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E-grāmata: Ecoacoustics: The Ecological Role of Sounds

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  • Izdošanas datums: 22-May-2017
  • Izdevniecība: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781119230717
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Ecoacoustics: The Ecological Role of SoundsPalielināt
  • Formāts: EPUB+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 22-May-2017
  • Izdevniecība: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781119230717
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The sounds produced by geophonic, biophonic and technophonic sources are relevant to the function of natural and human modified ecosystems. Passive recording is one of the most non-invasive technologies as its use avoids human intrusion during acoustic surveys and facilitates the accumulation of huge amounts of acoustical data.

For the first time, this book collates and reviews the science behind ecoaucostics; illustrating the principles, methods and applications of this exciting new field. Topics covered in this comprehensive volume include;

  • the assessment of biodiversity based on sounds emanating from a variety of environments
  • the best technologies and methods necessary to investigate environmental sounds
  • implications for climate change and urban systems
  • the relationship between landscape ecology and ecoacoustics
  • the conservation of soundscapes and the social value of ecoacoustics
  • areas of potential future research.

An invaluable resource for scholars, researchers and students, Ecoacoustics: The Ecological Role of Sounds provides an unrivalled set of ideas, tools and references based on the current state of the field.

 

List of Contributors
xiii
Preface xv
1 Ecoacoustics: A New Science
1(12)
Almo Farina
Stuart H. Gage
1.1 Ecoacoustics as a New Science
1(1)
1.2 Characteristics of a Sound
1(1)
1.3 Sound and its Importance
2(1)
1.4 Ecoacoustics and Digital Sensors
3(1)
1.5 Ecoacoustics Attributes
3(3)
1.5.1 Population Census
4(1)
1.5.2 Biological Diversity
4(1)
1.5.3 Habitat Health
4(1)
1.5.4 Time of Arrival/Departure of Migratory Species
4(1)
1.5.5 Diurnal Change
5(1)
1.5.6 Seasonal Change
5(1)
1.5.7 Competition for Frequency
5(1)
1.5.8 Trophic Interactions
5(1)
1.5.9 Disturbance
5(1)
1.5.10 Sounds of the Landscape and People
6(1)
1.6 Ecoacoustics and Ecosystem Management
6(1)
1.7 Quantification of a Sound
7(1)
1.7.1 Species Identification
7(1)
1.7.2 Acoustic Indices
7(1)
1.8 Archiving Ecoacoustics Recordings
8(1)
1.9 Ecological Forecasting
9(4)
References
9(4)
2 The Duality of Sounds: Ambient and Communication
13(18)
Almo Farina
Stuart H. Gage
2.1 Introduction
13(1)
2.2 Vegetation and Ecoacoustics
14(3)
2.2.1 Vegetation Quality and Ecoacoustics
15(1)
2.2.2 Soundscape Indices and Biodiversity
15(1)
2.2.3 Applications of Remote Sensing of Vegetation and Ecoacoustics
16(1)
2.3 Acoustic Resources, Umwelten, and Eco-fields
17(3)
2.4 Sounds as Biological Codes
20(1)
2.5 Sound as a Compass for Navigation
21(1)
2.6 Geophonies from Sacred Sites - How to Incorporate Archeoacoustics into Ecoacoustics
22(9)
2.6.1 The Characteristics of Geophonies
23(1)
2.6.2 Geophonies and Sacred Sites
23(1)
2.6.3 Human Versus Other Animals' Perception of Sound: The Role of Archeoacoustics
24(1)
References
24(7)
3 The Role of Sound in Terrestrial Ecosystems: Three Case Examples from Michigan, USA
31(30)
Stuart H. Gage
Almo Farina
3.1 Introduction
31(1)
3.2 C1 Visualization of the Soundscape at Ted Black Woods, Okemos, Michigan during May 2016
31(13)
3.2.1 C1 Background
31(1)
3.2.2 C1 Objectives
32(1)
3.2.3 C1 Methods
32(1)
3.2.3.1 C1 Soundscape Metrics
33(1)
3.2.3.2 C1 Weather Factors Affecting Sounds
33(1)
3.2.4 C1 Results
33(1)
3.2.4.1 C1 Patterns of Soundscape Power for Six Frequency Intervals
33(4)
3.2.4.2 C1 Patterns of Soundscape Indices
37(1)
3.2.4.3 C1 Wind Patterns During May 2016
37(1)
3.2.4.4 C1 Rain Patterns During May 2016
37(4)
3.2.4.5 C1 Spectrogram Patterns
41(1)
3.2.5 C1 Discussion
42(2)
3.3 C2 Implications for Climate Change - Detecting First Call of the Spring Peeper
44(5)
3.3.1 C2 Background
44(1)
3.3.2 C2 Methods
44(1)
3.3.3 C2 Results
45(2)
3.3.4 C2 Discussion
47(2)
3.4 C3 Disturbance in Terrestrial Systems: Tree Harvest Impacts on the Soundscape
49(12)
3.4.1 C3 Background
49(2)
3.4.2 C3 Methods
51(1)
3.4.3 C3 Results
52(1)
3.4.3.1 C3 Changes in the Soundscape
52(3)
3.4.3.2 C3 Statistical Influence of Forest Harvest
55(1)
3.4.4 C3 Discussion
55(4)
References
59(2)
4 The Role of Sound in the Aquatic Environment
61(20)
Francesco Filiciotto
Giuseppa Buscaino
4.1 Overview on Underwater Sound Propagation
61(2)
4.1.1 Sound Speed in the Sea
61(1)
4.1.2 Transmission Loss
61(1)
4.1.3 Deep and Shallow Sound Channel and Animal Communication
62(1)
4.2 Sound Emissions and their Ecological Role in Marine Vertebrates and Invertebrates
63(4)
4.2.1 Marine Mammals
63(1)
4.2.2 Fish
64(1)
4.2.3 Crustaceans
65(2)
4.3 Impacts of Anthropogenic Noise in Aquatic Environments
67(14)
4.3.1 Main Anthropogenic Sources of Noise in the Sea
67(1)
4.3.2 The Effects of Anthropogenic Noise on Marine Organisms
68(1)
4.3.2.1 Acoustic Masking and Damage to Hearing System of Marine Organisms
68(1)
4.3.2.2 Biochemical Impacts and Stress Responses
69(1)
4.3.2.3 Behavior Alterations
70(1)
References
71(10)
5 The Acoustic Chorus and its Ecological Significance
81(14)
Almo Farina
Maria Ceraulo
5.1 Introduction
81(1)
5.2 Time of Chorus
82(4)
5.3 The Chorus Hypothesis
86(1)
5.4 Choruses in Birds
87(1)
5.5 Choruses in Amphibians
87(1)
5.6 Choruses in the Marine Environment
88(1)
5.7 Conclusions and Discussion
89(6)
References
89(6)
6 The Ecological Effects of Noise on Species and Communities
95(14)
Almo Farina
6.1 Introduction
95(1)
6.2 The Nature of Noise
96(1)
6.3 Natural Sources of Noise
96(1)
6.4 Anthropogenic Sources of Noise
97(1)
6.5 Effects of Noise on the Animal World
97(3)
6.6 How Animals Neutralize the Effect of Noise
100(1)
6.6.1 Changing Amplitude
100(1)
6.6.2 Changing Frequency
100(1)
6.6.3 Changing Signal Redundancy
101(1)
6.6.4 Changing Behavior
101(1)
6.7 Noise in Marine and Freshwater Systems
101(1)
6.8 Conclusions
102(7)
References
103(6)
7 Biodiversity Assessment in Temperate Biomes using Ecoacoustics
109(20)
Almo Farina
Nadia Pieretti
7.1 Introduction
109(1)
7.2 Sound as Proxy for Biodiversity
110(1)
7.3 Methods and Application of Ecoacoustics
111(2)
7.4 Acoustic Communities as a Proxy for Biodiversity
113(1)
7.5 Problems and Open Questions
114(2)
7.6 Ecoacoustic Events: Concepts and Procedures
116(6)
7.7 Conclusion
122(1)
References
122(7)
8 Biodiversity Assessment in Tropical Biomes using Ecoacoustics: Linking Soundscape to Forest Structure in a Human-dominated Tropical Dry Forest in Southern Madagascar
129(1)
Lyndsay Rankin
Anne C. Axel
8.1 Introduction
129(2)
8.2 Methods
131(1)
8.2.1 Study Area
131(1)
8.2.2 Forest Sampling
132(1)
8.2.3 Soundscape Survey
133(1)
8.2.4 Acoustic Index
133(1)
8.2.5 Mixed Model Analysis
134(1)
8.3 Results
135(2)
8.3.1 Acoustic Index by Season
135(2)
8.3.2 Mixed Model Analyses
137(1)
8.4 Discussion
137(8)
Acknowledgments
141(1)
References
142(3)
9 Biodiversity Assessment and Environmental Monitoring in Freshwater and Marine Biomes using Ecoacoustics
145(24)
Denise Risch
Susan E. Parks
9.1 Introduction
145(2)
9.2 Freshwater Habitats
147(3)
9.2.1 Rivers
147(1)
9.2.1.1 Remote Monitoring of Biotic Signals in the Environment
147(1)
9.2.1.2 Remote Monitoring of the Environment Using Sound in River Habitats
148(1)
9.2.1.3 Anthropogenic Sources of Noise in River Systems
148(1)
9.2.2 Lakes and Ponds
148(1)
9.2.2.1 Remote Monitoring of Biotic Signals in the Environment
149(1)
9.2.2.2 Remote Monitoring of the Environment Using Sound in Lakes and Ponds
149(1)
9.2.2.3 Anthropogenic Sources of Noise in Lakes and Ponds
149(1)
9.3 Marine Neritic Habitats
150(3)
9.3.1 Estuaries and Coastal Habitats
150(1)
9.3.1.1 Remote Monitoring of Biotic Signals in the Environment
150(1)
9.3.1.2 Remote Monitoring of the Environment Using Sound in Estuarine and Coastal Habitats
150(2)
9.3.1.3 Anthropogenic Sources of Noise in Estuarine and Coastal Habitats
152(1)
9.3.2 Coral Reefs
152(1)
9.3.2.1 Remote Monitoring of Biotic Signals in the Environment
152(1)
9.3.2.2 Remote Monitoring of the Environment Using Sound in Coral Reef Environments
153(1)
9.3.2.3 Anthropogenic Sources of Noise in Coral Reef Environments
153(1)
9.4 Marine Oceanic Habitats
153(3)
9.4.1 Open Ocean and Deep Sea Habitats
153(1)
9.4.1.1 Remote Monitoring of Biotic Signals in the Environment
154(1)
9.4.1.2 Remote Monitoring of the Environment Using Sound in the Open Ocean
154(1)
9.4.1.3 Anthropogenic Sources of Noise in the Open Ocean
154(1)
9.4.2 Polar Oceans
155(1)
9.4.2.1 Remote Monitoring of Biotic Signals in the Environment
155(1)
9.4.2.2 Remote Monitoring of the Environment with Sound in Polar Regions
155(1)
9.4.2.3 Anthropogenic Sources of Noise in the Polar Regions
156(1)
9.5 Summary and Future Directions
156(13)
References
158(11)
10 Integrating Biophony into Biodiversity Measurement and Assessment
169(24)
Brian Michael Napoletano
10.1 Introduction
169(2)
10.1.1 Biodiversity and its Parameterization
170(1)
10.2 Biological Information in the Soundscape
171(11)
10.2.1 Physiology: Sound Production and Detection
174(2)
10.2.2 Communication: Medium and Context
176(2)
10.2.3 Coordination: Evolution of the Biophony
178(2)
10.2.4 Adaptation: Mechanization of the Soundscape
180(2)
10.3 Ecoacoustics in Biodiversity Assessment
182(2)
10.3.1 Developing a Soundscape Monitoring Network
182(1)
10.3.2 Acoustic Data Processing and Management
183(1)
10.4 Conclusion
184(9)
References
185(8)
11 Landscape Patterns and Soundscape Processes
193(18)
Almo Farina
Susan Fuller
11.1 An Introduction to Landscape Ecology (Theories and Applications)
193(2)
11.1.1 Patch Size, Shape, and Isolation
193(1)
11.1.2 Patch-Matrix Context
194(1)
11.2 Relationship Between Landscape Ecology and Soundscape Ecology: A Semantic Approach
195(4)
11.2.1 The Contribution of Landscape Ecology to the Development of Ecoacoustics
196(1)
11.2.2 Acoustic Heterogeneity in a Landscape Across Space and Time
197(2)
11.3 Acoustic Community and Landscape Mosaics
199(3)
11.4 Ecoacoustics in a Changing Landscape
202(1)
11.5 Conclusion
203(8)
References
204(7)
12 Connecting Soundscapes to Landscapes: Modeling the Spatial Distribution of Sound
211(14)
Timothy C. Mullet
12.1 Introduction
211(1)
12.2 Conceptualizing Soundscapes in Space and Time
211(1)
12.3 Capturing Soundscapes in Space and Time
212(1)
12.4 Sound Metrics and Interpreting Nature
213(2)
12.5 A Soundscape Metric for Modeling
215(1)
12.6 Discriminating the Components of a Soundscape
216(1)
12.7 Generating a Predictive Soundscape Model
217(2)
12.8 Conclusion
219(6)
Disclaimer
221(1)
References
221(4)
13 Soil Acoustics
225(10)
Marisol A. Quintanilla-Tornel
13.1 Introduction
225(1)
13.2 Soil Insect Acoustics
226(1)
13.3 Compost Activating Agent Acoustics
226(1)
13.4 Soil Aggregate Slaking Acoustics
227(3)
13.5 Conclusion
230(5)
References
231(4)
14 Fundamentals of Soundscape Conservation
235(24)
Gianni Pavan
14.1 Introduction
235(3)
14.2 Nature Sounds in Science and Education
238(4)
14.3 The Role of Sound Libraries
242(1)
14.4 Noise Pollution, the Acoustic Habitat, and the Biology of Disturbance
243(1)
14.5 Soundscapes, Nature Conservation, and Public Awareness
244(1)
14.6 Marine Soundscapes
245(6)
14.6.1 Ship Noise
246(5)
14.7 Conclusion
251(8)
14.7.1 Terrestrial Soundscapes
252(1)
14.7.2 Marine and Aquatic Soundscapes
252(1)
Acknowledgment
252(1)
References
252(7)
15 Urban Acoustics: Heartbeat of Lansing, Michigan, USA
259(14)
Stuart H. Gage
Wooyeong Joo
15.1 Introduction
259(1)
15.2 Objectives
260(1)
15.3 Methods
261(3)
15.3.1 Sampling Design
261(1)
15.3.2 Recording at Sample Sites
262(1)
15.3.3 Data Conversion
262(1)
15.3.4 Data Processing
262(2)
15.4 Results
264(3)
15.4.1 The NDSI
264(3)
15.4.2 The H, ADI, AEI, ACI, and BIO Indices
267(1)
15.5 Discussion and Conclusions
267(6)
References
271(2)
16 Analytical Methods in Ecoacoustics
273(24)
Stuart H. Gage
Michael Towsey
Eric P. Kasten
16.1 Introduction
273(2)
16.2 Components of an Acoustic Recording
275(1)
16.3 Visualization of an Acoustic Recording
276(1)
16.3.1 Frequency Analysis
276(1)
16.3.2 Three-Dimensional Spectrogram
277(1)
16.4 Processing Multiple Recordings
277(2)
16.5 Analyzing Acoustic Time Series
279(2)
16.6 Time Series of Acoustic Indices
281(1)
16.7 Searching and Symbolic Methods
282(4)
16.7.1 Searching a Recording for Anomalies
284(1)
16.7.2 Symbolic Representations and Unsupervised Learning
285(1)
16.8 Visualization and Navigation of Long-Duration Recordings
286(3)
16.9 Spectrogram Pyramids
289(2)
16.9.1 Diel Plots
289(2)
16.10 New Approaches to Analysis
291(1)
16.11 Web Platforms for the Visualization of Environmental Audio
291(6)
References
293(4)
17 Ecoacoustics and its Expression through the Voice of the Arts: An Essay
297(9)
David Monacchi
Bernie Krause
17.1 Introduction
297(2)
17.2 Immersive Art as a Science Dissemination Tool
299(3)
17.3 Examples of Ecoacoustic Works by Bernie Krause
302(4)
17 A Examples of Ecoacoustics Works by David Monacchi
306(3)
17 AA Designing Temples for the Ear: The Ecoacoustic Theater
309(4)
17.4.2 Soundscape Projection Ambisonics Control Engine (S.P.A.C.E.)
310(1)
17.5 Conclusion
311(2)
References
311(2)
18 Ecoacoustics Challenges
313(8)
Stuart H. Gage
Almo Farina
18.1 Introduction
313(1)
18.2 Philosophical Issues
313(1)
18.3 Ecological Issues
314(1)
18.4 Sensor Technology
315(1)
18.5 Acoustic Computations and Modeling
316(1)
18.6 Public Information
316(1)
18.7 Monetary Issues
317(4)
References
317(4)
Index 321
EDITED BY ALMO FARINA is Professor of Ecology, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, Urbino University, Italy. He is interested in developing theories in landscape ecology and ecoacoustics. He has published more than 270 reports, articles and books on zoology, eco-ethology, bird community ecology, landscape ecology, landscape changes, rural landscape modification, eco-semiotics, code biology, ecoacoustics, soundscape ecology, and ecological theories.

STUART H. GAGE is Professor Emeritus, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA. Stuart retired after about 30 years as Professor of Entomology. He received the University Distinguished Faculty Award and the University Outreach and Engagement Campus Fellow at Michigan State University. Stuart continues as Director of the Remote Environmental Assessment Laboratory. His current research focuses on application of ecological sensors, analysis of acoustic sensor observations and cyber infrastructure and he collaborates with colleagues in all realms of acoustics. The study of ecological acoustics has enabled Stuart to record the soundscape in many places using automated sensors. Many of these recordings are analyzed, stored, and are publicly accessible in a digital acoustics library (http://www.real.msu.edu).
Biežāk uzdotie jautājumi par e-grāmatām Biežāk uzdotie jautājumi par e-grāmatām
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