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1 Origin and Background of Circular Economy Development |
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1 | (20) |
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1.1 China's National Conditions |
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2 | (8) |
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1.1.1 China's Population and Demographic Distribution |
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3 | (7) |
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1.1.2 A Vulnerable Foundation for Development |
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10 | (1) |
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1.2 Staged Characteristics of China's Economic Development Since the Reform and Opening-up Initiative, as Well as Its Impacts on Resources and the Environment |
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10 | (7) |
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1.2.1 The Background of Economic Development at the Initial Stage of Reform and Opening-up |
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10 | (1) |
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1.2.2 Characteristics of China's Economic Development in 1980--1995 and Its Impacts on the Environment |
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11 | (3) |
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1.2.3 Main Features of China's Economic Development from 1996 to 2010 and Its Environmental and Resource Impact |
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14 | (3) |
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1.3 From Environmental Protection to Circular Economy |
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17 | (4) |
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2 The Role of Government and China's Policy System for Circular Economy |
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21 | (34) |
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2.1 Why Did the Chinese Government Facilitated the Circular Economy Development |
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21 | (7) |
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2.1.1 Free Market Economy in Britain: The First Generation of Industrialization Featured by the Difficulty in Resource Recycling |
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21 | (1) |
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2.1.2 Free Market Economy in the United States: The Second Generation of Industrialization in Which the Government Played a Role |
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22 | (1) |
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2.1.3 Capitalist Market Economy in Japan: The Third Generation of Industrialization Under the Leadership of the Government |
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23 | (2) |
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2.1.4 Socialist Market Economy in China: The Fourth Generation of Industrialization Dominated by the Government |
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25 | (3) |
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2.2 How Has China Promoted the Circular Economy |
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28 | (6) |
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2.3 Legal and Regulatory Policy System for Circular Economy Development in China |
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34 | (14) |
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2.3.1 History of China's Legal and Regulatory Policies on the Circular Economy |
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34 | (11) |
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2.3.2 Characteristics of China's Legal and Regulatory Policies on Circular Economy |
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45 | (3) |
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2.4 Development Strategy and Immediate Action Plan of Circular Economy During the 12th Five-Year-Plan Period |
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48 | (7) |
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2.4.1 To Focus on the 10 Circular Economy Demonstration Projects |
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48 | (3) |
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2.4.2 To Cultivate 100 Circular Economy Demonstration Cities (Counties) |
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51 | (1) |
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2.4.3 To Cultivate 1000 Circular Economy Demonstration Enterprises (Industrial Park's) |
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52 | (1) |
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52 | (3) |
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3 The Fundamental Modes and Achievements of China's Circular Economy Development |
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55 | (30) |
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3.1 Fundamental Modes of China's Circular Economy Development |
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56 | (4) |
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3.1.1 The Top-Down Dynamic Model and Addressing the Crux |
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56 | (2) |
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3.1.2 To Enable "the Visible Hand" to Cooperate with "the Invisible Hand" |
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58 | (2) |
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3.2 To Build a Model for the Circular Economy-Oriented Practice with Chinese Characteristics |
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60 | (6) |
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3.2.1 To Set up the Mechanisms of Leadership and Coordination at Different Levels |
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60 | (1) |
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3.2.2 To Provide Institutional Guarantee at Different Levels |
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61 | (1) |
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3.2.3 Fiscal Means to Directly Carry Out Circular Economy Pilot Projects |
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62 | (4) |
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3.3 To Set up a Microscopic Circular Economy Model with Chinese Characteristics |
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66 | (9) |
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3.3.1 Microscopic Models of the Circular Economy in Key Industries |
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66 | (4) |
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3.3.2 The Composite and Cross-Industry Circular Economy-Oriented Models in Agriculture |
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70 | (1) |
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3.3.3 Circular Economy-Oriented Models for Industrial Parks |
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71 | (3) |
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3.3.4 Models of Remanufacturing and Resource Recycling |
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74 | (1) |
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3.4 Remarkable Achievements Harvested in the Decade |
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75 | (10) |
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3.4.1 Census of the Whole Society and National Strategic Action |
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76 | (1) |
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3.4.2 Circular Economy and Technological Innovation |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (2) |
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3.4.4 Recycling of Renewable Resources |
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79 | (2) |
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3.4.5 Efficiency and Benefits of Resource Utilization |
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81 | (2) |
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83 | (2) |
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4 China's Steel Industry Transformed by Circular Economy |
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85 | (14) |
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4.1 Amazing Size and Technological Structure |
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85 | (4) |
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4.1.1 The "Steel Dream" for the Rejuvenation of the Chinese Nation |
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85 | (1) |
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4.1.2 An Amazing Superpower in Steel Output |
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86 | (1) |
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4.1.3 A Museum Showcasing the Technologies Adopted by the Steel Industries from Across the World |
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87 | (2) |
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4.2 Circular Economy Transforming Steel Plants into "Power Plants" |
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89 | (3) |
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4.2.1 Importance of Energy Conservation in the Steel Industry |
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89 | (1) |
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4.2.2 Taking Advantage of Technological Innovations to Reduce Primary Energy Consumption |
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89 | (1) |
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4.2.3 Recovering Secondary Energy and Building Distributed Generation Assemblies |
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90 | (2) |
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4.3 Circular Economy Transforming Steel Plants into "Mineral Treasures" |
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92 | (3) |
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4.3.1 With the Magic Phrase of "Open Sesame", Wastes Transforming into Resource Treasures |
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92 | (1) |
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4.3.2 Maximizing the Performance of Ferrous Resources |
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92 | (1) |
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4.3.3 Steel Enterprises Transforming into "Building Material" Producers |
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93 | (1) |
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4.3.4 Embarking on a Path Towards Diversified Utilization for Higher Value |
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94 | (1) |
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4.4 Combination of Water Conservation and Utilization of Reclaimed Water |
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95 | (4) |
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4.4.1 Giving Top Priority to Water Conservation |
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95 | (2) |
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4.4.2 Steel Enterprises Transforming into "Reclaimed Water Plants" |
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97 | (1) |
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97 | (2) |
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5 The Circular Economy-Oriented Practice in the Nonferrous Metal Industry |
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99 | (24) |
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5.1 The Necessity to Develop Circular Economy in the Nonferrous Metal Industry |
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100 | (6) |
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5.1.1 Characteristics of the Production in the Nonferrous Metal Industry |
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100 | (1) |
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5.1.2 Development of China's Nonferrous Metal Industry |
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101 | (2) |
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5.1.3 Problems Concerning the Environment and Resources for the Nonferrous Metal Industry |
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103 | (3) |
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5.2 Major Measures to Develop the Circular Economy of the Nonferrous Metal Industry |
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106 | (9) |
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5.2.1 Technological Upgrading and Innovations for Reduction in Energy Consumption |
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106 | (3) |
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5.2.2 Enhancing the Comprehensive Utilization and Environment-Friendly Disposal |
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109 | (2) |
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5.2.3 Facilitating the Utilization of Secondary Metals |
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111 | (2) |
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5.2.4 Improving the Policy and Regulation System |
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113 | (2) |
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5.3 Major Achievements in Circular Economy Development in the Nonferrous Metal Industry |
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115 | (8) |
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5.3.1 Steady Increase in Resource Utilization Efficiency |
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115 | (2) |
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5.3.2 Brilliant Achievements in Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction |
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117 | (2) |
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5.3.3 Remarkable Achievements in Secondary Metal Development |
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119 | (1) |
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5.3.4 A Long Way to Go for Circular Economy Development in the Nonferrous Metal Industry |
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119 | (2) |
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121 | (2) |
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6 The Circular Economy-Oriented Practice in the Cement Industry |
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123 | (20) |
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6.1 Soul of China's Building Material Industry, the Largest Emitter of Greenhouse Gases |
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123 | (8) |
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6.1.1 Soul of China's Building Material Industry |
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124 | (1) |
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6.1.2 Largest Emitter of Greenhouse Gases |
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124 | (2) |
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6.1.3 Circular Economy Development Within the Industry |
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126 | (5) |
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6.2 Co-processing of the Solid Wastes in the Cement Industry |
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131 | (8) |
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6.2.1 Comprehensive Utilization of Fly Ash |
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133 | (1) |
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6.2.2 Comprehensive Utilization of Blast Furnace Slag |
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133 | (1) |
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6.2.3 Comprehensive Utilization of Converter Slag |
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134 | (1) |
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6.2.4 Comprehensive Carbide Slag Utilization |
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135 | (1) |
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6.2.5 Comprehensive Utilization of Nonferrous Metal Smelting Slag |
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136 | (1) |
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6.2.6 Comprehensive Utilization of Sludge |
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137 | (1) |
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6.2.7 Comprehensive Utilization of Municipal Solid Wastes |
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138 | (1) |
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6.3 Circular Economy-Oriented Technological Innovations in the Cement Industry |
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139 | (4) |
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6.3.1 Circular Economy-Oriented Technologies Await Improvement |
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139 | (1) |
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6.3.2 Accelerating the Efforts for Circular Economy-Oriented Technological Innovations |
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140 | (1) |
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141 | (2) |
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7 The Circular Economy-Oriented Practice in the Electric Power Industry |
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143 | (26) |
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7.1 Development of China's Electric Power Industry |
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143 | (2) |
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7.1.1 World's Largest Electricity Generator |
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143 | (1) |
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7.1.2 Thermal Power-Centered Electric Power Structure |
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144 | (1) |
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7.1.3 A Huge Interconnected Power Grid |
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144 | (1) |
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7.2 Origin of the Circular Economy-Oriented Development in the Electric Power Industry |
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145 | (1) |
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7.3 Legal and Regulatory Policies on Circular Economy Promotion |
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146 | (8) |
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7.4 Circular Economy-Oriented Practice in the Electric Power Industry |
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154 | (9) |
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7.4.1 Technological Path to Circular Economy-Oriented Development in the Electric Power Industry |
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154 | (5) |
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7.4.2 Models of Circular Economy-Oriented Development |
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159 | (4) |
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7.5 Achievements of Circular Economy-Oriented Development in the Electric Power Industry |
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163 | (4) |
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7.5.1 Remarkable Reductions in Coal Consumption for Power Generation |
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163 | (1) |
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7.5.2 Remarkable Reductions in Water Consumption for Power Generation |
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163 | (1) |
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7.5.3 Sharp Reductions in Air Pollutant Emissions |
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164 | (2) |
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7.5.4 Considerable Reductions in Waste Water Discharge |
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166 | (1) |
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7.5.5 Increasing the Ratio of Comprehensive Utilization of Solid Wastes |
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166 | (1) |
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7.6 Prospects of the Circular Economy Development in China's Electricity Power Industry |
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167 | (2) |
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168 | (1) |
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8 The Circular Economy-Oriented Practice in the Petrochemical Industry |
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169 | (14) |
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8.1 Overview of the Industrial Development |
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169 | (1) |
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8.2 Necessity to Develop the Circular Economy in the Industry |
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170 | (2) |
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8.3 Achievements of Circular Economy-Oriented Development in the Industry |
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172 | (2) |
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8.4 Major Policies and Measures for the Circular Economy Development in the Industry |
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174 | (3) |
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8.4.1 Formulating Laws and Regulations and Implementing the Policies on Circular Economy Development |
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174 | (1) |
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8.4.2 Readjusting the Industrial Structure and the Product Mix and Increasing the Efficiency of Comprehensive Utilization of Resources |
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175 | (1) |
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8.4.3 Making Positive Efforts in Promoting and Applying Technological Innovations for Circular Economy Development |
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175 | (1) |
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8.4.4 Giving Play to the Industrial Parks and Facilitating the Pilot Demonstration of Circular Economy |
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176 | (1) |
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8.5 Typical Models of Circular Economy Development in the Industry |
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177 | (2) |
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8.6 Case Study on Circular Economy Development in the Industry |
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179 | (2) |
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8.7 Prospects of Circular Economy Development in the Industry |
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181 | (2) |
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9 The Circular Economy-Oriented Practice in the Papermaking Industry |
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183 | (18) |
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9.1 Overview of the Industrial Development |
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183 | (2) |
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9.2 Necessity to Develop the Circular Economy in the Industry |
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185 | (3) |
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9.2.1 Firstly, It Is Necessary to Develop the Circular Economy to Transform the Energy-Intensive Industry |
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185 | (1) |
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9.2.2 Secondly, It Is Necessary to Develop the Circular Economy to Protect the Environment |
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186 | (2) |
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9.3 Major Policies and Measures for the "Circular Economy Development in the Industry |
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188 | (4) |
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9.3.1 Promoting the Circular Economy Development with Policies and Regulations |
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188 | (1) |
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9.3.2 Strengthening the Guiding Role of Industrial Policies in Developing the Circular Economy |
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189 | (2) |
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9.3.3 Taking Advantage of the Role of Intermediary Organizations in Facilitating Circular Economy Development |
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191 | (1) |
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9.3.4 Popularizing Advanced Equipment, Making Technological Innovations, and Promoting Circular Economy Development |
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192 | (1) |
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9.4 Achievements of Circular Economy Development in the Industry |
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192 | (1) |
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9.5 Case Study on Circular Economy Development in the Industry |
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193 | (8) |
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193 | (1) |
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9.5.2 Enterprise's Circular Economy-Oriented Practice |
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194 | (3) |
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9.5.3 Enterprise's System of Circular Economy Development |
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197 | (2) |
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9.5.4 Enterprise's Achievements in Its Circular Economy Development |
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199 | (1) |
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9.5.5 Revelations from the Enterprise's Circular Economy Development |
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199 | (2) |
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10 The Circular Economy-Oriented Practice in the Food Manufacturing Industry |
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201 | (22) |
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10.1 Overview of the Industrial Development |
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201 | (5) |
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10.1.1 Overview of the Development of the Food Industry |
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201 | (3) |
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10.1.2 Overview of the Development of the Fermentation Industry |
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204 | (2) |
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10.2 Necessity to Develop the Circular Economy in the Industry |
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206 | (1) |
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10.3 Major Policies and Measures for Circular Economy Development in the Industry |
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207 | (6) |
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10.3.1 To Guide Circular Economy Development in the Industry with Policies and Regulations |
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207 | (2) |
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10.3.2 To Set Industrial Development Goals Through Defining Binding Standards for Cleaner Production and Discharge Reduction of Major Pollutants |
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209 | (1) |
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10.3.3 To Carry Out Pilot Projects for Circular Economy Development and Bring the Demonstration Effect of Industrial Parks into Full Play |
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210 | (1) |
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10.3.4 To Promote Technological Innovations, and Enhance Core Competitiveness |
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211 | (1) |
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10.3.5 To Establish the Mechanism of Environmental Scrutiny, and Strengthen the Guidance for and Supervision on Enterprises |
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212 | (1) |
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10.4 Achievements of Circular Economy Development in the Industry |
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213 | (3) |
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10.5 Case Study on Circular Economy Development in the Industry |
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216 | (5) |
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10.5.1 COFCO Biochemical (AnHui) Co., Ltd |
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216 | (2) |
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10.5.2 Luzhou Bio-Chem Technology Ltd |
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218 | (3) |
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10.6 Future Development of the Circular Economy in the Food Industry |
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221 | (2) |
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10.6.1 To Improve the Policy and Law System and Increase the Operability of Policies |
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221 | (1) |
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10.6.2 To Carry Out Industrial Restructuring |
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222 | (1) |
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10.6.3 To Cement the Building of the Industrial Chain |
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222 | (1) |
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10.6.4 To Further Improve Technological Capabilities Through Developing the Key Technologies |
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222 | (1) |
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11 Circular Economy-Oriented Agricultural Practice |
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223 | (24) |
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11.1 Driving Force for Agricultural Circular Economy Development |
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223 | (2) |
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11.2 Definition and Features of China's Agricultural Circular Economy |
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225 | (1) |
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11.3 Operation of China's Agricultural Circular Economy |
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225 | (2) |
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11.4 China's Policies and Measures to Promote the of Agricultural Circular Economy Development |
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227 | (1) |
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11.5 Case Study on Agricultural Circular Economy Development |
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228 | (13) |
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11.5.1 The Model of Agricultural Wastes Recycling |
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228 | (3) |
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11.5.2 Internal Recycling Models of the Agricultural Production Sectors |
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231 | (4) |
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11.5.3 Models of the Composite Industrial and Agricultural Circular Economy |
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235 | (6) |
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11.6 Technological Support System for Agricultural Circular Economy |
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241 | (2) |
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11.6.1 Technologies of Biomass Development and Comprehensive Utilization |
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241 | (1) |
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11.6.2 Technologies of Animal Wastes Recycling |
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241 | (1) |
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11.6.3 Technologies of Energy Crop Development and Utilization |
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242 | (1) |
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11.6.4 Technologies of Efficient Utilization of Major Agricultural Inputs |
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243 | (1) |
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11.7 Achievements of China's Agricultural Circular Economy Development |
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243 | (4) |
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11.7.1 Lowering Costs, Increasing Revenues, and Raising Agricultural Productivity |
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243 | (1) |
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11.7.2 Reducing Non-point Pollution in Agriculture, and Guaranteeing Food Safety |
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244 | (1) |
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11.7.3 Enhancing Energy Security in Rural Areas Through the Development of Biomass Energy |
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244 | (1) |
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11.7.4 Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emission Through Agricultural Circular Development |
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244 | (1) |
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11.7.5 Improving the Living Environment in Rural Areas |
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244 | (1) |
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245 | (2) |
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247 | |
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12.1 The Concept and Implications of "Urban Mining" |
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247 | (1) |
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12.2 Development and Utilization of Urban Minerals in China |
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248 | (5) |
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12.2.1 The Policy and Regulatory Systems Concerned |
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248 | (4) |
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12.2.2 Technical Standards of Products and Criteria for Industry Access |
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252 | (1) |
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12.2.3 Development of the Comprehensive Waste Reutilization Industry |
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252 | (1) |
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12.3 Development of the "Urban Mining" Demonstration Bases |
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253 | (9) |
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12.3.1 Buildup of the "Urban Mining" Bases in China |
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253 | (2) |
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12.3.2 The Urban Mining Base of Miluo Industrial Park |
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255 | (3) |
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12.3.3 Tianjin Ziya Circular Economy-Oriented Industrial Park |
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258 | (1) |
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12.3.4 Tianying Circular Economy-Oriented Industrial Zone in Jieshou, Anhui Province |
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259 | (1) |
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12.3.5 Sichuan Southwest Resource Recycling Industrial Park |
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260 | (1) |
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12.3.6 Ningbo Jintian Industrial Park |
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260 | (1) |
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12.3.7 Qingdao Xintiandi Venous Industrial Park |
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261 | (1) |
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12.4 Specific Development and Utilization of Urban Minerals |
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262 | (11) |
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262 | (3) |
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265 | (5) |
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270 | (3) |
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12.5 Inspiration from China's Urban Mining for the Comprehensive Utilization of Resources |
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273 | |
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273 | |