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E-grāmata: Dynamical Paleoclimatology: Generalized Theory of Global Climate Change

(Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.A.)
  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Sērija : International Geophysics
  • Izdošanas datums: 25-Oct-2001
  • Izdevniecība: Academic Press Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780080504834
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Dynamical Paleoclimatology: Generalized Theory of Global Climate ChangePalielināt
  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Sērija : International Geophysics
  • Izdošanas datums: 25-Oct-2001
  • Izdevniecība: Academic Press Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780080504834
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The time has come, announces Saltzman (geology and geophysics, Yale U.), to examine the myriad data that has been collected, analyzed, and interpreted and use it to construct the first draft of a formal and comprehensive theory about how the Earth's climate has varied over the eons. Though he admits that ultimately the observation side the scale will probably weigh more heavily, he emphasizes here the theoretical, in order to provide a foundation for a truly time-dependent or dynamical approach. He addresses graduate students and researchers who work with climate theory. Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

The book discusses the ideas and creates a framework for building toward a theory of paleoclimate. Using the rich and mounting array of observational evidence of climatic changes from geology, geochemistry, and paleontology, Saltzman offers a dynamical approach to the theory of paleoclimate evolution and an expanded theory of climate.

Saltzman was a distinquished authority on dynamical meteorology. This book provides a comprehensive framework based on dynamical system ideas for a theory of climate and paleoclimatic evolution which is intended for graduate students and research workers in paleoclimatology, earth system studies, and global change research. The book includes an extensive bibliography of geological and physical/dynamical references.

Written by the late Barry Saltzman who was a distinquished authority on dynamical meteorology
This book provides a comprehensive framework based on dynamical system ideas for a theory of climate and paleoclimatic evolution
The book includes extensive bibliography of geological and physical/dynamical references

Papildus informācija

Written by the late Barry Saltzman who was a distinquished authority on dynamical meteorology This book provides a comprehensive framework based on dynamical system ideas for a theory of climate and paleoclimatic evolution The book includes extensive bibliography of geological and physical/dynamical references
Prologue xv
Acknowledgments xix
List of Symbols
xxi
PART I Foundations
Introduction: The Basic Challenge
3(14)
The Climate System
3(1)
Some Basic Observations
4(5)
External Forcing
9(5)
Astronomical Forcing
9(3)
Tectonic Forcing
12(2)
The Ice-Age Problem
14(3)
Techniques for Climate Reconstruction
17(13)
Historical Methods
17(1)
Direct Quantitative Measurements
17(1)
Descriptive Accounts of General Environmental Conditions
18(1)
Surficial Biogeologic Proxy Evidence
18(2)
Annually Layered Life Forms
18(1)
Surface Geomorphic Evidence
19(1)
Conventional Nonisotopic Stratigraphic Analyses of Sedimentary Rock and Ice
20(3)
Physical Indicators
21(1)
Paleobiological Indicators (Fossil Faunal Types and Abundances)
22(1)
Isotopic Methods
23(3)
Oxygen Isotopes
23(1)
Deuterium and Beryllium in Ice Cores
24(1)
Stable Carbon Isotopes
25(1)
Strontium and Osmium Isotopes
26(1)
Nonisotopic Geochemical Methods
26(1)
Cadmium Analysis
26(1)
Greenhouse Gas Analysis of Trapped Air in Ice Cores
27(1)
Chemical and Biological Constituents and Dust Layers in Ice Cores
27(1)
Dating the Proxy Evidence (Geochronometry)
27(3)
A Survey of Global Paleoclimatic Variations
30(17)
The Phanerozoic Eon (Past 600 My)
31(3)
The Cenozoic Era (Past 65 My)
34(1)
The Plio-Pleistocene (Past 5 My)
35(2)
Variations during the Last Ice Age: IRD Events
37(1)
The Last Glacial Maximum (20 ka)
38(1)
Postglacial Changes: The Past 20 ky
39(1)
The Past 100 Years
40(1)
The Generalized Spectrum of Climatic Variance
41(3)
A Qualitative Discussion of Causes
44(3)
General Theoretical Considerations
47(21)
The Fundamental Equations
47(4)
Time Averaging and Stochastic Forcing
51(4)
Response Times and Equilibrium
55(5)
Spatial Averaging
60(3)
Climatic-Mean Mass and Energy Balance Equations
63(5)
The Water Mass Balance
63(2)
Energy Balance
65(3)
Special Theoretical Considerations for Paleoclimate: Structuring a Dynamical Approach
68(16)
A Basic Problem: Noncalculable Levels of Energy and Mass Flow
69(3)
An Overall Strategy
72(2)
Natational Simplifications for Resolving Total Climate Variability
74(2)
A Structured Dynamical Approach
76(6)
The External Forcing Function, F
82(2)
Astronomical/Cosmic Forcing
82(1)
Tectonic Forcing
82(2)
Basic Concepts of Dynamical Systems Analysis: Prototypical Climatic Applications
84(29)
Local (or Internal) Stability
84(2)
The Generic Cubic Nonlinearity
86(1)
Structural (or External) Stability: Elements of Bifurcation Theory
87(5)
Multivariable Systems
92(3)
The Two-Variable Phase Plane
92(3)
A Prototype Two-Variable Model
95(8)
Sensitivity of Equilibria to Changes in Parameters: Prediction of the Second Kind
97(2)
Structural Stability
99(4)
The Prototype Two-Variable System as a Stochastic-Dynamical System: Effects of Random Forcing
103(5)
The Stochastic Amplitude
104(1)
Structural Stochastic Stability
104(4)
More Than Two-Variable Systems: Deterministic Chaos
108(5)
PART II Physics of the Separate Domains
Modeling the Atmosphere and Surface State as Fast-Response Components
113(33)
The General Circulation Model
114(1)
Lower Resolution Models: Statistical-Dynamical Models and the Energy Balance Model
115(4)
A Zonal-Average SDM
116(1)
Axially Asymmetric SDMs
117(2)
The Complete Time-Average State
119(1)
Thermodynamic Models
119(2)
Radiative-Convective Models
119(1)
Vertically Averaged Models (the EBM)
120(1)
The Basic Energy Balance Model
121(2)
Equilibria and Dynamical Properties of the Zero-Dimensional (Global Average) EBM
123(4)
Stochastic Resonance
127(2)
The One-Dimensional (Latitude-Dependent) EBM
129(3)
Transitivity Properties of the Atmospheric and Surface Climatic State: Inferences from a GCM
132(2)
Closure Relationships Based on GCM Sensitivity Experiments
134(5)
Surface Temperature Sensitivity
135(4)
Formal Feedback Analysis of the Fast-Response Equilibrium State
139(4)
Paleoclimatic Simulations
143(3)
The Slow-Response ``Control'' Variables: An Overview
146(12)
The Ice Sheets
147(2)
Key Variables
147(1)
Observations
148(1)
Greenhouse Gases: Carbon Dioxide
149(2)
The Thermohaline Ocean State
151(3)
A Three-Dimensional Phase-Space Trajectory
154(4)
Global Dynamics of the Ice Sheets
158(23)
Basic Equations and Boundary Conditions
158(5)
A Scale Analysis
163(3)
The Vertically Integrated Ice-Sheet Model
166(2)
The Surface Mass Balance
168(1)
Basal Temperature and Melting
169(2)
Deformable Basal Regolith
171(1)
Ice Streams and Ice Shelves
172(1)
Bedrock Depression
172(1)
Sea Level Change and the Ice Sheets: The Depression-Calving Hypothesis
173(3)
Paleoclimatic Applications of the Vertically Integrated Model
176(1)
A Global Dynamical Equation for Ice Mass
177(4)
Dynamics of Atmospheric Co2
181(25)
The Air-Sea Flux, Q↑
183(9)
Qualitative Analysis of the Factors Affecting Q↑
185(4)
Mathematical Formulation of the Ocean Carbon Balance
189(2)
A Parameterization for Q↑
191(1)
Terrestrial Organic Carbon Exchange, W↑G
192(4)
Sea Level Change Effects
194(1)
Thermal Effects
194(1)
Ice Cover Effects
194(1)
Long-Term Terrestrial Organic Burial, W↓G
195(1)
The Global Mass Balance of Organic Carbon
196(1)
Outgassing Processes, V&uar;
196(1)
Rock Weathering Downdraw, W↓
197(3)
A Global Dynamical Equation for Atmospheric CO2
200(1)
Modeling the Tectonically Forced CO2 Variations, μ: Long-Term Rock Processes
200(5)
The Long-Term Oceanic Carbon Balance
201(1)
The GEOCARB Model
201(4)
Overview of the Full Global Carbon Cycle
205(1)
Simplified Dynamics of the Thermohaline Ocean State
206(29)
General Equations
208(2)
Boundary Conditions
209(1)
A Prototype Four-Box Ocean Model
210(1)
The Wind-Driven, Local-Convective, and Baroclinic Eddy Circulations
211(5)
The Wind-Driven Circulation: Gyres and Upwelling
211(4)
Local Convective Overturnings and Baroclinic Eddy Circulations
215(1)
The Two-Box Thermohaline Circulation Model: Possible Bimodality of the Ocean State
216(10)
The Two-Box System
216(3)
A Simple Model of the TH Circulation
219(2)
Meridional Fluxes
221(1)
Dynamical Analysis of the Two-Box Model
222(4)
Integral Equations for the Deep Ocean State
226(3)
The Deep Ocean Temperature
226(2)
The Deep Ocean Salinity
228(1)
Global Dynamical Equations for the Thermohaline State: &thetas; and Sϕ
229(6)
PART III Unified Dynamical Theory
The Coupled Fast- and Slow-Response Variables as a Global Dynamical System: Outline of a Theory of Paleoclimatic Variation
235(12)
The Unified Model: A Paleoclimate Dynamics Model
236(2)
Feedback-Loop Representation
238(3)
Elimination of the Fast-Response Variables: The Center Manifold
241(1)
Sources of Instability: The Dissipative Rate Constants
242(2)
Formal Separation into Tectonic Equilibrium and Departure Equations
244(3)
Forced Evolution of the Tectonic-Mean Climatic State
247(15)
Effects of Changing Solar Luminosity and Rotation Rate
248(1)
Solar Luminosity (S)
248(1)
Rotation Rate (Ω)
249(1)
General Effects of Changing Land-Ocean Distribution and Topography (h)
249(4)
Effects of Long-Term Variations of Volcanic and Cosmic Dust and Bolides
253(2)
Multimillion-Year Evolution of CO2
255(5)
The GEOCARB Solution
255(4)
First-Order Response of Global Ice Mass and Deep Ocean Temperature to Tectonic CO2 Variations
259(1)
Possible Role of Salinity-Driven Instability of the Tectonic-Mean State
260(1)
Snapshot Atmospheric and Surficial Equilibrium Responses to Prescribed y-Fields Using GCMs
261(1)
The Late Cenozoic Ice-Age Departures: An Overview of Previous Ideas and Models
262(16)
General Review: Forced vs. Free Models
262(4)
Models in Which Earth-Orbital Forcing Is Necessary
263(2)
Instability-Driven (Auto-oscillatory) Models
265(1)
Hierarchical Classification in Terms of Increasing Physical Complexity
266(1)
Forced Ice-Line Models (Box 1, Fig. 14-1)
266(1)
Ice-Sheet Inertia Models
267(4)
The Simplest Forms (Box 2)
267(1)
More Physically Based Ice-Sheet Models: First Applications
268(1)
Direct Bedrock Effects (Box 3)
269(1)
Bedrock-Calving Effects (Box 4)
270(1)
Basal Meltwater and Sliding (Box 5)
270(1)
Ice Streams and Ice Shelf Effects
270(1)
Continental Ice-Sheet Movement (Box 6)
270(1)
Three-Dimensional (λ, ϕ, hI) Ice-Sheet Models
271(1)
The Need for Enhancement of the Coupled Ice-Sheet/Atmospheric Climate Models
271(1)
Ice-Sheet Variables Coupled with Additional Slow-Response Variables
272(2)
Regolith Mass, mr (Box 7)
272(1)
The Deep Ocean Temperature &thetas; (Box 8)
273(1)
The Salinity Gradient Sϕ (Box 9)
274(1)
Carbon Dioxide, μ (Box 10)
274(2)
Earlier History
274(1)
Quantitative Revival of the Carbon Dioxide Hypothesis
275(1)
Summary
276(2)
A Global Theory of the Late Cenozoic Ice Ages: Glacial Onset and Oscillation
278(23)
Specialization of the Model
279(3)
The 100-ky Oscillation as a Free Response: Determination of the Adjustable Parameters
282(4)
Nondimensional Form
283(1)
Internal Stability Analysis to Locate a Free 100-ky-Period Oscillation in Parameter Spece
284(2)
Milankovitch Forcing of the Free Oscillation
286(2)
Structural Stability as a Function of the Tectonic CO2 Level
288(2)
A More Complete Solution
290(5)
Predictions
295(2)
Robustness and Sensitivity
297(1)
Summary: A Revival of the CO2 Theory of the Ice Ages
298(3)
Millennial-Scale Variations
301(13)
Theory of Heinrich Oscillations
303(8)
The ``Binge-Purge'' Model
304(1)
Scale Analysis of the Factors Influencing TB
305(1)
Diagnostic Analysis
306(2)
Dynamical Analysis: A Simple Heinrich-Scale Oscillator
308(3)
Dynamics of the D-O Scale Oscillations
311(3)
Closing Thoughts: Epilogue
314(7)
Toward a More Complete Theory
314(4)
Epilogue: The ``Ice Ages'' and ``Physics''
318(3)
Bibliography 321(22)
Index 343(8)
List of Volumes in the Series 351


Barry Saltzman, 1932-2001, was professor of geology and geophysics at Yale University and a pioneer in the theory of weather and climate, in which he made several profound and lasting contributions to knowledge of the atmosphere and climate. Saltzman developed a series of models and theories of how ice sheets, atmospheric winds, ocean currents, carbon dioxide concentration, and other factors work together, causing the climate to oscillate in a 100,000-year cycle. For this and other scientific contributions, he received the 1998 Carl Gustaf Rossby Research Medal, the highest award from the American Meteorological Society. Saltzman was a fellow of the American Meteorological Society and the American Association for the Advancement of Science and an honorary member of the Academy of Science of Lisbon. His work in 1962 on thermal convection led to the discovery of chaos theory and the famous "Saltzman-Lorenz attractor."
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