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xv | |
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xvi | |
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xx | |
About the Authors |
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xxi | |
Preface |
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xxiii | |
Acknowledgments |
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xxv | |
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1 | (24) |
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2 | (1) |
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Past, Present, and Future |
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2 | (4) |
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Some Specific Mechanisms of Heredity and Experience |
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6 | (2) |
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The Lasting Significance of Infancy |
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8 | (1) |
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Proponents of the Importance of Early Experience |
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9 | (2) |
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11 | (1) |
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Normative Development and Individual Variation |
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12 | (2) |
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Proponents of Discontinuity |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (2) |
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Parental Curiosity and Applications |
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16 | (3) |
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Scientific Infancy Studies |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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21 | (3) |
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24 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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2 The Many Ecologies of Infancy |
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25 | (25) |
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Infant, Mother, and Father |
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26 | (1) |
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Direct Effects---Heritability |
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26 | (1) |
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Direct Effects---Parenting |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (4) |
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Infants, Siblings, and Peers |
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32 | (1) |
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33 | (2) |
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Developing Relationships with Other Children |
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35 | (1) |
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Nonparental Care of Infants |
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36 | (5) |
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Socioeconomic Class, Culture, and Infancy |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (3) |
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44 | (4) |
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48 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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3 Methods of Research in Infancy |
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50 | (30) |
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Logic and Design in Infancy Research |
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51 | (1) |
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Longitudinal and Cross-Sectional Designs |
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51 | (2) |
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Natural Experiments, Twin, and Adoption Designs |
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53 | (1) |
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Specialized Developmental Designs |
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54 | (1) |
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Procedures and Techniques in Infancy Research |
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55 | (1) |
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Baby Biographies and Case Studies |
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56 | (3) |
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59 | (2) |
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Interviews and Questionnaires |
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61 | (1) |
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62 | (4) |
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Testing in Structured Test Situations |
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66 | (5) |
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Interpretation and Measurement Issues in Infant Research |
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71 | (1) |
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Correlation and Causality |
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71 | (2) |
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Reliability and Validity, Multiple Assessment, and Converging Operations |
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73 | (2) |
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Special Research Issues with Infants |
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75 | (1) |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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Performance versus Competence |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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4 Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn |
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80 | (29) |
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Genetics, Genetic Testing, and Prenatal Development |
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81 | (1) |
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81 | (3) |
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Early Stages of Development |
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84 | (2) |
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86 | (8) |
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94 | (2) |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (2) |
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98 | (2) |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (2) |
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Development of the Sensory Systems |
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103 | (1) |
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104 | (2) |
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106 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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107 | (2) |
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5 Physical and Motor Development in Infancy |
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109 | (29) |
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112 | (1) |
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Autonomic Nervous System Development |
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113 | (1) |
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113 | (4) |
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117 | (1) |
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Central Nervous System Development |
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118 | (1) |
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118 | (5) |
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123 | (2) |
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Electrical Activity in the Brain |
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125 | (2) |
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127 | (5) |
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132 | (4) |
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136 | (1) |
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136 | (2) |
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6 Perceptual Development in Infancy |
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138 | (28) |
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Philosophical Questions and Developmental Research |
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139 | (1) |
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A Nativist--Empiricist Debate |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (2) |
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142 | (2) |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (4) |
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149 | (1) |
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150 | (2) |
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152 | (2) |
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154 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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156 | (2) |
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158 | (2) |
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160 | (2) |
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Experience and Early Perceptual Development |
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162 | (2) |
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164 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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166 | (29) |
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The Piagetian View of Cognitive Development in Infancy |
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167 | (1) |
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Piaget's Theory of Knowledge |
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168 | (1) |
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168 | (1) |
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169 | (1) |
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Action as the Basis of Knowledge |
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169 | (1) |
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Stage Theory: The Decline of Egocentrism |
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169 | (3) |
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172 | (2) |
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Challenges to Piaget's Theory |
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174 | (4) |
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178 | (1) |
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Classical and Operant Learning and Imitation |
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178 | (3) |
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Limiting Conditions on Learning |
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181 | (1) |
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Infant Information Processing |
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181 | (1) |
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Habituation and Novelty Responsiveness |
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181 | (2) |
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Individual Variation and Stability in Infant Learning and Information Processing |
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183 | (2) |
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Developmental Changes in Learning and Information Processing |
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185 | (1) |
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Infant Mental Life and the Question of Validity |
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186 | (1) |
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Traditional Infant Tests and Their Predictive Validity |
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187 | (2) |
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The Information-Processing Orientation to Assessment of Cognitive Competencies in Infancy |
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189 | (1) |
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Cognitive Development in its Social Context |
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190 | (1) |
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Parental Interaction and Teaching |
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190 | (1) |
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The Joint Contribution of Parent and Infant |
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191 | (2) |
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193 | (1) |
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193 | (2) |
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8 Representation in Infancy |
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195 | (27) |
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197 | (1) |
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197 | (1) |
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Methods of Studying Categorization in Infancy |
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198 | (2) |
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Issues in the Study of Categorization |
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200 | (4) |
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204 | (2) |
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Techniques Used to Study Infant Memory |
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206 | (2) |
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Influences on Infant Memory |
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208 | (3) |
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211 | (1) |
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212 | (5) |
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Play Development and Social Interaction |
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217 | (1) |
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Play Partners and Functions |
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218 | (1) |
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Culture, Social Context, and Play |
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219 | (1) |
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220 | (1) |
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220 | (2) |
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9 Language Development in Infancy |
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222 | (31) |
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Norms, Individual Differences, and Methods of Study |
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223 | (1) |
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Comprehension and Production |
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224 | (1) |
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224 | (2) |
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Methods of Language Study |
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226 | (3) |
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Supports for Language Development |
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229 | (1) |
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229 | (2) |
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231 | (2) |
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Gesture and Joint Attention |
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233 | (1) |
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234 | (1) |
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Understanding and Producing Speech |
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235 | (1) |
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235 | (2) |
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237 | (4) |
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241 | (1) |
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Reference and First Words |
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241 | (2) |
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The Problem of Word Learning |
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243 | (2) |
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Individual Differences in Vocabulary Learning |
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245 | (1) |
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246 | (5) |
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251 | (1) |
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252 | (1) |
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10 Emotions and Temperament in Infancy |
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253 | (27) |
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254 | (1) |
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Toward a Definition of Emotions |
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254 | (2) |
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Theorizing about Emotions in Infancy |
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256 | (3) |
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Methodological Issues in the Study of Emotions in Infancy |
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259 | (4) |
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Development of Emotional Expressions |
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263 | (4) |
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Development of Sensitivity to Emotional Signals |
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267 | (1) |
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268 | (1) |
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269 | (2) |
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Conceptualizing Infant Temperament |
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271 | (2) |
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Issues in the Measurement of Infant Temperament |
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273 | (2) |
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Origins and Consequences of Individuality of Temperament |
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275 | (2) |
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277 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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Temperament and Cognition |
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278 | (1) |
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279 | (1) |
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279 | (1) |
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11 Infant Social Development in the Family |
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280 | (27) |
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280 | (2) |
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Basic Phases of Social Development |
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282 | (3) |
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Some Features of Attachment Bonds |
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285 | (1) |
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Characteristics of Mother-- and Father--Infant Interaction |
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286 | (1) |
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Behavior Systems Relevant to Infant Attachment |
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287 | (2) |
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The Security of Infant--Parent Attachments |
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289 | (1) |
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Determinants of Strange Situation Behavior |
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290 | (1) |
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Stability of Infant Attachment |
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291 | (1) |
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Predictive Validity of Attachment Classifications |
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292 | (1) |
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Cross-Cultural Research on Attachment Classifications |
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293 | (2) |
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Parental Behavior and Interaction with Infants |
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295 | (1) |
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Origins of Parenting Characteristics |
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295 | (6) |
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Infant--Parent Interactions |
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301 | (2) |
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Gender Differences in Infant Development |
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303 | (2) |
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305 | (1) |
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305 | (2) |
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12 Infant Social Cognition |
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307 | (19) |
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The Shared Mind: Fitting the Pieces Together |
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307 | (1) |
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308 | (2) |
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310 | (5) |
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315 | (3) |
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What Assumptions Govern Interactions? |
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318 | (4) |
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Culture and Social Cognition |
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322 | (1) |
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323 | (1) |
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Conclusions for the Reader |
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323 | (2) |
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325 | (1) |
Glossary |
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326 | (17) |
References |
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343 | (57) |
Author Index |
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400 | (19) |
Subject Index |
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419 | |