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Developing Visual Brain [Mīkstie vāki]

(, Head of the Visual Development Unit, Department of Psychology, University College London, UK)
  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 236 pages, height x width x depth: 233x155x14 mm, weight: 358 g, numerous figures
  • Sērija : Oxford Psychology Series 32
  • Izdošanas datums: 30-May-2002
  • Izdevniecība: Oxford University Press
  • ISBN-10: 0198525990
  • ISBN-13: 9780198525998
  • Mīkstie vāki
  • Cena: 25,88 €
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  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 236 pages, height x width x depth: 233x155x14 mm, weight: 358 g, numerous figures
  • Sērija : Oxford Psychology Series 32
  • Izdošanas datums: 30-May-2002
  • Izdevniecība: Oxford University Press
  • ISBN-10: 0198525990
  • ISBN-13: 9780198525998
Largely approaching the topic from a neuroscientific perspective, but incorporating insights from perceptual psychology, cognitive psychology, pediatric numerology, and ophthalmology, Atkinson (Visual Development Unit, U. College London, UK) traces the past two decades growth in understanding of brain structure-function relationships in human visual development. She describes the theoretical framework of the subject, looks at the development of various brain modules underlying visual attributes, discusses "action streams" and developing selective attention, and plasticity at different levels of the visual system. A final chapter outlines future concerns for basic and clinical research. Annotation (c) Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

One of the most dramatic areas of development in early human life is that of vision. Whereas vision plays a relatively minor role in the world of the newborn infant, by six months it has assumed the position as a dominant sense and forms the basis of later perceptual, cognitive, and social development.

From a world leader in the study of visual development in human infants comes a major new book, condensing a lifetime of work in this area. Drawing on over 20 years of cutting edge research in the Visual Development Units in Cambridge and University College, London, this book provides the definitive account of what we know about the developing visual system and the problems that can occur during development. The book reviews, evaluates, and sets in context the exciting progress being made in this area, and additionally suggests new areas for research. Written to be accessible to advanced undergraduates, graduate students, and researchers in psychology, the neurosciences, optometry, and visual science, this volume represents an important new addition to the literature on vision.

Recenzijas

"As a text in developmental psychology the book is excellent, and this lower-priced paperback version will be snapped up by psychology students." * European Neurology *

Glossary xxi
Background Context
1(6)
Major influences
1(1)
Influences from adult and animal neuroscience
1(2)
Influences from perceptual and cognitive psychology
3(1)
Nature-nurture
4(1)
Newer influences from neural imaging
5(1)
Conclusions
5(2)
Paediatric Vision Testing
7(21)
Behavioural and electrophysiological methods for infant testing
9(1)
Infant eye movements
9(1)
Measuring eye movements
9(1)
Common methods used in studying developing vision---from infancy to school age
10(15)
Preferential looking
10(2)
Teller/Keeler cards
12(1)
Acuity measures beyond infancy
12(2)
Habituation methods
14(4)
The Atkinson Battery of Child Development for Examining Functional Vision (ABCDEFV): a battery for assessing functional vision
18(1)
Photorefraction and videorefraction
19(6)
Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) or visual event related potentials (VERPs)
25(2)
Conclusions
27(1)
Models of Visual Development
28(15)
Overall theoretical approach
28(1)
Neuroscientific accounts of visual development
28(4)
Two visual systems in development: `where' and `what'
28(2)
Three visual systems or streams of processing in development: `where', `what', and `how'
30(2)
Multiple visual modules with different functions
32(3)
Development of visual attention
35(2)
Summary of the developmental model
37(4)
Crude orienting attentional system
38(1)
Functional onset of specific cortical modules
38(1)
Development of integration (`binding') and segmentation processes
38(1)
Integration of crude subcortical orienting systems with cortical attentional systems for control of directed eye and head movements
38(1)
Development of reaching and grasping action modules
39(1)
Development of locomotion accompanied by attentional shifting between different scales of representation of space at different distances
39(1)
Integration of object recognition, actions, and speech
40(1)
Automation of visuomotor programs and parallel processing
41(1)
Conclusions
41(2)
Newborn Vision
43(15)
State of newborn vision: crude orienting
43(1)
Acuity and contrast sensitivity
44(2)
Measures of improvement of acuity and contrast sensitivity with age
46(6)
Comparison of acuity estimates from FPL and VEP measures
47(5)
Factors limiting acuity and contrast sensitivity during development
52(1)
Face perception
53(3)
Conclusions
56(2)
Development Optics---Refraction and Focusing or Accommodation
58(7)
Changes in accommodation with age
58(1)
Changes of refraction with age
59(4)
Conclusions
63(2)
Functional Onset of Specific Cortical Modules
65(26)
Colour vision
66(3)
Orientation
69(5)
Directional motion
74(9)
Optokinetic nystagmus---evidence for early directionality
74(3)
Directional discrimination and sensitivity
77(4)
First- and second-order motion
81(1)
Conclusions on motion
82(1)
Binocularity
83(3)
Eye alignment
86(1)
Perception of depth and distance using disparity discrimination
87(1)
Theories of cortical organization before and after the onset of functional binocularity
88(2)
Conclusions on early cortical development
90(1)
Development of Integration ('Binding') and Segmentation Processes Leading to Object Perception
91(16)
Development of segmentation processes
93(1)
Segmentation on the basis of orientation
94(2)
Segmentation on the basis of motion
96(1)
Increased sensitivity to coherent motion with age
97(1)
Segmentation by line terminators
97(4)
Object recognition from biological motion
101(2)
Spatial grouping ability
103(3)
Conclusions
106(1)
The Interlinked Approach to Development of Attention and Action
107(28)
Introduction
107(1)
What do we mean by `attention'?
107(1)
Early stages of development of selective attention
108(1)
Attention and action systems controlling head and eye movements
109(13)
Model for improvements in attentional processing early in life
109(2)
Measurements of orienting to new stimuli in the periphery as seen in saccadic shifts to a peripheral target when an object appears
111(7)
Changes in the pattern of scanning eye movements with age
118(2)
Measures of changes in focusing accuracy or accommodation to targets attended
120(1)
Overall conclusions on early attentional eye and head movement systems
121(1)
Development of visually guided reaching and grasping
122(2)
Controversies in development of reaching and grasping
122(2)
Subcortical and cortical motor pathways
124(9)
Reaching under binocular and monocular viewing
126(1)
Preferential looking and preferential reaching in early development
127(1)
Preferential reaching
128(1)
Preferential looking
129(2)
Right/left looking biases
131(1)
Ipsilateral reaching to the object on the same side as the reaching hand
132(1)
Conclusions
133(2)
Plasticity in Visual Development
135(36)
Does extra or abnormal visual input produce changes in visual brain development?
136(16)
What are the effects of extra visual stimulation in normal children on visual brain development?
136(1)
Neurologically normal very low birth weight premature infants with extra visual experience
136(4)
Two infants with enhanced exposure to particular oblique orientations in early infancy
140(2)
What are the effects of reduced or anomalous visual input on visual brain development?
142(1)
Effects of congenital cataract and strabismus on development
143(1)
Congenital cataract
143(1)
Early-onset strabismus
144(2)
Accommodative esotropia
146(1)
Underlying physiology of early binocular plasticity
147(1)
Effects of reduced input due to refractive errors, e.g. children with a history of refractive errors (e.g. anisometropia, astigmatism) identified, but not corrected, in infancy
148(4)
Does abnormal input produce changes in more peripheral visual systems?
152(2)
Deprivation myopia and emmetropization
152(2)
Does brain damage or early abnormal brain structure produce compensating changes in visual systems?
154(15)
Visual development following hemispherectomy in infancy
155(1)
Visual development following very early brain lesions monitored by structural MRI (both general and focal)
155(3)
Anomalous brain development: the case of Williams syndrome
158(1)
Visual and cognitive development in Williams syndrome
159(2)
Hypothesis 1: visual and spatial deficits are strongly linked
161(1)
Hypothesis 2: Dorsal stream deficit
161(1)
Motion and form coherence
162(1)
The letter box task---matching orientation and posting
162(3)
Hypothesis 3: Frontal deficits
165(1)
Right and left hemisphere deficits
166(3)
Overview
169(2)
Concluding Remarks
171(6)
What is our current model of visual brain development?
171(2)
Given our current model, what is vision really like for young infants?
173(1)
The role of consciousness and control
174(1)
How much plasticity and variation is there in development?
175(1)
What is visual disability?
175(1)
How can we work across multiple levels of analysis?
176(1)
References 177(26)
Index 203
Professor Jan Atkinson has been at the forefront of vision research for the past 25 years. As Head of the Visual Development Units at Cambridge and University College London, she has made the study of the developing visual system very much her own field.