Developing Web Information Systems: From Strategy to Implementation [Mīkstie vāki]

Preface		xii
Information System Development		1	(14)
Information systems and IT		1	(2)
Information systems development methodologies		3	(1)
Information systems development life-cycles		4	(7)
Waterfall life-cycle		4	(1)
Problems with the waterfall life-cycle		5	(2)
Alternative life-cycles		7	(1)
Evolutionary development		7	(1)
Iterative (rapid) application development		7	(2)
End-user development		9	(1)
Prototyping		9	(1)
Agile Development		9	(2)
Alternative strategies for information systems acquisition		11	(4)
Packaged solutions		11	(1)
Outsourcing		11	(1)
Application service providers		11	(4)
Internet-based Information Systems		15	(14)
The Internet		15	(3)
A brief history		15	(1)
From ARP Anet to the Internet		16	(1)
Internet browser wars		16	(1)
Internet statistics		17	(1)
How the Internet works		18	(5)
Internet protocols		18	(1)
The worldwide web		19	(2)
HyperText Markup Language (HTML)		21	(1)
Web site authoring tools		22	(1)
Beyond the basics		22	(1)
Mobile Internet		23	(1)
Open source software development		23	(6)
The Linux phenomenon		24	(1)
How OSS works		25	(1)
Why OSS works		26	(1)
Implications of OSS for IS development		26	(3)
Web IS Development Methodology (WISDM)		29	(12)
Introduction		29	(1)
WISDM in context: the Multiview approach to IS development		29	(3)
Using the Multiview framework to guide methodology generation		31	(1)
The WISDOM matrix		32	(2)
Organizational analysis		32	(1)
Work design		33	(1)
Information analysis		33	(1)
Technical design		33	(1)
Human computer interface design		33	(1)
Moving around the methods matrix		33	(1)
The role of the analyst: multiple perspectives		34	(2)
WISDM and the IS development life-cycle		36	(1)
Is web IS development different?		36	(5)
e-Business Strategy		41	(20)
Introduction		41	(2)
Business models		43	(1)
Business webs for the theatre industry		43	(12)
Aggregation		46	(3)
Agora		49	(2)
Value chain		51	(2)
Alliance		53	(2)
Virtual communities		55	(1)
Marketspace transformation and relationship capital		56	(5)
Systems Thinking		61	(18)
Introduction		61	(1)
Difficulties and messes		61	(2)
Themes in systems thinking		63	(3)
Systems and patterns of organization		63	(2)
Systems and emergent properties		65	(1)
Recursion and system hierarchies		65	(1)
Communication and control		65	(1)
Thinking in loops		66	(6)
Feedback loops		68	(1)
Negative (or balancing) feedback		68	(2)
Positive (or reinforcing) feedback		70	(1)
Feedforward loops		70	(2)
Patterns		72	(4)
Limits to success		72	(1)
Leverage points		73	(1)
Fixes that fail		74	(1)
Success to the successful		75	(1)
Mental models		76	(3)
Soft Systems Methodology		79	(20)
Introduction		79	(1)
Hard and soft systems thinking		80	(2)
Organizations		80	(1)
Hard and soft traditions		81	(1)
Soft systems methodology		82	(13)
Exploring the problem situation		83	(1)
Situation considered problematic [ 1]		83	(1)
Problem situation expressed [ 2]		84	(2)
Below the line: root definitions and conceptual models		86	(1)
Root definition of relevant systems [ 3]		86	(4)
Conceptual models [ 4]		90	(3)
Back above the line: taking action in the problem situation		93	(1)
Comparison of models with real world [ 5]		94	(1)
Evaluating change [ 6] and taking action [ 7]		94	(1)
Beyond the basic form of SSM		95	(4)
Using SSM to support IS Development		96	(3)
Designing for User Satisfaction		99	(24)
Introduction		99	(2)
Sociotechnical design with ETHICS		101	(8)
Participation		103	(1)
Job satisfaction		103	(2)
Sociotechnical systems design process		105	(4)
The Scandinavian tradition of participative design		109	(3)
Participative design principles		110	(1)
The participative design process		111	(1)
Web site quality -- the customer perspective		112	(11)
Web site quality		112	(1)
Usability		113	(1)
Information quality		114	(1)
Service interaction quality		114	(1)
The application of WebQual to online bookstores		115	(1)
Data collection		116	(1)
The results		117	(1)
Interpretation of the results		118	(5)
Information Analysis		123	(32)
Introduction		123	(2)
The theatre booking system		124	(1)
Information system modeling		125	(1)
Analysis and design		125	(1)
Structured systems analysis and design		126	(1)
Object-oriented analysis and design		126	(1)
The unified modeling language (UML)		126	(4)
Fundamentals of object-orientation		127	(1)
Objects		127	(1)
Classes and instances		128	(1)
Encapsulation and communication by messages		128	(1)
Inheritance		129	(1)
Polymorphism		129	(1)
Requirements gathering and use case diagrams		130	(4)
Requirements gathering		130	(1)
Use case notation		131	(2)
Extension, inclusion, and generalization		133	(1)
Extends		133	(1)
Include		133	(1)
Generalization		133	(1)
Describing a use case		134	(1)
Class diagrams		134	(11)
Relationships: associations		137	(1)
Multiplicity		137	(1)
Attributes and operations		138	(1)
Attributes		138	(1)
Operations		139	(1)
Relationships: generalization		139	(1)
Relationships: aggregation		140	(1)
The theatre booking system class model		141	(2)
Navigability		143	(1)
Recursion		143	(2)
Interaction diagrams		145	(4)
Sequence diagram		146	(2)
Collaboration diagram		148	(1)
State transition diagrams		149	(2)
Activity diagrams		151	(4)
Technical Design		155	(32)
Introduction		155	(1)
Information system design		156	(1)
System design overview		157	(3)
Design constraints		159	(1)
Logical database design		160	(13)
Relational databases		160	(1)
Primary keys		161	(1)
Relationships		162	(1)
Normalization		163	(1)
Moving from UML class model to relational schema		164	(1)
Implementing many-to-many relationships		165	(1)
Implementing supertype and subtype classes		166	(2)
Theatre booking system database design		168	(1)
Entity-relationship model		168	(1)
Entity and attribute list		169	(3)
Object-oriented databases		172	(1)
Object-relational hybrids		172	(1)
Physical design		172	(1)
Database transactions		172	(1)
Application design		173	(5)
Sequence diagrams		174	(1)
User registration		175	(1)
Payments		175	(1)
Seat reservations -- locking strategy		176	(1)
State transition diagrams		177	(1)
User interface design		178	(9)
Page layout guidelines		179	(3)
Navigation schemes		182	(1)
Frames		183	(4)
Software System Construction		187	(36)
Introduction		187	(1)
Software implementation overview		188	(1)
Business data implementation		189	(8)
Defining tables		190	(3)
Defining relationships		193	(2)
Subtypes		195	(1)
Populating the database		195	(1)
SQL and queries		196	(1)
Business logic		197	(9)
Using ColdFusion to publish a database on the Internet		197	(2)
Queries and the three ANSI three-level architecture model		199	(1)
Developing Cold Fusion components for the business logic		200	(4)
State management		204	(1)
URL parameters and form fields		205	(1)
Cookies		205	(1)
Session variables		206	(1)
Database transactions		206	(1)
Presentation layer -- the user interface		206	(4)
DreamWeaver Templates		207	(1)
Style sheets		208	(1)
Browser compatibility and bandwidth		209	(1)
Putting it all together -- the complete application		210	(5)
Wireless application protocol (WAP)		215	(3)
Generating wireless content with ColdFusion		216	(2)
Going live		218	(5)
Get a domain name		218	(1)
Hosting options		219	(1)
Host the site at an Internet Service Provider (ISP)		219	(1)
Co-host a server with an ISP		219	(1)
Host your own server		220	(1)
Promoting the site		220	(1)
Monitoring the site		221	(2)
Web Information Management		223	(22)
Introduction		223	(1)
eXtensible Markup Language (XML)		224	(10)
XML data definitions		227	(2)
Displaying XML in a browser		229	(1)
Time to ditch HTML?		230	(1)
Business applications of XML		231	(1)
Intelligent searching		231	(1)
Web automation for business to business transactions		231	(1)
Intranet development and knowledge management		231	(1)
Delivery to different platforms		231	(1)
XML and databases, XML and Java		232	(1)
XML, web services, and .NET		233	(1)
Content management systems		234	(11)
Issues in web content management		235	(1)
Genesis of web content management systems		236	(2)
A web content management systems framework		238	(1)
Content life-cycle		238	(1)
Organizational integration		238	(1)
CMS process management		239	(1)
CMS illustration: Intranet development		240	(1)
The CMS framework as a diagnostic tool		241	(4)
Reflections on WISDM		245	(10)
Introduction		245	(1)
The Global Drinks case		245	(2)
The client organization in 1998		245	(1)
The Global Drinks e-commerce project 1999--2001		246	(1)
Outcomes of the intervention		246	(1)
Web IS Development methods		247	(3)
Organizational analysis		247	(1)
Information analysis		248	(1)
Work design		248	(1)
Technical design		249	(1)
Reflections on the case		250	(1)
Methods and methodology in IS development		251	(4)
Appendix A: Barchester Playhouse Case Study		255	(8)
A1 Introduction		255	(2)
A.1.1 The organization of the Playhouse		256	(1)
A.2 Current box office operations		257	(1)
A.2.1 Current IT systems		257	(1)
Processes and data supported by the current box office system		258	(1)
Issues with the current box office system		258	(1)
A.3 Motivation for change		258	(1)
A.3.1 Perceptions of the theatre		259	(1)
A.4 Requirements of the theatre booking system		259	(4)
Theatre layout		259	(1)
Theatre productions and performances		260	(1)
Ticket prices		260	(1)
Ticket sales		261	(1)
A.4.1 Roles and attitudes of those involved in the analysis		261	(2)
Appendix B: Research Student Admissions Case Study		263	(4)
B1 The current process		263	(4)
Appendix C: Internet Resources		267	(4)
C.1 WISDM		267	(1)
C.2 Development tools		267	(2)
Tools required for the TicketManager application		267	(1)
Optional tools for the TicketManager application		268	(1)
C.3 Web design		269	(1)
C.4 Other useful sites		269	(2)
Index		271

Richard Vidgen is Senior Lecturer in Information Systems in the School of Management at the University of Bath.He has fifteen years industrial experience of information systems development and management. His research interests include IS development methods for the Internet, website quality, and e-business strategy. He is the author of Data Modelling for Information Systems (1996), and has published many book chapters and journal papers. David Avison is Professor of Information Systems at ESSEC Business School, Paris, France after being Professor at the School of Management at Southampton University for nine years. He is also visiting professor at University Technology, Sydney, Australia and Brunel University in England. So far, he has published over twenty books as well as a large number of papers in learned journals, edited texts and conference papers. He is Chair of the International Federation of Information Processing (IFIP) 8.2 group on the impact of IS/IT on organisations and society and was past President of the UK Academy for Information Systems and also UK Professors and Heads of IS. He will be joint programme chair of the International Conference in Information Systems in Las Vegas in 2005 and has been chair of several other international conferences. He also acts as consultant and has most recently worked with a leading manufacturer developing their IT/IS strategy. He researches on information systems in their natural setting, in particular using action research. Bob Wood is GEMISIS Professor of Information Technology, and Associate Dean (Research) for the Faculty of Business and Informatics at the University of Salford. His research work focuses on the development and use of new broadband Information and Communications Technologies to support collaborative purposeful human activity both within and between organisations.Professor Wood is particularly interested in how ICTs can encourage and bring about the social processes of public formulations of knowledge and the mechanisms for bringing about such formulations. Learning, for both the individual and the community, thus becomes a social process of knowledge construction. This view allows us to focus both on transforming our ideas on what constitutes knowledge and on how such a process can be supported through the use of collaborative technologies.Bob Wood's favoured research methods are Action Research and Action Learning. Current projects include: investigating different communities of practice within a large globally distributed organisation; a study of how project managers might share understanding and wisdom through the use of story telling; the development of personal research tools for supporting a Knowledge Management initiative within an organisation; and the creation of collaborative value networks amongst SMEs. Trevor Wood-Harper is Professor of Information Systems and Director of the Information Systems Research institute (ISRI) at the University of Salford, Manchester, U. K. Recently, the institute was awarded a 5* rating, the highest, at the recent Research Assessment Exercise (RAE) in 2001. Also, he is Professor of Management Information Systems at the University of South Australia, Adelaide and held visiting chairs at University of Oslo, Copenhagen Business School and Georgia State University. Wood-Harper has co-authored 11 books and monographs as well as more than 200 research articles in a wide range of topics, including the Multiview methodology.In 1990 he set up one of the first Information Systems doctoral schools (a combination of the European and American styles) in the U.K, which is attracting an increasing number of international as well as British students. Currently the school has more than 80 Ph.D. Students. Also, at the University of South Australia, he has started a new doctoral programme in Information Systems with 2 Associate Professors and 32 PhD students. Trevor Wood-Harper has successfully supervised 16 doctoral theses since 1996. Recently, he was a member of the Library and Information Management panel for the Research Assessment Exercise (RAE) in 2001, and currently on the British Computer Society accreditation panel and the UKAIS board.