Preface |
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xiii | |
Authors |
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xvii | |
1 Health in a changing world |
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1 | (18) |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (2) |
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3 | (3) |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (11) |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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8 | (2) |
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Global health architecture |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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Changing patterns of disease |
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12 | (3) |
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15 | (2) |
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17 | (2) |
2 Epidemiology and its uses |
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19 | (42) |
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19 | (1) |
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Routinely available data sources |
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19 | (8) |
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20 | (1) |
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Civil registration and vital statistics |
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21 | (1) |
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Data on occurrence of disease and disability |
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21 | (3) |
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Data on health-related behaviour and risk factors |
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24 | (1) |
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Data on social and economic determinants of health |
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24 | (1) |
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Data to evaluate the performance of health services |
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24 | (1) |
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Disease nomenclatures and classifications |
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25 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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Distribution of disease in populations |
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27 | (30) |
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Counting events in populations |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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29 | (2) |
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29 | (1) |
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Standardized mortality rates |
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30 | (1) |
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Case fatality and survival |
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30 | (1) |
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Measures of healthy and unhealthy ageing |
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31 | (3) |
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Healthy life expectancy and disability-free life expectancy |
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32 | (1) |
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Years lived with disability |
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32 | (2) |
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Disability-adjusted life years |
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34 | (1) |
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Making comparisons: Describing population patterns of health and disease |
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34 | (4) |
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Pitfalls in interpreting health and disease patterns |
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38 | (2) |
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What are the criteria for defining the disease? |
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38 | (1) |
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Have all cases of the disease been identified? |
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39 | (1) |
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Is the population at risk accurately defined? |
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40 | (1) |
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Making comparisons between groups through planned studies |
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40 | (1) |
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Example: Epidemiological study leading to successful prevention |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (4) |
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42 | (1) |
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Choosing a study population |
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43 | (1) |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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Example of a cross-sectional study: Health survey for England |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (2) |
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46 | (1) |
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Choice of study population |
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46 | (1) |
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Characterizing the cohort |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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Example of a cohort study: The nurses' health study |
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47 | (1) |
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48 | (4) |
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48 | (1) |
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Choice of a study population |
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48 | (1) |
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Matching cases and controls |
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49 | (1) |
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Assembling data on the exposure |
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50 | (1) |
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Example of a case-control study: The interstroke project |
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50 | (1) |
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Example of a nested case-control study: Risks of oral contraceptives |
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51 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
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Measures of population disease impact |
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52 | (1) |
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Analysis of data from cohort and case-control studies |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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Intervention studies (including randomized controlled trials) |
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55 | (7) |
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55 | (1) |
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Selection and definition of the intervention, control and study outcomes |
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56 | (1) |
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Selection of the study population |
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56 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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Example of a randomized controlled trial in public health: Abdominal aortic aneurysm screening |
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57 | (1) |
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Qualitative research and mixed methods |
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57 | (1) |
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Systematic review and meta-analysis |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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Application of epidemiology |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
3 Communicable diseases |
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61 | (56) |
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61 | (1) |
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Essentials of communicable disease |
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62 | (16) |
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (2) |
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66 | (1) |
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Routes of entry into and exit from the body |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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67 | (4) |
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71 | (4) |
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Protecting the susceptible host: Vaccination and other measures |
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71 | (4) |
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Interrupting transmission |
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75 | (1) |
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Targeting reservoirs of infection |
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75 | (1) |
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75 | (3) |
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Infectious diseases causing a major burden of mortality: The big killers |
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78 | (7) |
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78 | (3) |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (2) |
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85 | (1) |
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Infectious diseases causing a major burden of morbidity and disability |
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85 | (17) |
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Neglected tropical diseases |
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86 | (2) |
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Blood-borne hepatitis viruses |
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88 | (2) |
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90 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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Healthcare-associated infection |
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93 | (4) |
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Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus |
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95 | (1) |
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95 | (2) |
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97 | (3) |
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Sexually transmitted infections |
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100 | (2) |
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Emerging and re-emerging diseases |
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102 | (11) |
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Ebola fever and the Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers |
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104 | (2) |
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Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome |
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106 | (1) |
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107 | (3) |
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Key distinction: Seasonal, avian, animal and pandemic influenza |
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107 | (1) |
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Pandemic influenza: Past and future |
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108 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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110 | (3) |
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Causes of antimicrobial resistance |
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110 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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Strategies to combat resistance |
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112 | (1) |
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Organizations and regulations |
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113 | (2) |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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World Health Organization and Interntional Health Regulations |
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115 | (1) |
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115 | (2) |
4 Non-communicable diseases |
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117 | (36) |
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117 | (1) |
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Trends in the United Kingdom |
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117 | (3) |
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120 | (19) |
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122 | (4) |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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Other key dietary components |
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123 | (1) |
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123 | (3) |
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Smoking and tobacco control |
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126 | (3) |
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129 | (2) |
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131 | (3) |
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Education and information |
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132 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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Regulation of sales and access |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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Blood alcohol limits for drivers |
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134 | (1) |
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Individual treatment services |
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134 | (1) |
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134 | (4) |
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138 | (1) |
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139 | (3) |
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Prevention, detection and slowing disease progression |
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142 | (9) |
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High-risk and population approaches to primary prevention |
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143 | (2) |
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Screening: Detecting disease in its presymptomatic phase |
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145 | (13) |
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Running a screening programme |
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146 | (3) |
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Screening programmes in the NHS |
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149 | (2) |
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151 | (1) |
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151 | (2) |
5 Social determinants of health |
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153 | (16) |
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153 | (1) |
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Social position and deprivation |
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153 | (5) |
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Major health determinants |
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158 | (7) |
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158 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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162 | (1) |
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Social capital and social support |
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163 | (1) |
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164 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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167 | (2) |
6 Health systems |
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169 | (32) |
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169 | (1) |
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Ideal of universal health coverage |
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169 | (2) |
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171 | (5) |
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171 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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Entitlements and protection |
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172 | (2) |
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174 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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176 | (1) |
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176 | (1) |
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Social and other insurance |
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177 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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177 | (3) |
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177 | (2) |
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179 | (1) |
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Distributing funds and reimbursing service providers |
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179 | (1) |
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Structure and functioning of the National Health Service |
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180 | (17) |
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180 | (1) |
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181 | (1) |
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The first reorganization: 1974 |
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182 | (1) |
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Introduction of general management: Griffiths |
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182 | (1) |
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Creation of an internal market: The Thatcher reforms |
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183 | (1) |
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New Labour's modernization programme |
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184 | (1) |
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Coalition government and the Lensley reforms |
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185 | (1) |
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186 | (10) |
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National roles and accountabilities |
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186 | (1) |
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187 | (2) |
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Standard setting: National institute for Health and Care Excellence |
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189 | (1) |
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190 | (1) |
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Other national-level specialist functions |
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191 | (1) |
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Public health England and local public health services |
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192 | (1) |
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Provision of primary care |
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193 | (1) |
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Secondary and tertiary care |
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194 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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Independent and private hospitals |
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195 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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UK devolved administrations |
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197 | (1) |
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Measuring health system performance |
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197 | (1) |
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198 | (3) |
7 Quality and safety of healthcare |
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201 | (28) |
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201 | (1) |
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Quality concepts and philosophies |
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202 | (9) |
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202 | (1) |
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Deming and the 14 principles: Total quality management |
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203 | (1) |
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RAND's leadership on quality: The concept of appropriateness |
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204 | (1) |
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Clinical governance: The call for clinical leadership and accountability |
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205 | (1) |
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McMaster and the evidence-based medicine movement |
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206 | (2) |
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The Toyota Tradition: Stop the line and lean thinking |
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208 | (1) |
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Six Sigma: The Motorola and General Electric way |
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209 | (1) |
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Clinical standards and audit |
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209 | (1) |
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Institute for Healthcare Improvement: Collaboratives and the improvement model |
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209 | (2) |
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Standardization: The world of checklists and standard operating procedures |
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211 | (1) |
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211 | (9) |
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212 | (1) |
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Importance of systems thinking |
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212 | (3) |
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Learning from other high-risk industries |
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215 | (2) |
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Reporting, investigating and learning |
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217 | (2) |
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219 | (1) |
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Towards high-reliability organizations |
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220 | (1) |
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Assuring the quality of individual practice |
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220 | (1) |
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Patient and family involvement |
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221 | (2) |
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Building quality and safety into healthcare |
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223 | (5) |
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223 | (2) |
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Within healthcare organizations |
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225 | (1) |
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225 | (2) |
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227 | (1) |
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Inspection and regulation |
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228 | (1) |
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228 | (1) |
8 Maternal and child health |
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229 | (20) |
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229 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
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230 | (4) |
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Fertility and family planning |
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234 | (4) |
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235 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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237 | (1) |
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238 | (1) |
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Healthcare after birth in the United Kingdom |
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239 | (1) |
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240 | (1) |
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240 | (1) |
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Children's services in the United Kingdom |
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241 | (5) |
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Healthy and unhealthy behaviour |
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241 | (1) |
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Adolescents and young people |
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242 | (1) |
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Universal and targeted support for families |
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242 | (1) |
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243 | (1) |
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244 | (2) |
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246 | (1) |
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246 | (1) |
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246 | (1) |
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Female genital mutilation |
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246 | (1) |
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247 | (2) |
9 Mental health |
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249 | (14) |
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249 | (1) |
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Burden of poor mental health |
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250 | (1) |
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Risk and protective factors |
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251 | (2) |
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Mental health inequalities |
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253 | (1) |
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Mental health and physical health |
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254 | (1) |
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Mental health promotion and prevention of mental disorders |
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254 | (2) |
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256 | (6) |
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257 | (1) |
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257 | (1) |
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Team-based specialist community care |
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257 | (2) |
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259 | (1) |
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259 | (1) |
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Care for offenders with mental disorders |
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259 | (1) |
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Engagement of users and carers |
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260 | (1) |
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Quality of mental health services |
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260 | (1) |
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Emerging models of mental healthcare |
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261 | (1) |
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Mental Health Legislation in the United Kingdom |
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262 | (1) |
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262 | (1) |
10 Disability |
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263 | (12) |
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263 | (1) |
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Disability within the population |
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263 | (1) |
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264 | (2) |
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266 | (1) |
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Health needs of disabled people |
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267 | (2) |
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267 | (1) |
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268 | (1) |
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269 | (1) |
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270 | (1) |
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271 | (1) |
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272 | (1) |
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272 | (1) |
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273 | (1) |
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273 | (1) |
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273 | (2) |
11 Health in later life |
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275 | (18) |
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275 | (1) |
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Concepts of healthy ageing |
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276 | (1) |
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Demographics of ageing: Trends, projections and challenges |
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277 | (5) |
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Population pyramid becoming a rectangle |
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278 | (1) |
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United Kingdom: Reasons for demographic transition |
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278 | (2) |
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Global ageing trends and projections |
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280 | (1) |
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Retirement and work in later life |
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281 | (1) |
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Population ageing and informal caregiving |
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281 | (1) |
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282 | (1) |
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Ethnic minority older adults |
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283 | (1) |
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Common features of ill health in later life |
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283 | (7) |
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284 | (1) |
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284 | (1) |
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284 | (1) |
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285 | (1) |
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286 | (1) |
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287 | (1) |
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287 | (1) |
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Hypothermia and excess winter deaths |
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288 | (1) |
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Heat waves and excess summer deaths |
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289 | (1) |
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289 | (1) |
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290 | (1) |
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291 | (2) |
12 Environment and health |
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293 | (18) |
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293 | (1) |
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Concept of environmental health: Definitions and frameworks |
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293 | (1) |
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294 | (2) |
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295 | (1) |
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296 | (4) |
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300 | (1) |
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301 | (3) |
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304 | (1) |
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Noise and light pollution |
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305 | (1) |
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306 | (1) |
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306 | (2) |
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307 | (1) |
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307 | (1) |
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Urbanization and cities: The built environment |
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308 | (1) |
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Risk assessment and management |
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308 | (1) |
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309 | (1) |
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309 | (2) |
13 History of public health |
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311 | (24) |
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311 | (1) |
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311 | (1) |
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312 | (3) |
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Historical accounts of plagues and epidemics |
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313 | (1) |
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314 | (1) |
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314 | (1) |
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314 | (1) |
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315 | (1) |
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The long journey to the establishment of the germ theory |
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315 | (3) |
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Some classic investigations |
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318 | (4) |
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John Snow and the Broad Street Pump |
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318 | (2) |
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320 | (1) |
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321 | (1) |
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322 | (2) |
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Jenner: The country physician |
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322 | (1) |
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Pasteur and the rabid dogs |
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323 | (1) |
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323 | (1) |
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Beginning to measure health and disease |
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324 | (1) |
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John Graunt and the Bills of Mortality |
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324 | (1) |
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William Farr and the General Register Office |
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324 | (1) |
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Florence Nightingale: The passionate statistician |
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325 | (1) |
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325 | (1) |
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326 | (3) |
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Origins of a system of healthcare |
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329 | (5) |
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Local authority hospitals |
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331 | (1) |
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331 | (1) |
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Emergency medical service |
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332 | (1) |
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332 | (1) |
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Asylums and care of the mentally ill |
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332 | (2) |
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Other local authority services |
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|
334 | (1) |
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334 | (1) |
Further readings |
|
335 | (16) |
Index |
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351 | |