Special Features Listing of Tables, Figures, and Resources |
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xi | |
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xi | |
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xv | |
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xvi | |
A Letter to Our Readers |
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xvii | |
Acknowledgments |
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xix | |
About the Authors |
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xxi | |
1 Why Differentiation of Instruction Now? |
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1 | (16) |
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What Differentiated Instruction IS (and What It Is NOT) |
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2 | (1) |
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Rationales for Differentiated Instruction |
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3 | (8) |
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Rationale #1: To Meet Needs of Diverse Learners |
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4 | (1) |
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Rationale #2: To Meet Legal Mandates |
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4 | (2) |
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Rationale #3: To Be Ethical in Implementing Democratic Values |
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6 | (1) |
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Rationale #4: To Dispel Myths About Students |
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7 | (1) |
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Rationale #5: To Be Effective Teachers |
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8 | (3) |
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Retrofit and Universal Design: Two Approaches to Differentiated Instruction |
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11 | (3) |
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Systemic Support for Differentiated Instruction |
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14 | (2) |
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16 | (1) |
2 Accessing the General Education Curriculum Through a Retrofit Framework |
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17 | (26) |
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What Is the Retrofit Approach? |
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18 | (1) |
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Scenario #1: Elementary Science and Social Studies |
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19 | (10) |
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Scenario #2: Middle Level Mathematics |
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29 | (4) |
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Scenario #3: Middle Level Science |
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33 | (2) |
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Scenario #4: High School Language Arts |
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35 | (6) |
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What Do You Know About Retrofitting as a Way to Differentiate Instruction? |
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41 | (2) |
3 Access to Curriculum Through Universal Design for Learning |
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43 | (16) |
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The UDL Cycle for Differentiating Content, Product, and Process |
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45 | (5) |
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Design Point #1: Gathering Facts About Student Learners |
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50 | (1) |
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Design Point #2: Differentiate Content and Materials |
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50 | (2) |
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Design Point #3: Product or Differentiate How Students Show What They Know |
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52 | (1) |
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Design Point #4: Differentiate Instructional Processes |
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52 | (4) |
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53 | (1) |
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Instructional Arrangements |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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Social/Physical Environment or Classroom Climate |
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54 | (1) |
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Co-teaching Approaches-One Effective Option to Differentiate Instruction |
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55 | (1) |
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Pause and Reflect About Student-Specific Teaching Strategies and Supports |
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56 | (1) |
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Putting It All Together With the Universal Design Lesson Plan |
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57 | (2) |
4 Gathering Facts About the Learners |
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59 | (18) |
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60 | (1) |
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Family-Centered and Culturally Responsive Fact Gathering |
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61 | (1) |
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62 | (3) |
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Learning Preferences Information |
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65 | (1) |
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Learning and Thinking Styles |
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65 | (1) |
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65 | (2) |
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Data-Based Observations Including Functional Behavioral Assessments and Cooperative Group Monitoring |
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67 | (4) |
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67 | (3) |
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Functional Behavioral Assessment |
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70 | (1) |
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Monitoring Cooperative Group Learning |
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70 | (1) |
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Curriculum-Based Assessments |
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71 | (1) |
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Making Action Plans (MAPS) |
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72 | (2) |
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Disability-Specific Information |
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74 | (1) |
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Co-Teacher Roles in Gathering Facts About the Learners |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
5 Differentiating Access to the Content of Learning |
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77 | (22) |
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78 | (1) |
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Ways to Promote Access to Content |
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79 | (1) |
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Taxonomies and Objectives: Using and Not Abusing Them |
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79 | (5) |
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Layered Curriculum and Levels of Participation |
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84 | (1) |
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Differentiating Content Using Graphic Organizers and Educational Technology |
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85 | (5) |
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Differentiating Content With Culturally and Linguistically Responsive Techniques |
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90 | (3) |
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Involving Students in Determining Content |
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93 | (4) |
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Co-Teacher Roles in Differentiating Content |
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97 | (1) |
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97 | (2) |
6 Differentiating and Assessing the Products of Learning |
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99 | (22) |
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Why Differentiate Assessment in a Climate of High-Stakes Testing? |
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100 | (3) |
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Using Culturally Responsive Techniques to Differentiate and Assess the Products of Learning |
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103 | (2) |
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Taxonomy and Learning Preferences Frameworks to Differentiate Products and Assessment |
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105 | (4) |
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Using Bloom's Taxonomy of Cognition to Differentiate Products and Assessment |
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106 | (1) |
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Using Learning Preferences Frameworks to Differentiate Products and Assessment |
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107 | (1) |
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Using Bloom's Taxonomy and Multiple Intelligences Theory to Differentiate Products and Assessment |
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108 | (1) |
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Scaffolding and Curriculum-Based Assessments |
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109 | (5) |
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Scaffolding as Formative Assessment |
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109 | (4) |
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Curriculum-Based Assessments |
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113 | (1) |
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Differentiating How Teachers Grade Products |
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114 | (3) |
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Alternatives to Norm-Referenced Grading Procedures |
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115 | (1) |
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Adapting Criterion-Referenced Grading Systems |
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116 | (1) |
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116 | (1) |
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Co-Teacher Roles in Differentiating Products of Learning |
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117 | (3) |
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120 | (1) |
7 Differentiating the Instructional Processes |
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121 | (22) |
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The Complexities of the Process of Instruction (Graphic Organizer) |
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123 | (1) |
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123 | (5) |
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Instructional Arrangements |
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128 | (5) |
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Highlights on Cooperative Learning |
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128 | (3) |
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A Focus on Cooperative Strategies for Emerging and Struggling Readers |
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131 | (1) |
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A Highlight on Peer Tutors and Partner Learning Arrangements |
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132 | (1) |
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133 | (4) |
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133 | (1) |
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Applying Concepts From Learning Preferences Frameworks |
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134 | (1) |
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135 | (2) |
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Social and Physical Environment |
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137 | (2) |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (3) |
8 Collaborative Planning and Evaluation for Differentiated Instruction |
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143 | (12) |
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The Rationale and Benefits of Collaborative Planning and Teaching |
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144 | (2) |
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Effective and Efficient Use of Planning and Evaluation Time |
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146 | (3) |
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Development of Relationships Among Team Members: It's a Process! |
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149 | (2) |
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Skills for Building Trust and Establishing Team Norms |
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149 | (1) |
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Communication and Leadership Skills |
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149 | (1) |
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Creative Problem-Solving Skills |
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150 | (1) |
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Conflict Resolution Skills |
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150 | (1) |
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Are We Really an Effective Planning Team? |
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151 | (4) |
9 Co-Teaching to Deliver Differentiated Instruction |
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155 | (24) |
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Why Collaborate to Co-Teach? |
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157 | (1) |
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Research Base for Co-Teaching |
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157 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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Four Approaches to Co-Teaching |
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159 | (4) |
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159 | (2) |
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161 | (1) |
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Complementary Co-Teaching |
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162 | (1) |
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162 | (1) |
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Questions About Co-Teaching to Differentiate Instruction |
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163 | (16) |
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Case Studies Introduction |
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167 | (12) |
10 UDL Lesson Planning Cycle to Differentiate Instruction in Action: A Fourth-Grade Social Studies Unit |
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179 | (22) |
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180 | (1) |
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Co-Teacher Professional Development Activities |
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181 | (2) |
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Multiple Methods for Accessing Content |
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183 | (3) |
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Differentiating the Products (Outcomes) of Learning |
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186 | (1) |
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Differentiating the Instructional Processes |
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187 | (4) |
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187 | (1) |
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Instructional Arrangements |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (1) |
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Social and Physical Environment |
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190 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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Implementing the UDL Plan |
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191 | (1) |
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Using the Lesson Plan Template |
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192 | (9) |
11 UDL Lesson Planning Cycle to Differentiate Instruction in Action: Middle Level Mathematics |
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201 | (16) |
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202 | (1) |
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Professional Development Activities |
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202 | (1) |
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Gathering (New) Facts About the Learners |
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203 | (3) |
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Multiple Methods for Accessing the Content for Algebra I |
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206 | (3) |
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Differentiating the Products (Outcomes) of Learning |
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209 | (1) |
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Differentiating the Instructional Processes |
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209 | (2) |
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209 | (1) |
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Cognitive Guided Instruction |
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210 | (1) |
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English Language Learner Techniques |
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211 | (1) |
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Implementing the UDL Plan |
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211 | (1) |
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Using the Universal Design Lesson Plan Template |
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211 | (6) |
12 UDL Lesson Planning Cycle to Differentiate Instruction in Action: Middle Level Science |
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217 | (24) |
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218 | (1) |
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Planning to Change From a Retrofit Approach to a Universal Design Approach |
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218 | (1) |
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Gathering (Additional) Facts About the Learners |
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219 | (2) |
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219 | (2) |
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Planning Prior to the Lesson |
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221 | (4) |
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Planning to Differentiate Content and Materials |
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223 | (1) |
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Planning to Differentiate Products |
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224 | (1) |
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Planning to Differentiate the Process of Learning |
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224 | (1) |
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Finalizing the Lesson Plan |
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225 | (1) |
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Differentiation in Action in the Class |
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226 | (4) |
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230 | (11) |
13 UDL Lesson Planning Cycle to Differentiate Instruction in Action: High School Language Arts |
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241 | (20) |
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242 | (1) |
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Co-Teacher Professional Development Activities |
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242 | (1) |
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Gathering Facts About the Learners |
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243 | (1) |
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Differentiating the Content and Materials |
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244 | (3) |
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244 | (1) |
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244 | (2) |
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Range of Reading and Level of Text Complexity |
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246 | (1) |
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Differentiating the Product |
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247 | (1) |
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247 | (1) |
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Differentiating the Process |
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247 | (1) |
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247 | (1) |
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248 | (5) |
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248 | (4) |
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The Planned Instructional Sequence |
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252 | (1) |
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253 | (8) |
14 UDL Lesson Planning Cycle to Differentiate Instruction in Action: High School Mathematics |
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261 | (26) |
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262 | (1) |
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Co-Teacher Collaborative Planning and Professional Development Activities |
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262 | (2) |
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Professional Development Reflections and Commitments |
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264 | (1) |
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Gathering Facts About the Learners |
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265 | (2) |
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Anticipating Learners' Interests, Learning Preferences, Skills, and Conceptual Understanding |
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265 | (2) |
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Multiple Methods for Accessing the Content of Algebra II |
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267 | (2) |
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Unit Theme: Reasoning and Sensemaking |
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267 | (1) |
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Standards Addressed in the Unit |
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267 | (2) |
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Differentiating the Product: Multiple Methods to Demonstrate Unit Objectives |
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269 | (3) |
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269 | (1) |
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Assessment of Prior Knowledge/Mastery |
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269 | (3) |
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Differentiating the Process of Instruction |
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272 | (4) |
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Planning for Differentiation to Include Evidence-Based Strategies |
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272 | (1) |
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Implementing Differentiated Instructional Processes |
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273 | (3) |
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Using the Lesson Plan Template |
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276 | (1) |
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276 | (11) |
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Reflections on Facts About the Learners |
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277 | (1) |
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Reflections on Content and Materials Differentiation |
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277 | (1) |
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Reflections on Product and Assessment Differentiation |
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277 | (1) |
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Reflections on Instructional Process Differentiation |
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277 | (1) |
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Peer Observer Feedback and Future Goals |
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277 | (10) |
15 Epilogue: Pause and Reflect |
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287 | (4) |
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Values and Assumptions About Students |
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288 | (1) |
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Values and Assumptions About Adults |
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288 | (1) |
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Why Explain Values and Assumptions? |
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288 | (3) |
Resources |
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291 | (18) |
References |
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309 | (14) |
Index |
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323 | |