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Donaldsons' Essential Public Health 4th edition [Mīkstie vāki]

(Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, United Kingdom), (University of Newcastle, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom)
  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 374 pages, height x width: 280x210 mm, weight: 929 g, 81 Tables, black and white; 185 Line drawings, black and white; 185 Illustrations, black and white
  • Izdošanas datums: 19-Sep-2017
  • Izdevniecība: Radcliffe Publishing Ltd
  • ISBN-10: 1909368954
  • ISBN-13: 9781909368958
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  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 374 pages, height x width: 280x210 mm, weight: 929 g, 81 Tables, black and white; 185 Line drawings, black and white; 185 Illustrations, black and white
  • Izdošanas datums: 19-Sep-2017
  • Izdevniecība: Radcliffe Publishing Ltd
  • ISBN-10: 1909368954
  • ISBN-13: 9781909368958
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Donaldsons Essential Public Health has been in continuous print for 35 years, evolving through successive editions. This unrivalled record of success for a textbook of public health shows the enduring appeal of its content, style, and accessibility to generations of students and practitioners. For many of todays national and global public health leaders, the book was their guide as they began their careers, their benchmark as they passed their examinations and professional accreditation, and remains their companion as a source of reference and refreshed knowledge for teaching and practice.

The book brings together, in one volume, the main health problems experienced by populations and by the key groups within them, the strategies for promoting health and preventing disease, the principles and applications of epidemiology, the main themes of health policy, and a description of health service provision.

This fourth edition marks the biggest change to the book in 20 years. For the first time it sets each key subject area in a global health context, whilst retaining its traditional strength in covering population health for the United Kingdom. New and revised chapters for this edition include:











Health in a changing world





Communicable diseases





Non-communicable diseases





Social determinants of health





Quality and safety of healthcare





Mental health





Disability





Health in later life





Environment and health





History of public health

The content is wide-ranging and written in an accessible and engaging style. It covers topics as diverse as: the story of the 2014 Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa; the elements of tobacco control policy; the health impact of climate change; the global health organisational architecture; the concept of health; the new paradigm of public mental health; the biological pathways that link to the health effects of social deprivation; the ideal of universal health coverage; the essentials of immunisation; the basis of healthy ageing; the historical events that led to the germ theory of disease and the Victorian sanitary revolution.

This new edition is essential reading for all undergraduate and postgraduate students of public health, medicine, nursing, health policy, social science, and public sector management. Those embarking on a career in public health will find it of great value throughout their professional life. The book is also an extremely useful resource for established practitioners in primary care, doctors, senior nurses, health system managers, healthcare policy makers, civil servants in ministries of health, and members of boards of health organisations.
Preface xiii
Authors xvii
1 Health in a changing world 1(18)
Introduction
1(1)
What is health?
1(2)
Public health
3(3)
Public communication
5(1)
Global health
6(11)
Populations in flux
7(1)
Poverty
8(1)
Development
8(2)
Global health architecture
10(1)
Regulatory mechanisms
11(1)
Changing patterns of disease
12(3)
New goals for the world
15(2)
Conclusions
17(2)
2 Epidemiology and its uses 19(42)
Introduction
19(1)
Routinely available data sources
19(8)
Census data
20(1)
Civil registration and vital statistics
21(1)
Data on occurrence of disease and disability
21(3)
Data on health-related behaviour and risk factors
24(1)
Data on social and economic determinants of health
24(1)
Data to evaluate the performance of health services
24(1)
Disease nomenclatures and classifications
25(1)
Surveillance data
26(1)
Indicators
26(1)
Access and transparency
26(1)
Distribution of disease in populations
27(30)
Counting events in populations
27(1)
Measures of morbidity
28(1)
Incidence
28(1)
Prevalence
29(1)
Measures of mortality
29(2)
Specific mortality rates
29(1)
Standardized mortality rates
30(1)
Case fatality and survival
30(1)
Measures of healthy and unhealthy ageing
31(3)
Healthy life expectancy and disability-free life expectancy
32(1)
Years lived with disability
32(2)
Disability-adjusted life years
34(1)
Making comparisons: Describing population patterns of health and disease
34(4)
Pitfalls in interpreting health and disease patterns
38(2)
What are the criteria for defining the disease?
38(1)
Have all cases of the disease been identified?
39(1)
Is the population at risk accurately defined?
40(1)
Making comparisons between groups through planned studies
40(1)
Example: Epidemiological study leading to successful prevention
41(1)
Cross-sectional studies
42(4)
Outline of methodology
42(1)
Choosing a study population
43(1)
Sampling
43(1)
Data specification
44(1)
Data collection
44(1)
Example of a cross-sectional study: Health survey for England
45(1)
Cohort studies
46(2)
Outline of methodology
46(1)
Choice of study population
46(1)
Characterizing the cohort
46(1)
Follow-up phase
47(1)
Example of a cohort study: The nurses' health study
47(1)
Case-control studies
48(4)
Outline of methodology
48(1)
Choice of a study population
48(1)
Matching cases and controls
49(1)
Assembling data on the exposure
50(1)
Example of a case-control study: The interstroke project
50(1)
Example of a nested case-control study: Risks of oral contraceptives
51(1)
Measures of association
52(1)
Measures of population disease impact
52(1)
Analysis of data from cohort and case-control studies
53(1)
Making causal inferences
54(1)
Chance
54(1)
Bias
54(1)
Confounding
55(1)
Intervention studies (including randomized controlled trials)
55(7)
Outline of methodology
55(1)
Selection and definition of the intervention, control and study outcomes
56(1)
Selection of the study population
56(1)
Randomization
56(1)
Follow-up and analysis
56(1)
Example of a randomized controlled trial in public health: Abdominal aortic aneurysm screening
57(1)
Qualitative research and mixed methods
57(1)
Systematic review and meta-analysis
58(1)
Genetic epidemiology
59(1)
Application of epidemiology
59(1)
Conclusions
60(1)
3 Communicable diseases 61(56)
Introduction
61(1)
Essentials of communicable disease
62(16)
Infectious agents
64(1)
Classifications
64(2)
Reservoirs
66(1)
Routes of entry into and exit from the body
66(1)
Modes of transmission
67(1)
Susceptible recipient
67(1)
Investigation
67(4)
Prevention and control
71(4)
Protecting the susceptible host: Vaccination and other measures
71(4)
Interrupting transmission
75(1)
Targeting reservoirs of infection
75(1)
Surveillance
75(3)
Infectious diseases causing a major burden of mortality: The big killers
78(7)
HIV and AIDS
78(3)
Tuberculosis
81(1)
Malaria
82(1)
Diarrhoeal disease
83(2)
Pneumonia
85(1)
Infectious diseases causing a major burden of morbidity and disability
85(17)
Neglected tropical diseases
86(2)
Blood-borne hepatitis viruses
88(2)
Dengue fever
90(1)
Measles
91(1)
Meningitis
92(1)
Healthcare-associated infection
93(4)
Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus
95(1)
Clostridium difficile
95(2)
Food-borne infection
97(3)
Sexually transmitted infections
100(2)
Emerging and re-emerging diseases
102(11)
Ebola fever and the Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers
104(2)
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
106(1)
Influenza
107(3)
Key distinction: Seasonal, avian, animal and pandemic influenza
107(1)
Pandemic influenza: Past and future
108(1)
The 2009 pandemic
109(1)
Pandemic preparedness
110(1)
Antimicrobial resistance
110(3)
Causes of antimicrobial resistance
110(1)
The burden of harm
111(1)
Strategies to combat resistance
112(1)
Organizations and regulations
113(2)
Public Health England
113(1)
Local government
114(1)
World Health Organization and Interntional Health Regulations
115(1)
Conclusions
115(2)
4 Non-communicable diseases 117(36)
Introduction
117(1)
Trends in the United Kingdom
117(3)
Risk factors
120(19)
Food
122(4)
Macronutrients
122(1)
Micronutrients
123(1)
Other key dietary components
123(1)
Action to improve diet
123(3)
Smoking and tobacco control
126(3)
Physical inactivity
129(2)
Alcohol use
131(3)
Education and information
132(1)
Pricing
133(1)
Regulation of sales and access
133(1)
Marketing
134(1)
Blood alcohol limits for drivers
134(1)
Individual treatment services
134(1)
Obesity and overweight
134(4)
High blood pressure
138(1)
Unintentional injury
139(3)
Prevention, detection and slowing disease progression
142(9)
High-risk and population approaches to primary prevention
143(2)
Screening: Detecting disease in its presymptomatic phase
145(13)
Running a screening programme
146(3)
Screening programmes in the NHS
149(2)
NHS health checks
151(1)
Conclusions
151(2)
5 Social determinants of health 153(16)
Introduction
153(1)
Social position and deprivation
153(5)
Major health determinants
158(7)
Income
158(1)
Education
159(1)
Occupation
160(1)
Ethnicity
161(1)
Neighbourhood
162(1)
Social capital and social support
163(1)
Social mobility
164(1)
Biological pathways
165(1)
Policy and action
166(1)
Conclusions
167(2)
6 Health systems 169(32)
Introduction
169(1)
Ideal of universal health coverage
169(2)
Health system aims
171(5)
Health
171(1)
Quality and safety
171(1)
People-centred care
172(1)
Entitlements and protection
172(2)
Resilience
174(1)
Sustainability
175(1)
Health system models
176(1)
Tax-funded
176(1)
Social and other insurance
177(1)
Direct payment
177(1)
Health system financing
177(3)
Raising revenue
177(2)
Fund pooling
179(1)
Distributing funds and reimbursing service providers
179(1)
Structure and functioning of the National Health Service
180(17)
Founding principles
180(1)
Early developments
181(1)
The first reorganization: 1974
182(1)
Introduction of general management: Griffiths
182(1)
Creation of an internal market: The Thatcher reforms
183(1)
New Labour's modernization programme
184(1)
Coalition government and the Lensley reforms
185(1)
NHS management
186(10)
National roles and accountabilities
186(1)
Commissioning
187(2)
Standard setting: National institute for Health and Care Excellence
189(1)
Regulation
190(1)
Other national-level specialist functions
191(1)
Public health England and local public health services
192(1)
Provision of primary care
193(1)
Secondary and tertiary care
194(1)
Emergency care
194(1)
Independent and private hospitals
195(1)
Integrated care
195(1)
Health workforce
195(1)
Social care
196(1)
UK devolved administrations
197(1)
Measuring health system performance
197(1)
Conclusions
198(3)
7 Quality and safety of healthcare 201(28)
Introduction
201(1)
Quality concepts and philosophies
202(9)
Donabedian triad
202(1)
Deming and the 14 principles: Total quality management
203(1)
RAND's leadership on quality: The concept of appropriateness
204(1)
Clinical governance: The call for clinical leadership and accountability
205(1)
McMaster and the evidence-based medicine movement
206(2)
The Toyota Tradition: Stop the line and lean thinking
208(1)
Six Sigma: The Motorola and General Electric way
209(1)
Clinical standards and audit
209(1)
Institute for Healthcare Improvement: Collaboratives and the improvement model
209(2)
Standardization: The world of checklists and standard operating procedures
211(1)
Patient safety
211(9)
Burden of harm
212(1)
Importance of systems thinking
212(3)
Learning from other high-risk industries
215(2)
Reporting, investigating and learning
217(2)
Patient safety cultures
219(1)
Towards high-reliability organizations
220(1)
Assuring the quality of individual practice
220(1)
Patient and family involvement
221(2)
Building quality and safety into healthcare
223(5)
System level
223(2)
Within healthcare organizations
225(1)
On the front line
225(2)
Data and information
227(1)
Inspection and regulation
228(1)
Conclusions
228(1)
8 Maternal and child health 229(20)
Introduction
229(1)
Maternal mortality
229(1)
Child mortality
230(4)
Fertility and family planning
234(4)
Infertility
235(1)
Contraceptive methods
236(1)
Abortion
236(1)
Teenage pregnancy
237(1)
Antenatal Care
238(1)
Healthcare after birth in the United Kingdom
239(1)
Breastfeeding
240(1)
Maternal mental health
240(1)
Children's services in the United Kingdom
241(5)
Healthy and unhealthy behaviour
241(1)
Adolescents and young people
242(1)
Universal and targeted support for families
242(1)
Healthcare
243(1)
Safeguarding children
244(2)
Looked-after children
246(1)
Other sources of harm
246(1)
Domestic violence
246(1)
Female genital mutilation
246(1)
Conclusions
247(2)
9 Mental health 249(14)
Introduction
249(1)
Burden of poor mental health
250(1)
Risk and protective factors
251(2)
Mental health inequalities
253(1)
Mental health and physical health
254(1)
Mental health promotion and prevention of mental disorders
254(2)
Mental health services
256(6)
Primary care
257(1)
Secondary care
257(1)
Team-based specialist community care
257(2)
Hospital care
259(1)
Residential care
259(1)
Care for offenders with mental disorders
259(1)
Engagement of users and carers
260(1)
Quality of mental health services
260(1)
Emerging models of mental healthcare
261(1)
Mental Health Legislation in the United Kingdom
262(1)
Conclusions
262(1)
10 Disability 263(12)
Introduction
263(1)
Disability within the population
263(1)
Concepts of disability
264(2)
Prevention of disability
266(1)
Health needs of disabled people
267(2)
Barriers to healthcare
267(1)
Rehabilitation
268(1)
Independent living
269(1)
Education and employment
270(1)
Sensory impairments
271(1)
Learning disabilities
272(1)
Support for parents
272(1)
Community teams
273(1)
Challenging behaviour
273(1)
Conclusions
273(2)
11 Health in later life 275(18)
Introduction
275(1)
Concepts of healthy ageing
276(1)
Demographics of ageing: Trends, projections and challenges
277(5)
Population pyramid becoming a rectangle
278(1)
United Kingdom: Reasons for demographic transition
278(2)
Global ageing trends and projections
280(1)
Retirement and work in later life
281(1)
Population ageing and informal caregiving
281(1)
Healthy life expectancy
282(1)
Ethnic minority older adults
283(1)
Common features of ill health in later life
283(7)
Multimorbidity
284(1)
Polypharmacy
284(1)
Frailty
284(1)
Falls
285(1)
Urinary incontinence
286(1)
Depression
287(1)
Dementia
287(1)
Hypothermia and excess winter deaths
288(1)
Heat waves and excess summer deaths
289(1)
Isolation in later life
289(1)
Care in later life
290(1)
Conclusions
291(2)
12 Environment and health 293(18)
Introduction
293(1)
Concept of environmental health: Definitions and frameworks
293(1)
Sustainability
294(2)
Planetary boundaries
295(1)
Climate change
296(4)
Water
300(1)
Air quality
301(3)
Housing
304(1)
Noise and light pollution
305(1)
Consumption and waste
306(1)
Radiation
306(2)
Ionizing radiation
307(1)
Nonionizing radiation
307(1)
Urbanization and cities: The built environment
308(1)
Risk assessment and management
308(1)
Health impact assessment
309(1)
Conclusions
309(2)
13 History of public health 311(24)
Introduction
311(1)
Early developments
311(1)
The great epidemics
312(3)
Historical accounts of plagues and epidemics
313(1)
Plague of Justinian
314(1)
Black Death
314(1)
Great Plague of London
314(1)
Rise of King Cholera
315(1)
The long journey to the establishment of the germ theory
315(3)
Some classic investigations
318(4)
John Snow and the Broad Street Pump
318(2)
James Lind and Scurvy
320(1)
Goldberger and Pellagra
321(1)
The story of vaccination
322(2)
Jenner: The country physician
322(1)
Pasteur and the rabid dogs
323(1)
Other developments
323(1)
Beginning to measure health and disease
324(1)
John Graunt and the Bills of Mortality
324(1)
William Farr and the General Register Office
324(1)
Florence Nightingale: The passionate statistician
325(1)
Occupational disease
325(1)
Sanitary reform
326(3)
Origins of a system of healthcare
329(5)
Local authority hospitals
331(1)
Voluntary hospitals
331(1)
Emergency medical service
332(1)
Primary care
332(1)
Asylums and care of the mentally ill
332(2)
Other local authority services
334(1)
Conclusions
334(1)
Further readings 335(16)
Index 351
Liam J. Donaldson, Paul Rutter