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xi | |
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xix | |
Preface |
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xxiii | |
Acknowledgments |
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xxvii | |
Introduction |
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1 | (29) |
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1 What Is Development? Indicators And Issues |
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30 | (49) |
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Seven Dimensions Of Development |
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31 | (6) |
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37 | (7) |
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44 | (5) |
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49 | (3) |
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52 | (7) |
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Basic Needs: Human Development |
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59 | (8) |
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Sustainability In The Use Of Natural Resources |
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67 | (2) |
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69 | (1) |
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Development Goes Beyond Income, But Can Income Growth Deliver Development? |
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70 | (2) |
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Conclusion: Development Is Multidimensional, So Can We Agree On What |
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72 | (7) |
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2 The State Of Development |
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79 | (34) |
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Income Growth And The Convergence Club |
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80 | (8) |
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88 | (6) |
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94 | (5) |
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99 | (3) |
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Sustainability In Resource Use |
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102 | (3) |
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105 | (5) |
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110 | (3) |
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3 History Of Thought In Development Economics |
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113 | (34) |
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Introduction: Why History Matters |
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114 | (2) |
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Basic Principles In Analysing The History Of Thought In Development Economics |
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116 | (4) |
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Selected Schools Of Thought In Development |
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120 | (20) |
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The Digital Revolution And The Future Of Convergence |
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140 | (2) |
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142 | (5) |
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4 Impact Evaluation Of Development Policies And Programs |
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147 | (43) |
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How Do We Know What Works For Development? |
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148 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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Objectives And Overview Of Impact Evaluation |
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149 | (1) |
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Challenges Of Impact Evaluation |
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150 | (3) |
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Experimental Design---Rct |
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153 | (9) |
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Matching Method To Construct Control Groups: Propensity Score Matching |
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162 | (3) |
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Difference-In-Differences Method |
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165 | (6) |
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Generalization Of The Diff-In-Diffs Approach: Roll-Outs With Panel Data |
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171 | (4) |
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Regression Discontinuity Designs (Rdd) |
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175 | (3) |
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Event Analysis And Event-Severity Analysis |
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178 | (1) |
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Instrumental Variables Estimation: Controlling For Unobservables Without A Comparison Group |
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179 | (3) |
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Making Impact Evaluation More Useful For Policy Purposes |
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182 | (1) |
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Registering A Pre-Analysis Plan |
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182 | (2) |
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184 | (6) |
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APPENDIX 4.1 ECONOMETRICS OF IMPACT ANALYSIS |
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190 | (6) |
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190 | (1) |
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Propensity Score Matching |
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190 | (2) |
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Difference-In-Differences |
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192 | (1) |
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Staggered Entry With Panel Data: Roll-Out Of A Program |
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192 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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Instrumental Variables Estimation |
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194 | (2) |
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APPENDIX 4.2 MACRO-LEVEL IMPACT EVALUATION |
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196 | (159) |
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The Temptations Of Cross-Country Regressions |
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196 | (1) |
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Econometric Issues In Cross-Country Regressions |
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197 | (2) |
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Macro-Level Impact Evaluation: What Can Be Done? |
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199 | (2) |
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5 Poverty And Vulnerability Analysis |
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201 | (47) |
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Characterize Welfare: Choice Of An Indicator Of Wellbeing |
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201 | (7) |
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Separating The Poor From The Non-Poor: Choosing A Poverty Line (Z) |
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208 | (3) |
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Describe Poverty: Poverty Profile And Correlates Of Poverty |
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211 | (4) |
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Measuring Poverty: Choosing A Poverty Indicator |
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215 | (8) |
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Dynamics Of Poverty And Vulnerability: Transitory And Chronic Poverty |
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223 | (7) |
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230 | (2) |
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The Geography Of Poverty: Poverty Maps |
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232 | (2) |
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Reducing Poverty: The Relative Roles Of Income Growth And Social Programs |
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234 | (5) |
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How Do The Extreme Poor Live? |
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239 | (3) |
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Are There Behavioral Poverty Traps? |
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242 | (6) |
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6 Inequality And Inequity |
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248 | (36) |
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Describing And Measuring Inequality |
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249 | (4) |
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253 | (2) |
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Relationship Between Level Of Income (Gdppc) And Inequality: Empirical Evidence On The Kuznets Inverted U-Curve |
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255 | (2) |
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The Alvaredo--Atkinson--Piketty--Saez Critique |
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257 | (1) |
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Impact Of Gdppc Growth On Poverty And Inequality |
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258 | (5) |
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Impact Of Inequality On Growth: Nine Causal Channels |
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263 | (7) |
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Can Greater Inequality Be A Source Of Efficiency Gains? |
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270 | (2) |
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What Roles For Ethnic Fractionalization And Genetic Diversity? |
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272 | (2) |
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What Role For Equity In Development? |
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274 | (1) |
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275 | (1) |
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Conclusion: The Growth-Inequality-Poverty Development Triangle |
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276 | (8) |
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7 International Trade And Industrialization Strategies |
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284 | (42) |
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285 | (3) |
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Gains From Trade: Why Countries Trade, But Not Everyone Gains |
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288 | (5) |
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Absolute, Comparative, And Competitive Advantage |
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293 | (3) |
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Trade Policy And Indicators Of Protection |
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296 | (4) |
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Using Trade Policy For Development: Tariffs And Subsidies |
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300 | (3) |
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Dynamic Gains From Trade: Import-Substitution Industrialization As A Policy Gamble |
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303 | (3) |
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Trade And Industrialization Strategies: How To Choose? |
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306 | (4) |
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Is Trade Good For Growth? |
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310 | (3) |
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Is Trade Good For Poverty Reduction? |
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313 | (2) |
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Trade And The Environment |
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315 | (4) |
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319 | (2) |
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Decline Of The Wto And Threats To Multilateralism |
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321 | (5) |
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8 Explaining Economic Growth: The Macro Level |
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326 | (29) |
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327 | (1) |
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Generic Modeling Of Income Growth |
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327 | (3) |
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Capital Accumulation For Growth: The Harrod-Domar Model |
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330 | (4) |
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Productivity Growth And Factor Deepening: Growth Accounting In The Solow Model |
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334 | (7) |
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The Role Of Agriculture In Growth: Structural Transformation |
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341 | (2) |
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The Role Of Agriculture In Growth: Dual-Economy Models |
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343 | (5) |
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The Role Of Agriculture In Growth: Other Models |
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348 | (7) |
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APPENDIX 8.1 SOLUTION TO THE SOLOW GROWTH MODEL |
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355 | (458) |
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9 Endogenous Economic Growth |
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359 | (20) |
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359 | (3) |
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The Coordination Problem In Growth |
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362 | (4) |
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Structural Determinants Of Growth |
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366 | (6) |
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Behavioral Determinants Of Growth |
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372 | (3) |
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375 | (4) |
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10 International Finance And Development |
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379 | (24) |
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Exchange Rates And Development |
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379 | (1) |
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380 | (1) |
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Definitions: Nominal, Real, And Real Effective Exchange Rates |
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381 | (4) |
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385 | (5) |
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Impact Of A Change In The Rer On Real Balances |
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390 | (3) |
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Three Examples Of Exchange-Rate Shocks |
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393 | (10) |
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11 Population And Development |
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403 | (29) |
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Definitions: Demographic Concepts |
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404 | (6) |
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Some Data For World Population |
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410 | (2) |
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History Of World Population And Demographic Transition |
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412 | (1) |
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Causes Of Population Growth |
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413 | (9) |
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422 | (5) |
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Other Issues In Population And Development |
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427 | (5) |
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432 | (31) |
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433 | (3) |
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436 | (15) |
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451 | (8) |
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459 | (4) |
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13 Financial Services For The Poor |
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463 | (38) |
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The Microfinance Revolution |
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464 | (1) |
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The Generic-Lender Problem |
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465 | (2) |
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467 | (2) |
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Local Moneylenders, Or "Usurers" |
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469 | (1) |
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Informal Microfinance Institutions: Roscas |
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470 | (2) |
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Microfinance With Group Lending |
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472 | (3) |
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Village Banks And Self-Help Groups |
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475 | (2) |
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Mfis With Individual Loans: Proximity Lending |
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477 | (1) |
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Local Sources Of Credit Based On Interlinkages In Value Chains |
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477 | (1) |
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Other Issues In Microfinance Lending |
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478 | (5) |
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Can The Poor Be Insured? The Promise Of Index-Based Weather Insurance |
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483 | (7) |
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Can The Poor Save? Offering Savings Opportunities And Incentives |
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490 | (4) |
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Facilitating Money Transfers |
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494 | (1) |
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Conclusions On Mfis: How Useful Are They For Poverty Reduction? |
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494 | (7) |
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14 Social-Assistance Programs And Targeting |
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501 | (37) |
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Social Assistance In Poverty-Reduction Strategies |
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502 | (2) |
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A Typology Of Social-Assistance Programs |
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504 | (5) |
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The Targeting Of Social Programs: Benefits And Costs |
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509 | (1) |
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Errors In Targeting: Exclusion (Type I) And Inclusion (Type II) Errors |
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510 | (2) |
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512 | (10) |
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522 | (1) |
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523 | (5) |
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Using Social-Safety-Net (Ssn) Programs For Efficiency Gains And Growth |
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528 | (2) |
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Impact Evaluation Of Social Programs: Some Examples |
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530 | (8) |
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15 Sustainable Development And The Environment |
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538 | (28) |
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Links Between Development, Resource Conservation, And Environmental Sustainability |
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539 | (3) |
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542 | (8) |
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Incomplete Property Rights |
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550 | (2) |
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552 | (1) |
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Discounting: Private Vs. Social, And Exponential Vs. Hyperbolic |
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553 | (3) |
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The Sustainability Objective |
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556 | (1) |
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Dilemmas In The Environment-Development Relation |
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557 | (3) |
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Introducing New Markets: Payments For Environmental Services |
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560 | (6) |
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16 Common Property Resources And Determinants Of Cooperation |
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566 | (27) |
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Why Are There Common Property Resources? |
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567 | (2) |
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569 | (1) |
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Grounds For Pessimism About Cooperative Behavior |
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570 | (2) |
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Cooperative Outcomes In Non-Cooperative Games |
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572 | (5) |
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Determinants Of Cooperation And Collective Action |
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577 | (6) |
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Why Secure Property Rights Over Land Matter For Economic Development |
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583 | (1) |
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Behavioral Games In Development Economics |
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584 | (9) |
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17 Human Capital: Education And Health |
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593 | (41) |
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Why Are Education And Health Important For Development? |
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594 | (1) |
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Indicators And Status Of Education |
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595 | (4) |
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What Determines The Levels Of Schooling? |
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599 | (8) |
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607 | (2) |
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CCT Programs: Oportunidades As A Case Study |
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609 | (3) |
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Indicators And Status Of Health |
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612 | (4) |
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What Determines Health Achievements? |
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616 | (5) |
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Impact Of Health On Development Outcomes |
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621 | (3) |
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624 | (10) |
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18 Agriculture For Development |
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634 | (41) |
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Agriculture For Development |
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635 | (7) |
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The State Of World Agriculture |
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642 | (8) |
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Determinants Of Agricultural Growth |
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650 | (15) |
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Food Security In Developing Countries |
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665 | (4) |
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The Political Economy Of Agriculture For Development |
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669 | (6) |
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19 Development Aid And Its Effectiveness |
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675 | (35) |
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676 | (1) |
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Aid In A Historial Perspective |
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677 | (4) |
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The Evolution Of Foreign Aid |
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681 | (2) |
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Fungibility Of Foreign Aid |
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683 | (2) |
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Aid Effectiveness From A Macro Perspective |
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685 | (4) |
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Evaluating The Impact Of Foreign Aid From A Micro Perspective |
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689 | (1) |
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The Practice Of Foreign Aid |
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690 | (6) |
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Aid Strategies For Greater Effectiveness: What Can Be Done? |
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696 | (3) |
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The Debate On Foreign Aid |
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699 | (3) |
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Conclusion: Toward A New Aid Architecture |
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702 | (8) |
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20 Institutional Innovations And Development |
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710 | (27) |
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Institutions And Development |
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710 | (2) |
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Assumptions Underlying The New Institutional Economics |
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712 | (1) |
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Market Failures Induced By Transaction Costs |
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713 | (3) |
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Institutional Responses To Market Failures |
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716 | (1) |
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Mechanisms Of Institutional Change |
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716 | (4) |
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An Example Of Institutional Choice: Sharecropping Contracts |
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720 | (10) |
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Other Examples Of Institutional Innovations That Help Reduce Transaction Costs And/Or Compensate For Market Failures |
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730 | (7) |
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21 Political Economy And The Role Of The State |
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737 | (39) |
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737 | (3) |
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740 | (5) |
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The Pluralist State: Public Choice |
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745 | (13) |
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Economics Of Public Authority: Rent-Seeking, Political Influence, And Corruption |
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758 | (5) |
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Seven Strategies To Limit Rent-Seeking |
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763 | (5) |
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Public Expenditures And Development: The Role Of Infrastructure |
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768 | (8) |
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22 The Economics Of Farm Households |
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776 | (37) |
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Importance Of Farm Households |
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777 | (3) |
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Definitions Of Farm Households |
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780 | (5) |
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Farm-Household-Behavior Models |
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785 | (3) |
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Responses To Market Signals: Separability |
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788 | (2) |
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Net Buyers, Net Sellers, And Food Security |
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790 | (2) |
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Access To Land: The Role Of Land Reform |
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792 | (3) |
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Can The Family Be Competitive And Survive |
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795 | (7) |
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Risk And Self-Insurance In Household Behavior |
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802 | (3) |
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Intra-Household Allocation Of Resources And Gender Roles |
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805 | (8) |
Index |
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813 | |