Drawing from his primate socioecological and ethnographic field research in Java, Indonesia, Nicholas Malone advocates for a dialectical approach to the study of ape sociality. This approach recognizes contingency, the inseparability of the natural and the social, and the important role that context plays in the questions we ask about our closest living relatives, the data we collect, and the interpretations we make. Importantly, the Dialectical Primatologist is not merely a theoretical endeavor; Malone acknowledges that "the living apes are in serious trouble" and smartly illustrates how knowledge gained using a dialectical approach can inform ape conservation and management efforts. For example, documenting the social variability and ecological flexibility of the gibbons and other apes, particularly in the face of expanding anthropogenic pressures, has important implications for the design of reintroduction and rehabilitation protocols and efforts to facilitate human-ape coexistence moving forward. Scholars and advanced students from an array of fields including anthropology, philosophy, science studies, bioethics, and human-animal studies will find great interest in this thought-provoking book. - Dr. Erin P. Riley, San Diego State University