| Foreword |
|
xi | |
| Preface |
|
xv | |
| Color Plates |
|
xvii | |
| Introduction |
|
1 | (4) |
|
1 Are Species Constructs of the Human Mind? |
|
|
5 | (4) |
|
2 Why is there a Species Problem? |
|
|
9 | (36) |
|
2.1 Objective of the Book |
|
|
9 | (1) |
|
2.2 Can Species be Defined and Delimited from one Another? |
|
|
10 | (2) |
|
2.3 What Makes Biological Species so Special? |
|
|
12 | (3) |
|
2.4 Species: To Exist, or not to Exist, that is the Question |
|
|
15 | (4) |
|
2.5 The Reality of Species: Ernst Mayr vs. Charles Darwin |
|
|
19 | (1) |
|
2.6 The Constant Change in Evolution and the Quest of Taxonomy for Fixed Classes: can these be Compatible? |
|
|
20 | (3) |
|
2.7 Can a Scientist Work with a Species Without Knowing what a Species is? |
|
|
23 | (1) |
|
2.8 The Species as an Intuitive Concept and a Cognitive Preset in the Human Mind |
|
|
24 | (3) |
|
2.9 Taxonomy's Status as a "Soft" or "Hard Science" |
|
|
27 | (3) |
|
2.10 The Impact of the Species Concept on Nature Conservation and the Allocation of Tax Money |
|
|
30 | (1) |
|
2.11 Sociological Consequences of a Misunderstood Concept of Race |
|
|
31 | (2) |
|
2.12 Species Pluralism: How Many Species Concepts Exist? |
|
|
33 | (6) |
|
2.13 It is One Thing to Identify a Species, but Another to Define what a Species is |
|
|
39 | (2) |
|
2.14 The Dualism of the Species Concept: the Epistemic vs. the Operative Goal |
|
|
41 | (4) |
|
3 Is the Biological Species a Class or is it an Individual? |
|
|
45 | (22) |
|
3.1 Preliminary Note: Can a Species have Essential Traits? |
|
|
45 | (2) |
|
3.2 Class Formation and Relational Group Formation |
|
|
47 | (2) |
|
3.3 Is the Biological Species a Universal/Class or an Individual? |
|
|
49 | (2) |
|
3.4 The Difference Between a Group of Objects as a Class and a Group of Objects as an Individual is a Fundamental One |
|
|
51 | (3) |
|
3.5 Artificial Classes and Natural Kinds |
|
|
54 | (2) |
|
3.6 The Biological Species Cannot be a Natural Kind |
|
|
56 | (2) |
|
3.7 The Biological Species as a Homeostatic Property Cluster |
|
|
58 | (2) |
|
3.8 Polythetic Class Formation or Grouping According to Family Resemblance |
|
|
60 | (1) |
|
3.9 The Linnaean System is Based on Fundamental Assumptions that are Irreconcilable with a Contemporary Worldview of Science |
|
|
61 | (2) |
|
3.10 Comparison of the System of Organisms with the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements |
|
|
63 | (1) |
|
3.11 The Relational Properties of the Members of a Species are the Essence of the Species |
|
|
64 | (3) |
|
4 What are Traits in Taxonomy? |
|
|
67 | (26) |
|
|
|
67 | (1) |
|
4.2 What Basic Rule Defines Traits as Being Taxonomically Relevant? |
|
|
68 | (3) |
|
4.3 What is the Relevance of Differences in Genes Between Two Species? |
|
|
71 | (2) |
|
4.4 In Sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus), a Single Gene Controls Many Phenotypes |
|
|
73 | (1) |
|
4.5 What is the Relevance of Differences in Traits between Two Species? |
|
|
74 | (2) |
|
4.6 Traits that are Used by the Species to Distinguish Themselves |
|
|
76 | (4) |
|
4.7 A Species cannot be Defined by Traits |
|
|
80 | (2) |
|
4.8 What are Homologous Traits? |
|
|
82 | (2) |
|
4.9 The Vertebrate Eye and the Squid Eye: They Cannot be Homologous Nor can they be Non-Homologous |
|
|
84 | (2) |
|
4.10 The DNA Barcoding Approach - is Taxonomy Nothing more than Phylogenetic Distance? |
|
|
86 | (7) |
|
5 Diversity within the Species: Polymorphisms and the Polytypic Species |
|
|
93 | (34) |
|
|
|
93 | (1) |
|
5.2 Differences in Traits do not Necessarily Mean Species Differences |
|
|
94 | (2) |
|
5.3 Superfluous Taxonomic Terms: Variation, Aberration, Form, Phase, Phenon |
|
|
96 | (1) |
|
5.4 What are Races or Subspecies? |
|
|
97 | (2) |
|
5.5 Are Carrion Crow and Hooded Crow (Corvus corone and C. cornix) in Eurasia and the Guppy Populations on Trinidad Species or Races? |
|
|
99 | (1) |
|
|
|
100 | (3) |
|
5.7 What are Mutants {in a Taxonomic Sense}? |
|
|
103 | (1) |
|
|
|
104 | (1) |
|
5.9 How Long is the Lifetime of Allelic Polymorphisms? |
|
|
105 | (1) |
|
5.10 Stable Polymorphisms - The Selective Advantage is Diversity |
|
|
106 | (2) |
|
5.11 Are Differences between Species Due only to Differences in Allelic Frequency Distribution, Such that there are no Truly Species-Specific Traits? |
|
|
108 | (2) |
|
5.12 Partially Migratory Birds - an Example of Genetic Polymorphisms |
|
|
110 | (4) |
|
5.13 Intraspecies Morphs in the Burnet Moth Zygaena ephialtes |
|
|
114 | (2) |
|
5.14 The Color Pattern Polymorphism of the Shells of the Brown-Lipped Snail Cepaea nemoralis |
|
|
116 | (2) |
|
5.15 The Beak Polymorphism in the Black-Bellied Seedcracker Finch Pyrenestes ostrinus |
|
|
118 | (1) |
|
5.16 The Beak Polymorphism in the Darwin Finch Geospiza fortis |
|
|
119 | (2) |
|
5.17 Intraspecies Morphs in the Garter Snake Thamnophis ordinoides |
|
|
121 | (1) |
|
5.18 Urbanization in Certain Bird Species is based on Genetic Polymorphism |
|
|
121 | (2) |
|
5.19 The Mimicry Morphs of the Female Swallowtails of the Genus Papilio |
|
|
123 | (2) |
|
5.20 The Morphs of the Brood-Parasitic Cuckoo Female Cuculus canorus |
|
|
125 | (2) |
|
6 Biological Species as a Gene-Flow Community |
|
|
127 | (60) |
|
6.1 The Definition of the Gene-Flow Community |
|
|
127 | (3) |
|
6.2 The Connection of Organisms in a Gene-Flow Community Includes the Genealogical Connection |
|
|
130 | (1) |
|
6.3 The Species is a Gene-Flow Community, Not a Reproductive Community |
|
|
131 | (2) |
|
6.4 A Species Concept Requires Both Connection and Delimitation |
|
|
133 | (1) |
|
6.5 The Concept of the Gene-Flow Community in Eukaryotes and in Bacteria |
|
|
134 | (1) |
|
6.6 Uniparental Propagation in Eukaryotes |
|
|
135 | (3) |
|
6.7 Why do the Individuals of a Species Resemble Each Other? |
|
|
138 | (2) |
|
6.8 Isolation by Distance |
|
|
140 | (1) |
|
6.9 A Decrease in Lateral Sexual Gene Flow, together with Local Adaptation, Creates Races |
|
|
141 | (2) |
|
6.10 The Adaptation of Breeding Times in Birds to the Annual Maximum Food Supply |
|
|
143 | (1) |
|
6.11 Are Migratory and Sedentary Birds Able to Crossbreed? |
|
|
144 | (2) |
|
6.12 Are Geographically Distant Populations of Stonechats (Saxicola torquata) or Blackcaps (Sylvia atricapilla) Genetically Compatible? |
|
|
146 | (2) |
|
6.13 Are Univoltine and Bivoltine Butterflies Able to Crossbreed? |
|
|
148 | (1) |
|
6.14 Speciation Genes, Pre- and Postzygotic Barriers |
|
|
149 | (2) |
|
6.15 Hybrid Incompatibility |
|
|
151 | (2) |
|
6.16 Haldane's Rule and the Genes for Postzygotic Incompatibility |
|
|
153 | (2) |
|
6.17 Sympatric and Allopatric Speciation |
|
|
155 | (4) |
|
6.18 Sympatric Speciation in the Fruit fly Rhagoletis, in Cichlids and in the Fire Salamander |
|
|
159 | (2) |
|
6.19 Reproductive Incompatibility is Different than Phylogenetic Distance |
|
|
161 | (1) |
|
6.20 Phylogenetic Distance and Reproductive Incompatibility in Two Species Pairs, Polar Bear (Ursus maritimus) and Brown Bear (U. arctos), in Comparison to Grey Wolf (Canis lupus) and Coyote (C. latrans) |
|
|
162 | (1) |
|
6.21 The Herring Gull (Larus argentatus) and the Greenish Warbler (Phylloscopus trochiloides), a False and a True Model for the Ring Species |
|
|
163 | (2) |
|
6.22 Allopatrically Separated Populations are Always Different Species |
|
|
165 | (2) |
|
6.23 Species Hybrids as Exceptions without Evolutionary Consequences |
|
|
167 | (2) |
|
6.24 The Example of Some Duck Species: Extinction through Hybridization |
|
|
169 | (2) |
|
6.25 The Origin of Reproductive Isolation Through Reinforcement |
|
|
171 | (2) |
|
6.26 Hybridogenic Speciation |
|
|
173 | (3) |
|
6.27 Is the Italian Sparrow (Passer italiae) a Hybrid Species? |
|
|
176 | (2) |
|
6.28 "Gene theft" between two Species of Galapagos Ground Finches |
|
|
178 | (2) |
|
6.29 "Gene theft" between two Species of Green Frogs (Pelophylax ridibunda and P. lessonae) |
|
|
180 | (1) |
|
6.30 How many Genes Must Mutate for the Origin of New Species? |
|
|
181 | (2) |
|
6.31 The Problem of Smooth Boundaries between two Gene-Flow Communities |
|
|
183 | (4) |
|
7 The Cohesion of Organisms Through Genealogical Lineage (Cladistics) |
|
|
187 | (30) |
|
7.1 Preliminary Remarks on Descent Connection |
|
|
187 | (2) |
|
7.2 The Problem of Displaying the Phylogenetic Tree in the Case of Biparental Reproduction |
|
|
189 | (2) |
|
7.3 What are Species Boundaries in Cladistics? |
|
|
191 | (3) |
|
7.4 How is a Cladistic Bifurcation Defined? Apomorphies and Autapomorphies |
|
|
194 | (2) |
|
7.5 Descent is not the Same Thing as Kinship: The Concepts of Monophyly and Paraphyly |
|
|
196 | (3) |
|
7.6 Why are Paraphyla used Despite their Inconsistency? |
|
|
199 | (3) |
|
7.7 Monophyly and Paraphyly on Different Hierarchical Levels |
|
|
202 | (2) |
|
7.8 Gene Trees are not Species Trees |
|
|
204 | (2) |
|
7.9 The Concepts of Monophyly and Paraphyly cannot be Applied to Species |
|
|
206 | (2) |
|
7.10 Paraphyly and Anagenesis are Mixed Classifications |
|
|
208 | (2) |
|
7.11 The Cladistic Bifurcation of a Stem Species Always Means the End of the Stem Species |
|
|
210 | (2) |
|
|
|
212 | (5) |
|
|
|
217 | (2) |
| References |
|
219 | (10) |
| Scientific Terms |
|
229 | (10) |
| Index |
|
239 | |
More info about Wiley Online