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Earth Under Siege: From Air Pollution to Global Change [Mīkstie vāki]

  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 541 pages, height x width: 250x190 mm, weight: 1015 g, 201 line drawings, bibliography
  • Izdošanas datums: 07-Nov-1996
  • Izdevniecība: Oxford University Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0195072871
  • ISBN-13: 9780195072877
  • Mīkstie vāki
  • Cena: 44,74 €*
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  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 541 pages, height x width: 250x190 mm, weight: 1015 g, 201 line drawings, bibliography
  • Izdošanas datums: 07-Nov-1996
  • Izdevniecība: Oxford University Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0195072871
  • ISBN-13: 9780195072877
In this clear and authoritative text, Richard Turco examines one of the most important problems facing the modern age -- air pollution. Specifically designed for non-science majors, it offers a basic understanding of how the physical environment functions and how human activities are affecting it, while presenting sufficient supporting details to hold the interest of science majors. Enjoyable, stimulating, and thorough, this text is an ideal introduction to environmental sciences for students in the earth and atmospheric sciences, geography, engineering, environmental management and law, and life sciences.

In this clear and authoritative text, Richard Turco examines one of the most important problems facing the modern age -- air pollution. Based on his popular course at University of California, Los Angeles, this text, specifically designed for nonscience majors, offers a basic understanding of how the physical environment surrounding us functions and how human activities are affecting it, while presenting sufficient supporting details to hold the interest of science majors. It provides a comprehensive description of the atmospheric environment and details the foundation on which the science and policy of atmosphere-related environmental issues are based. Fundamental scientific concepts that determine the scope of a variety of environmental problems are introduced, including the behavior of atmosphere, basic chemical processes in the environment, and the properties of light and heat. Key logical, regional, and global pollution issues are addressed in terms of their implications for society and life. In his survey of local and regional issues--which include indoor air pollution, smog, and acid rain--the author identifies the principal sources and effects of pollutants and discusses the many ways in which people are exposed to environmental toxins. Global environmental issues, such as stratospheric ozone depletion, climate change, and greenhouse warming are treated in the same context as "global environmental engineering." The physical and chemical principles central to all of these problems are placed in the perspective of real world events, and everyday experiences are used to familiarize students with these principles. Special care has been taken to provide illustrative examples and problems to help students hone their understanding of the concepts and ideas discussed, and to challenge their creative and deductive approaches to all environmental problems, thus requiring more than the rote memorization of facts. An appendix provides a helpful primer to the basic mathematics used throughout the book. Enjoyable, stimulating, and comprehensive, this text is an ideal introduction to environmental sciences for students in the earth and atmospheric sciences, geography, engineering, environmental management and law, and life sciences.
Foreword xi Carl Sagan Preface xiii Introduction 3(6) The Cronus Syndrome 3(1) On the Quality of Life 3(1) Global Change and Preservation 4(1) Methodology for Study 5(4) PART I FUNDAMENTALS 9(100) Air: The Medium of Change 11(27) What Is Air? 11(9) Sensing Air 12(1) The Basic Ingredients 13(1) The Basic Properties 14(6) A Short History of Discovery 20(7) The Air Revealed 21(3) The Mechanics of Air 24(3) The Structure of the Atmosphere 27(4) How Much Air Is There? 28(1) Temperature Profiles 29(2) The Stratification of the Atmosphere 31(1) Air in Motion 31(7) Local Winds and Weather 32(1) Global Wind Systems 33(3) Questions and Problems 36(2) Basic Physical and Chemical Principles 38(46) The Mechanical Behavior of Gases and Particles 38(10) Gas Laws and Hydrostatics 39(7) Particles in Suspension 46(1) Clouds and Precipitation 47(1) Radiation and Energy 48(20) Sunlight and Heat 51(4) Scattering and Absorption 55(8) Common Optical Effects 63(5) Chemistry and the Environment 68(16) Symbols and Terminology 68(3) Properties of Common Substances 71(3) The Mechanisms of Chemical Reactions 74(3) Basic Chemical Reactions 77(4) Questions 81(2) Problems 83(1) The Evolution of Earth 84(25) The Origin of the Earth 85(8) Early Evolutionary Phases 86(2) Box Models for Earth Reservoirs 88(3) The Prebiotic Atmosphere 91(2) The Coevolution of the Environment and Life 93(5) The Evolution of Life Processes 93(3) Ancient Organisms and Greenhouse Gases 96(1) Photosynthesis and the Ozone Layer 97(1) The Mass Extinction of Life 98(6) Fossil History 98(1) The Dinosaurs: A Lesson in Longevity 99(3) Goddess Gaia and Homeostasis 102(2) The Coevolution of Intelligence and Pollution 104(5) Population and Technology 104(2) Questions and Problems 106(3) PART II LOCAL AND REGIONAL POLLUTION ISSUES 109(180) Sources and Dispersion of Pollutants 111(25) The Source of the Problem 111(2) What to Call Pollutants? 111(1) Distributed and Point Sources 112(1) Size Scales of Dispersion 113(1) The Dispersion of Pollutants 113(5) Diffusion and Turbulence 113(3) Convection and Lofting 116(1) Advection and Long-Range Transport 117(1) Temperature Inversions 118(10) Temperatures in the Lower Atmosphere 119(3) Atmospheric Stability 122(3) Large-scale Inversions 125(3) Plumes of Pollution 128(4) Smokestack Plumes 129(1) Ground Plumes 130(1) Urban Heat Islands 131(1) Regional Dispersion of Pollutants 132(4) In Coastal Zones 132(1) Near Mountain Barriers 133(1) Questions 134(2) Smog: The Urban Syndrome 136(47) The History of Smog 136(4) Air Pollution and Poets 137(1) London Smog 138(1) Los Angeles Smog 139(1) Primary and Secondary Pollutants 140(8) The Basic Ingredients 140(4) Clean and Dirty Air 144(4) Smog Scenarios: A Typical Polluted Day 148(7) Carbon Monoxide 149(1) Nitrogen Dioxide 150(3) Ozone 153(2) Dissecting Smog 155(8) The Evolution of Smoggy Air 156(2) Trends in Air Pollution 158(5) Haze and Visibility 163(11) Total Suspended Particulate 165(2) Seeing Through Air 167(5) Acid Particles and Fog 172(2) Controlling Smog: Everyones Job 174(9) Reducing Emissions of Primary Pollutants 174(2) Alternative Fuels 176(4) Lifestyles for Health and Survival 180(1) Questions and Problems 181(2) Effects of Exposure to Pollution 183(40) How Pollutants Affect Health 184(9) The Discovery of Toxicity 184(3) The Physiology of Toxicity 187(6) The Toxic Effects of Air Pollutants 193(10) Common Ingredients of Smog 193(3) Eye Irritants 196(1) Organic Vapors 196(2) Problem Particles 198(3) Persistent Environmental Toxins 201(2) Radioactivity 203(9) Stability of the Elements 203(3) Sources of Radioactivity 206(4) The Physiological Effects of Radioactivity 210(2) Assessment of Health Risks 212(9) Defining the Threat 212(1) Risks and Benefits of Pollution 213(2) Box Models for Risk Assessment 215(3) Urban Smog: A Case Study 218(3) Limiting Risk 221(2) Questions 221(1) Problems 222(1) Indoor Air Pollution 223(36) What Are ``Indoor Air Pollutants? 223(4) The Special Character of Indoor Pollution 224(3) Indoor Pollution and the News 227(1) Radon: Mother and Daughters 227(10) Poison from the Earth 228(3) Radon Exposure and Its Effects 231(6) Formaldehyde 237(5) Embalmers Fluid 237(4) Formaldehydes Impacts on Health 241(1) Tobacco Smoke 242(10) Composition of Tobacco Smoke 244(3) Tobacco Smokes Effects on Health 247(3) Smoke and Mirrors 250(2) Other Indoor Pollutants 252(1) Biogenic Pollutants 252(1) Indoor Water Pollution 253(1) Indoor Versus Outdoor Pollution 253(6) Is It Safe to Go Indoors? 254(2) Making Indoors Safe 256(1) Questions 257(1) Problems 258(1) Acid Rain 259(30) The Tainted Rain 259(2) Acidity and pH 261(6) The pH Scale 261(3) Acids in Water 264(2) Alkalinity: The Acid Buffer 266(1) Sources of Environmental Acids 267(10) How Acid Is Acid Rain? 268(2) Sulfur Oxides and Acid Rain 270(5) Nitrogen Oxides and Acid Rain 275(2) Acid Fog 277(1) The Costs of Excess Acidity 278(7) Dying Forests and Lakes 279(2) A Potpourri of Destruction 281(3) Health Implications 284(1) Controlling Acid Rain and Fog 285(4) Questions 286(1) Problems 287(2) PART III GLOBAL-SCALE POLLUTION ISSUES 289(200) Carbon Dioxide and the Greenhouse Effect 289(1) Ozone Depletion and the Ozone Hole 289(1) Climate Change Caused by Nuclear War: Nuclear Winter 289(1) The Relationship Between Population and Pollution 289(4) Global Biogeochemical Cycles 293(27) The Grand Chemical Cycles of Earth 293(5) Reservoirs in the Earth System 294(1) Simple Reservoir Models 295(3) Biogeochemical Cycles of the Primary Elements 298(19) Sulfur 298(3) Nitrogen 301(4) Oxygen 305(2) Carbon 307(10) The Hydrological Cycle 317(1) A Global Garbage Dump? 317(3) Questions and Problems 318(2) The Climate Machine 320(45) Weather and Climate 320(1) Energy from the Sun 321(3) Solar Illumination 322(1) The Four Seasons 323(1) The Temperature of Earth 324(8) Sunlight In, Earthglow Out 324(3) An Energy Balance Model 327(4) The Temperatures of the Planets 331(1) The Greenhouse Effect 332(12) Atmospheric Band Absorption 332(3) Radiation Emission from the Earth 335(4) Clouds and Radiation 339(3) The Greenhouse Energy Balance 342(2) Energy Reservoirs: The Climate Flywheel 344(5) Reservoirs for Heat 345(2) Ice: The Cool Reservoir 347(1) A Coupled Climate System 347(2) Causes of Climate Change 349(10) Climate Variability 350(2) Solar Variability: External Forcing 352(2) Ice Ages 354(1) Volcanic Eruptions 355(3) The Albedo Effect 358(1) The Vulnerability of Life to a Changing Climate 359(6) Modern Society and Climate 359(2) Do We Need Climate Insurance? 361(2) Questions and Problems 363(2) Greenhouse Warming 365(42) Greenhouse Gases 365(3) The Greenhouse Culprits: A Rogues Gallery 365(1) Water Vapor: Innocent Bystander or Good Samaritan? 366(2) Carbon Dioxide 368(7) Increasing CO2: What Is the Cause? 368(2) The Problem with Energy Addiction 370(2) A Global Reservoir Perspective 372(3) Other Greenhouse Gases 375(6) Methane 375(2) Nitrous Oxide 377(1) Chlorofluorocarbons 378(2) Ozone 380(1) The Warming Effect of Greenhouse Gases 381(16) Climate History and the Greenhouse Effect 381(3) Recent Temperature Trends 384(2) Forecasts of Greenhouse Warming 386(7) Uncertainty Is the Future 393(4) Solutions? 397(10) Recyclable Fuels 398(1) Alternative Energy Sources 399(3) Climate Correction: Endangering the Environment 402(2) Questions 404(1) Problems 405(2) The Stratospheric Ozone Layer 407(45) The Ozone Shield 407(1) The Formation and Destruction of Ozone 407(3) The Photochemistry of Ozone 408(2) The Destruction of Catalytic Ozone 410(1) The Distribution of Ozone in the Atmosphere 410(4) Dobson Units: Ozone Overhead 411(2) How Much Ozone Is There? 413(1) Ozone and Ultraviolet Radiation 414(8) Regions of the Ultraviolet Spectrum 415(1) Health Effects of UV-B Radiation 416(5) Environmental Effects of UV-B Radiation 421(1) Threats Against Ozone 422(11) A Litany of Threats 422(1) Chlorine 422(7) Nitrogen Oxides and Ozone Change 429(3) Bromine and the Halons 432(1) Forecasts of Global Ozone Depletion 433(4) Scenarios and Projections 433(3) Signature of the Culprit 436(1) The Ozone Hole 437(10) Discovery 437(1) The Polar Vortex 438(2) Polar Stratospheric Clouds 440(3) Ozone Depletion: The Hole Story 443(2) A Global Ozone Disaster? 445(2) Solutions and Actions 447(5) The Montreal Protocol 447(2) Saving the Earths Ozone Layer 449(1) Questions and Problems 450(2) Global Environmental Engineering 452(37) What Is Global Environmental Engineering? 452(5) Living Thermostats: Natural Compensation 452(3) Planetary Engineering 455(2) Technological Traps 457(6) Nuclear Winter 457(4) Carbon Dioxide 461(2) Chlorofluorocarbons 463(1) Technological Cures 463(20) Preventing Armageddon 464(1) Cooling Down the Greenhouse 465(11) Fixing the Ozone Shield 476(7) A Rational Approach to Environmental Management 483(6) Questions 486(1) Problems 487(2) Appendix A Scientific Notation, Units, and Constants 489(11) A.1 Scientific Notation 489(3) Applications of Scientific Notation 489(1) Large and Small Numbers 490(1) Using Mixing Ratios 490(2) A.2 The Metric System: Units and Conversions 492(3) Common Units of Measure 493(1) Manipulation of Dimensions and Units 494(1) A.3 Physical and Mathematical Constants 495(2) Physical Constants (and Their Common Symbols) 495(1) Mathematical Constants 496(1) A.4 Mathematical Operations 497(3) Squares and Square Roots 497(1) Higher Powers 497(1) Exponentials and Logarithms 497(1) Algebraic Equations 498(1) Inequalities 499(1) Appendix B Demonstrations of Common Natural Phenomena 500(7) Demonstration 1: Light Scattering by Small Particles 500(1) Background 500(1) Experimental Procedure 501(1) Demonstration 2: Gas-to-Particle Conversion in Smog 501(1) Background 501(1) Experimental Procedure 501(1) Demonstration 3: Atmospheric Pressure and Water Vapor Condensation 502(1) Background 502(1) Experimental Procedure 503(1) Demonstration 4: Acid Rain Formation 503(4) Background 503(1) Experimental Procedure 504(3) Appendix C Radiation Nomenclature 507(2) Index 509