Tools |
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877 | (12) |
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32.3 Roller Compaction Models |
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889 | (14) |
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32.4 Approaches to Developing a Roller Compaction Process |
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903 | (3) |
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32.5 Illustrative Example Detailing the Typical Drug Product Development Process for a Roller Compacted Product |
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906 | (1) |
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32.6 Scale-Up Considerations of Roller Compaction |
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907 | (2) |
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32.7 Illustrative Example Detailing a Possible Approach to Scaling-Up a Roller Compaction Process |
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909 | (3) |
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912 | (1) |
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912 | (5) |
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912 | (5) |
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33 Development, Optimization, and Scale-Up of Process Parameters: Tablet Compression |
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917 | (1) |
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33.2 Operation Principles of Compression by Rotary Press |
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917 | (1) |
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917 | (12) |
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929 | (7) |
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33.5 Care of Punches and Dies |
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936 | (1) |
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936 | (1) |
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937 | (1) |
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937 | (1) |
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33.9 Purchasing Tablet Compression Tooling |
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937 | (1) |
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33.10 Consideration of Tooling |
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938 | (1) |
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33.11 Application of Quality by Design and Tools (Case Study) |
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938 | (2) |
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33.12 Scale-Up of Compression |
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940 | (13) |
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950 | (3) |
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34 Development, Optimization, and Scale-Up of Process Parameters: Pan Coating |
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953 | (1) |
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34.2 Film-Coating Formulations |
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954 | (12) |
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34.3 Design and Development of Film-Coating Processes |
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966 | (20) |
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986 | (1) |
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34.5 Consideration of Product Substrate |
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987 | (1) |
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988 | (5) |
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34.7 Application of Systematic and Statistical Tools for Trouble Shooting and Process Optimization |
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993 | (4) |
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996 | (1) |
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35 Development, Optimization, and Scale-Up of Process Parameters: Wurster Coating |
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997 | (1) |
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997 | (2) |
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35.3 HS Wurster Considerations |
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999 | (1) |
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35.4 Coating and Process Characteristics |
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1000 | (1) |
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1000 | (2) |
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1002 | (3) |
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35.7 Case Studies for Layering and Fine Particle Coating |
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1005 | (4) |
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35.8 Scale-Up of Wurster Processing |
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1009 | (5) |
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1014 | (1) |
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36 Commercial Manufacturing and Product Quality |
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1015 | (1) |
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36.2 Process Design, Understanding, and Control Strategy Development |
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1016 | (1) |
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36.3 Process Scale-Up, Technology Transfer, and Process Qualification |
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1017 | (3) |
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36.4 Continued Process Verification |
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1020 | (8) |
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1028 | (3) |
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1029 | (2) |
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37 Emerging Technology for Modernizing Pharmaceutical Production: Continuous Manufacturing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1031 | (1) |
|
37.2 Challenges for Pharmaceutical Manufacturing |
|
|
1031 | (1) |
|
37.3 The Adoption of Emerging Technology to Address Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Challenges |
|
|
1032 | (2) |
|
37.4 Technologies for Continuous Drug Product Manufacturing |
|
|
1034 | (9) |
|
37.5 Challenges in Implementing Continuous Manufacturing |
|
|
1043 | (1) |
|
|
1044 | (5) |
|
|
1044 | (5) |
|
IV REGULATORY ASPECTS OF PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT |
|
|
|
38 Drug Product Approval in the United States and International Harmonization |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
38.1 Drug Product Approval and the US Food and Drug Administration |
|
|
1049 | (6) |
|
38.2 The New Drug Application Process |
|
|
1055 | (9) |
|
38.3 The Abbreviated New Drug Application Process |
|
|
1064 | (5) |
|
38.4 The Biologic License Application Process |
|
|
1069 | (2) |
|
38.5 Postapproval Activities and Life Cycle Management of NDAs, ANDAs, and BLAs |
|
|
1071 | (1) |
|
38.6 Global Perspectives on Product Registration and Drug Approval |
|
|
1072 | (7) |
|
|
1074 | (1) |
|
|
1074 | (5) |
|
39 Modern Pharmaceutical Regulations: Quality Assessment for Drug Substances |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1079 | (1) |
|
|
1080 | (1) |
|
39.3 Evolution of the Drug Substance Review Process |
|
|
1080 | (1) |
|
39.4 Quality Assessment for Drug Substances |
|
|
1081 | (9) |
|
|
1090 | (5) |
|
Appendix QbR Questions---Drug Substance |
|
|
1091 | (1) |
|
|
1092 | (3) |
|
40 Modern Pharmaceutical Regulations: Quality Assessment for Drug Products |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1095 | (1) |
|
|
1095 | (1) |
|
40.3 Current Status of QbR |
|
|
1096 | (1) |
|
|
1097 | (24) |
|
|
1121 | (1) |
|
|
1122 | (5) |
|
|
1122 | (2) |
|
|
1124 | (3) |
Index |
|
1127 | |