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E-grāmata: Development of Circular Economy in China

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This book presents a detailed background to the circular economy in China, explores government measures to promote it in China’s market economy, and introduces the supporting laws and policies. The book goes on to describe, from a technology perspective, successful circular economy practices in sectors such as agriculture, iron and steel, cement, coal-fired power, chemistry, paper manufacturing and city mineral. This book sheds some light on what China has done and achieved to change the mode of economic development in order to minimize its negative impacts on resources and the environment. Readers will learn from and be inspired by China’s circular economy practices. Industrializing countries can also draw on China’s experiences to solve their own problems, enabling them to make their economic development resource-saving and more environmentally friendly. If this is achieved, this book can be considered a modest contribution to the sustainability of human society.

1 Origin and Background of Circular Economy Development
1(20)
1.1 China's National Conditions
2(8)
1.1.1 China's Population and Demographic Distribution
3(7)
1.1.2 A Vulnerable Foundation for Development
10(1)
1.2 Staged Characteristics of China's Economic Development Since the Reform and Opening-up Initiative, as Well as Its Impacts on Resources and the Environment
10(7)
1.2.1 The Background of Economic Development at the Initial Stage of Reform and Opening-up
10(1)
1.2.2 Characteristics of China's Economic Development in 1980--1995 and Its Impacts on the Environment
11(3)
1.2.3 Main Features of China's Economic Development from 1996 to 2010 and Its Environmental and Resource Impact
14(3)
1.3 From Environmental Protection to Circular Economy
17(4)
2 The Role of Government and China's Policy System for Circular Economy
21(34)
2.1 Why Did the Chinese Government Facilitated the Circular Economy Development
21(7)
2.1.1 Free Market Economy in Britain: The First Generation of Industrialization Featured by the Difficulty in Resource Recycling
21(1)
2.1.2 Free Market Economy in the United States: The Second Generation of Industrialization in Which the Government Played a Role
22(1)
2.1.3 Capitalist Market Economy in Japan: The Third Generation of Industrialization Under the Leadership of the Government
23(2)
2.1.4 Socialist Market Economy in China: The Fourth Generation of Industrialization Dominated by the Government
25(3)
2.2 How Has China Promoted the Circular Economy
28(6)
2.3 Legal and Regulatory Policy System for Circular Economy Development in China
34(14)
2.3.1 History of China's Legal and Regulatory Policies on the Circular Economy
34(11)
2.3.2 Characteristics of China's Legal and Regulatory Policies on Circular Economy
45(3)
2.4 Development Strategy and Immediate Action Plan of Circular Economy During the 12th Five-Year-Plan Period
48(7)
2.4.1 To Focus on the 10 Circular Economy Demonstration Projects
48(3)
2.4.2 To Cultivate 100 Circular Economy Demonstration Cities (Counties)
51(1)
2.4.3 To Cultivate 1000 Circular Economy Demonstration Enterprises (Industrial Park's)
52(1)
References
52(3)
3 The Fundamental Modes and Achievements of China's Circular Economy Development
55(30)
3.1 Fundamental Modes of China's Circular Economy Development
56(4)
3.1.1 The Top-Down Dynamic Model and Addressing the Crux
56(2)
3.1.2 To Enable "the Visible Hand" to Cooperate with "the Invisible Hand"
58(2)
3.2 To Build a Model for the Circular Economy-Oriented Practice with Chinese Characteristics
60(6)
3.2.1 To Set up the Mechanisms of Leadership and Coordination at Different Levels
60(1)
3.2.2 To Provide Institutional Guarantee at Different Levels
61(1)
3.2.3 Fiscal Means to Directly Carry Out Circular Economy Pilot Projects
62(4)
3.3 To Set up a Microscopic Circular Economy Model with Chinese Characteristics
66(9)
3.3.1 Microscopic Models of the Circular Economy in Key Industries
66(4)
3.3.2 The Composite and Cross-Industry Circular Economy-Oriented Models in Agriculture
70(1)
3.3.3 Circular Economy-Oriented Models for Industrial Parks
71(3)
3.3.4 Models of Remanufacturing and Resource Recycling
74(1)
3.4 Remarkable Achievements Harvested in the Decade
75(10)
3.4.1 Census of the Whole Society and National Strategic Action
76(1)
3.4.2 Circular Economy and Technological Innovation
76(1)
3.4.3 Wastes Recycling
77(2)
3.4.4 Recycling of Renewable Resources
79(2)
3.4.5 Efficiency and Benefits of Resource Utilization
81(2)
References
83(2)
4 China's Steel Industry Transformed by Circular Economy
85(14)
4.1 Amazing Size and Technological Structure
85(4)
4.1.1 The "Steel Dream" for the Rejuvenation of the Chinese Nation
85(1)
4.1.2 An Amazing Superpower in Steel Output
86(1)
4.1.3 A Museum Showcasing the Technologies Adopted by the Steel Industries from Across the World
87(2)
4.2 Circular Economy Transforming Steel Plants into "Power Plants"
89(3)
4.2.1 Importance of Energy Conservation in the Steel Industry
89(1)
4.2.2 Taking Advantage of Technological Innovations to Reduce Primary Energy Consumption
89(1)
4.2.3 Recovering Secondary Energy and Building Distributed Generation Assemblies
90(2)
4.3 Circular Economy Transforming Steel Plants into "Mineral Treasures"
92(3)
4.3.1 With the Magic Phrase of "Open Sesame", Wastes Transforming into Resource Treasures
92(1)
4.3.2 Maximizing the Performance of Ferrous Resources
92(1)
4.3.3 Steel Enterprises Transforming into "Building Material" Producers
93(1)
4.3.4 Embarking on a Path Towards Diversified Utilization for Higher Value
94(1)
4.4 Combination of Water Conservation and Utilization of Reclaimed Water
95(4)
4.4.1 Giving Top Priority to Water Conservation
95(2)
4.4.2 Steel Enterprises Transforming into "Reclaimed Water Plants"
97(1)
References
97(2)
5 The Circular Economy-Oriented Practice in the Nonferrous Metal Industry
99(24)
5.1 The Necessity to Develop Circular Economy in the Nonferrous Metal Industry
100(6)
5.1.1 Characteristics of the Production in the Nonferrous Metal Industry
100(1)
5.1.2 Development of China's Nonferrous Metal Industry
101(2)
5.1.3 Problems Concerning the Environment and Resources for the Nonferrous Metal Industry
103(3)
5.2 Major Measures to Develop the Circular Economy of the Nonferrous Metal Industry
106(9)
5.2.1 Technological Upgrading and Innovations for Reduction in Energy Consumption
106(3)
5.2.2 Enhancing the Comprehensive Utilization and Environment-Friendly Disposal
109(2)
5.2.3 Facilitating the Utilization of Secondary Metals
111(2)
5.2.4 Improving the Policy and Regulation System
113(2)
5.3 Major Achievements in Circular Economy Development in the Nonferrous Metal Industry
115(8)
5.3.1 Steady Increase in Resource Utilization Efficiency
115(2)
5.3.2 Brilliant Achievements in Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction
117(2)
5.3.3 Remarkable Achievements in Secondary Metal Development
119(1)
5.3.4 A Long Way to Go for Circular Economy Development in the Nonferrous Metal Industry
119(2)
References
121(2)
6 The Circular Economy-Oriented Practice in the Cement Industry
123(20)
6.1 Soul of China's Building Material Industry, the Largest Emitter of Greenhouse Gases
123(8)
6.1.1 Soul of China's Building Material Industry
124(1)
6.1.2 Largest Emitter of Greenhouse Gases
124(2)
6.1.3 Circular Economy Development Within the Industry
126(5)
6.2 Co-processing of the Solid Wastes in the Cement Industry
131(8)
6.2.1 Comprehensive Utilization of Fly Ash
133(1)
6.2.2 Comprehensive Utilization of Blast Furnace Slag
133(1)
6.2.3 Comprehensive Utilization of Converter Slag
134(1)
6.2.4 Comprehensive Carbide Slag Utilization
135(1)
6.2.5 Comprehensive Utilization of Nonferrous Metal Smelting Slag
136(1)
6.2.6 Comprehensive Utilization of Sludge
137(1)
6.2.7 Comprehensive Utilization of Municipal Solid Wastes
138(1)
6.3 Circular Economy-Oriented Technological Innovations in the Cement Industry
139(4)
6.3.1 Circular Economy-Oriented Technologies Await Improvement
139(1)
6.3.2 Accelerating the Efforts for Circular Economy-Oriented Technological Innovations
140(1)
References
141(2)
7 The Circular Economy-Oriented Practice in the Electric Power Industry
143(26)
7.1 Development of China's Electric Power Industry
143(2)
7.1.1 World's Largest Electricity Generator
143(1)
7.1.2 Thermal Power-Centered Electric Power Structure
144(1)
7.1.3 A Huge Interconnected Power Grid
144(1)
7.2 Origin of the Circular Economy-Oriented Development in the Electric Power Industry
145(1)
7.3 Legal and Regulatory Policies on Circular Economy Promotion
146(8)
7.4 Circular Economy-Oriented Practice in the Electric Power Industry
154(9)
7.4.1 Technological Path to Circular Economy-Oriented Development in the Electric Power Industry
154(5)
7.4.2 Models of Circular Economy-Oriented Development
159(4)
7.5 Achievements of Circular Economy-Oriented Development in the Electric Power Industry
163(4)
7.5.1 Remarkable Reductions in Coal Consumption for Power Generation
163(1)
7.5.2 Remarkable Reductions in Water Consumption for Power Generation
163(1)
7.5.3 Sharp Reductions in Air Pollutant Emissions
164(2)
7.5.4 Considerable Reductions in Waste Water Discharge
166(1)
7.5.5 Increasing the Ratio of Comprehensive Utilization of Solid Wastes
166(1)
7.6 Prospects of the Circular Economy Development in China's Electricity Power Industry
167(2)
Reference
168(1)
8 The Circular Economy-Oriented Practice in the Petrochemical Industry
169(14)
8.1 Overview of the Industrial Development
169(1)
8.2 Necessity to Develop the Circular Economy in the Industry
170(2)
8.3 Achievements of Circular Economy-Oriented Development in the Industry
172(2)
8.4 Major Policies and Measures for the Circular Economy Development in the Industry
174(3)
8.4.1 Formulating Laws and Regulations and Implementing the Policies on Circular Economy Development
174(1)
8.4.2 Readjusting the Industrial Structure and the Product Mix and Increasing the Efficiency of Comprehensive Utilization of Resources
175(1)
8.4.3 Making Positive Efforts in Promoting and Applying Technological Innovations for Circular Economy Development
175(1)
8.4.4 Giving Play to the Industrial Parks and Facilitating the Pilot Demonstration of Circular Economy
176(1)
8.5 Typical Models of Circular Economy Development in the Industry
177(2)
8.6 Case Study on Circular Economy Development in the Industry
179(2)
8.7 Prospects of Circular Economy Development in the Industry
181(2)
9 The Circular Economy-Oriented Practice in the Papermaking Industry
183(18)
9.1 Overview of the Industrial Development
183(2)
9.2 Necessity to Develop the Circular Economy in the Industry
185(3)
9.2.1 Firstly, It Is Necessary to Develop the Circular Economy to Transform the Energy-Intensive Industry
185(1)
9.2.2 Secondly, It Is Necessary to Develop the Circular Economy to Protect the Environment
186(2)
9.3 Major Policies and Measures for the "Circular Economy Development in the Industry
188(4)
9.3.1 Promoting the Circular Economy Development with Policies and Regulations
188(1)
9.3.2 Strengthening the Guiding Role of Industrial Policies in Developing the Circular Economy
189(2)
9.3.3 Taking Advantage of the Role of Intermediary Organizations in Facilitating Circular Economy Development
191(1)
9.3.4 Popularizing Advanced Equipment, Making Technological Innovations, and Promoting Circular Economy Development
192(1)
9.4 Achievements of Circular Economy Development in the Industry
192(1)
9.5 Case Study on Circular Economy Development in the Industry
193(8)
9.5.1 Group Profile
193(1)
9.5.2 Enterprise's Circular Economy-Oriented Practice
194(3)
9.5.3 Enterprise's System of Circular Economy Development
197(2)
9.5.4 Enterprise's Achievements in Its Circular Economy Development
199(1)
9.5.5 Revelations from the Enterprise's Circular Economy Development
199(2)
10 The Circular Economy-Oriented Practice in the Food Manufacturing Industry
201(22)
10.1 Overview of the Industrial Development
201(5)
10.1.1 Overview of the Development of the Food Industry
201(3)
10.1.2 Overview of the Development of the Fermentation Industry
204(2)
10.2 Necessity to Develop the Circular Economy in the Industry
206(1)
10.3 Major Policies and Measures for Circular Economy Development in the Industry
207(6)
10.3.1 To Guide Circular Economy Development in the Industry with Policies and Regulations
207(2)
10.3.2 To Set Industrial Development Goals Through Defining Binding Standards for Cleaner Production and Discharge Reduction of Major Pollutants
209(1)
10.3.3 To Carry Out Pilot Projects for Circular Economy Development and Bring the Demonstration Effect of Industrial Parks into Full Play
210(1)
10.3.4 To Promote Technological Innovations, and Enhance Core Competitiveness
211(1)
10.3.5 To Establish the Mechanism of Environmental Scrutiny, and Strengthen the Guidance for and Supervision on Enterprises
212(1)
10.4 Achievements of Circular Economy Development in the Industry
213(3)
10.5 Case Study on Circular Economy Development in the Industry
216(5)
10.5.1 COFCO Biochemical (AnHui) Co., Ltd
216(2)
10.5.2 Luzhou Bio-Chem Technology Ltd
218(3)
10.6 Future Development of the Circular Economy in the Food Industry
221(2)
10.6.1 To Improve the Policy and Law System and Increase the Operability of Policies
221(1)
10.6.2 To Carry Out Industrial Restructuring
222(1)
10.6.3 To Cement the Building of the Industrial Chain
222(1)
10.6.4 To Further Improve Technological Capabilities Through Developing the Key Technologies
222(1)
11 Circular Economy-Oriented Agricultural Practice
223(24)
11.1 Driving Force for Agricultural Circular Economy Development
223(2)
11.2 Definition and Features of China's Agricultural Circular Economy
225(1)
11.3 Operation of China's Agricultural Circular Economy
225(2)
11.4 China's Policies and Measures to Promote the of Agricultural Circular Economy Development
227(1)
11.5 Case Study on Agricultural Circular Economy Development
228(13)
11.5.1 The Model of Agricultural Wastes Recycling
228(3)
11.5.2 Internal Recycling Models of the Agricultural Production Sectors
231(4)
11.5.3 Models of the Composite Industrial and Agricultural Circular Economy
235(6)
11.6 Technological Support System for Agricultural Circular Economy
241(2)
11.6.1 Technologies of Biomass Development and Comprehensive Utilization
241(1)
11.6.2 Technologies of Animal Wastes Recycling
241(1)
11.6.3 Technologies of Energy Crop Development and Utilization
242(1)
11.6.4 Technologies of Efficient Utilization of Major Agricultural Inputs
243(1)
11.7 Achievements of China's Agricultural Circular Economy Development
243(4)
11.7.1 Lowering Costs, Increasing Revenues, and Raising Agricultural Productivity
243(1)
11.7.2 Reducing Non-point Pollution in Agriculture, and Guaranteeing Food Safety
244(1)
11.7.3 Enhancing Energy Security in Rural Areas Through the Development of Biomass Energy
244(1)
11.7.4 Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emission Through Agricultural Circular Development
244(1)
11.7.5 Improving the Living Environment in Rural Areas
244(1)
References
245(2)
12 "Urban Mining"
247
12.1 The Concept and Implications of "Urban Mining"
247(1)
12.2 Development and Utilization of Urban Minerals in China
248(5)
12.2.1 The Policy and Regulatory Systems Concerned
248(4)
12.2.2 Technical Standards of Products and Criteria for Industry Access
252(1)
12.2.3 Development of the Comprehensive Waste Reutilization Industry
252(1)
12.3 Development of the "Urban Mining" Demonstration Bases
253(9)
12.3.1 Buildup of the "Urban Mining" Bases in China
253(2)
12.3.2 The Urban Mining Base of Miluo Industrial Park
255(3)
12.3.3 Tianjin Ziya Circular Economy-Oriented Industrial Park
258(1)
12.3.4 Tianying Circular Economy-Oriented Industrial Zone in Jieshou, Anhui Province
259(1)
12.3.5 Sichuan Southwest Resource Recycling Industrial Park
260(1)
12.3.6 Ningbo Jintian Industrial Park
260(1)
12.3.7 Qingdao Xintiandi Venous Industrial Park
261(1)
12.4 Specific Development and Utilization of Urban Minerals
262(11)
12.4.1 Scrap Steel
262(3)
12.4.2 Scrap Tyres
265(5)
12.4.3 Waste Plastics
270(3)
12.5 Inspiration from China's Urban Mining for the Comprehensive Utilization of Resources
273
References
273
Mr. Jianguo Qi, Vice Director and senior Research Fellow Institute of Quantitative & Technical EconomicsChinese Academy of Social Sciences. He is Chief Expert in the research field of circular economy theory and Methodology. Since 2003, He has been committed to promoting the development of circular economy in China, in order to alleviate the problems of the resources shortage and heavy pollution emission caused by economic growth in China. His research interests focus on policy issues, but also relates to the technology and industrial organization. He served in the following non entities, Director of research centre for circular economy and environmentChinese Academy of Social Sciences, Executive Vice President of Chinese Association of Quantitative Economics, Syndic of Chinese Association of Soft Sciences Research, Syndic of Chinese Association of  Sciences and Policy, Members of the national strategic emerging industry expert committee. Mr.Jingxing Zhao, Senior Research Fellow Institute of Quantitative & Technical EconomicsChinese Academy of Social Sciences. He is the Chief Expert in the research field of Growth theory and Chinese economy.  Mr. Wenjun Li, Senior research fellow director of the division of Industrial Technical Economics, Institute of Quantitative & Technical Economicsvice director of research centre for circular economy and environmentChinese Academy of Social Sciences. His research interests focus on circular economy theory, methodology, policy issues, regional plan, as well as something related to the technology and industrial organization. He has broadly studied the projects on quantitative and technical economics. The main projects are as follows:Some regional plans on the development of circular economy, 2010-2014; Transformation of Chinas economy development pattern, 2008-2009; The socio-economic effects of the West Route in the South North Diversion Project, 2005-2007; Investigation on the Socio-economic Development of Villages and towns, 2006-2007; National Maglev Transportation Engineering R&D Center, 2005-2006; Sustainable Water Integrated Management of the East Route in the South North Diversion Project in China SWIMER, 2004-2006; The Efficiency and Competitive ability of Commercial Banks, 2004-2006; Regional Industry Innovation on the Background of Knowledge-based Economy, 2001-2003. Mr. Xushu Peng, Associate research fellow and an associate professor in Institute of Quantitative & Technical Economics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, and titled as an Assistant Director in Center for Studies on China's Circular Economy and Environment.Dr. Peng graduated from Peking University, Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, by BA, master's and PhD in Management. His favorite research fields are technical innovation, circular economy and Chinas economic growth. he has taken part in several research subjects entrusted by the National Social Science Foundation, the Ministry of Science and Technology and Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, fulfilled several consultation task  commissioned by local government and business, and published more than 10 articles and 10 working papers. Mr. Bin Wu, Associate ProfessorInstitute of Quantitative & Technical EconomicsChinese Academy of Social Sciences. In 2008he graduated from Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and received his Ph.D.in industrial economics. Since Dr. Wu jointed the institute, he has been carrying research in the fields of industrial and technical economics, energy and technical economics, circular economics. He has participated in tens of key projects supported by national social sciences foundations, national sciences foundations, Chinese Academic of Social Sciences, many ministries of the central government, and large and medium companies. He has many research achievements in the fields of circular economics and energy economics. Ms. Hong Wang, Research assistant, Institute of Quantitative & Technical EconomicsChinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS). She received her Ph. D degree of technological economics and management at the Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in 2009, majoring circular economy.  She did the postdoctoral research at the MBA postdoctoral station at Chongqing University. Her research focuses on the theories and practices of circular economy in China and she has participated in many state, sector and CASSs projects related to circular economy, especially in the field of industry, agriculture, etc., and published a series of relevant papers. Her recent work concentrates on material flow analysis related to circular economy. Ms. Fengling Jia, associate research fellow, working at Institute of Rural Economy and Regional Planning of Tianjin since 2005, the main research directions are agricultural circular economy and "three agriculture" policy. In order to study better, she entered the postdoctoral research station in the Institute of Quantitative & Technical Economics of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in 2013 November, and mainly engaged in theoretical and empirical research on Agricultural Circular Economy. Ever since she started work, she presided over the 5 subject, participated in the 20 national and municipal issues, published academic papers more than the 30, and won the 10 prize, which include Province, Department, bureau etc.

Mr. Tong Yang, Chief Secretary of the Center for Studies on Circular Economy and Environment, CASS. He graduated from the Party School of the CPC Central Committee, majoring Economic Management. Since 1982, he has worked respectively for the Agricultural Research Department, the Administrative Office and the Comprehensive Research Department of IQTE, CASS. In 2005, he started his work as the chief secretary of the Center of Studies on Circular Economy and Environment, CASS. His role is mainly coordination, communication, organization and management.

Ms. Haiying Qi, the academic secretary of the Center for Studies on Chinas Circular Economy and Environment, CASS.  She graduated from Hebei University of Science and Technology and continued her education for masters degree in Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. She do some translation work and editorial work as well as the ordinary office work.