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E-grāmata: Ecological Complexity and Agroecology

(University of Michigan, USA), (University of Michigan, USA)
  • Formāts: 272 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 24-Oct-2017
  • Izdevniecība: Routledge
  • ISBN-13: 9781315313672
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  • Formāts: 272 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 24-Oct-2017
  • Izdevniecība: Routledge
  • ISBN-13: 9781315313672

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This text reflects the immense current growth in interest in agroecology and changing approaches to it. While it is acknowledged that the science of ecology should be the basis of agroecological planning, many analysts have out-of-date ideas about contemporary ecology. Ecology has come a long way since the old days of "the balance of nature" and other romantic notions of how ecological systems function. In this context, the new science of complexity has become extremely important in the modern science of ecology. The problem is that it tends to be too mathematical and technical and thus off-putting for the average student of agroecology, especially those new to the subject. Therefore this book seeks to present ideas about ecological complexity with a minimum of formal mathematics.

The book’s organization consists of an introductory chapter, and a second chapter providing some of the background to basic ecological topics as they are relevant to agroecosystrems (e.g., soil biology and pest control). The core of the book consists of seven chapters on key intersecting themes of ecological complexity, including issues such as spatial patterns, network theory and tipping points, illustrated by examples from agroecology and agricultural systems from around the world.

List of figures
x
Preface xviii
1 Introduction
1(18)
The idea of ecological complexity
2(5)
Early revolutionaries in the new agriculture
7(5)
To "understand": nine reasons for generalization
12(2)
A note on theory and intuition
14(1)
Ecological complexity and the organization of this book
15(4)
2 Basic ecological concepts
19(41)
How plants get energy
19(5)
How plants get nutrients from soil
24(3)
Transformation of nutrients in the soil
27(5)
Plants, soil and water
32(2)
The ecological niche: a historical backbone
34(5)
Population dynamics
39(3)
Equilibrium, resilience, persistence
42(5)
Basic trophic dynamics
47(3)
Feedback in dynamic systems
50(10)
3 The Turing mechanism and geometric pattern
60(29)
Dynamic consequences of background exogenous pattern
64(5)
Generation of endogenous pattern
69(6)
Criticality and power functions
75(6)
Percolation points and power functions
81(3)
The skeleton of the fundamental niche, the flesh of the realized niche
84(2)
Spatial pattern and the agricultural connection
86(3)
4 Chaos
89(26)
Introduction
89(4)
Intuition of the importance of chaos in a simple system
93(2)
Farmer math and the intuition of chaos
95(4)
Chaotic attractors, transients and Cantor sets
99(4)
Ecological chaos in the real world?
103(3)
The generalized structure of chaotic attractors
106(4)
From cooked carrots to chaos to attractor reconstruction
110(3)
Conclusions
113(2)
5 Stochasticity
115(20)
Introduction: deterministic versus stochastic
115(1)
The importance of stochasticity
116(3)
Basic population processes with stochasticity
119(6)
Predator/prey systems and stochasticity
125(2)
The interrelationship between chaos and stochasticity
127(3)
The chaos/stochasticity tapestry
130(4)
Final comments
134(1)
6 Coupled oscillators
135(22)
An odd kind of sympathy
135(1)
Consumer/resource oscillators and weak coupling: a basic pattern
136(3)
Oscillatory structure in chaos: the teacup
139(1)
Confronting Gause's principle with oscillations
140(3)
Limiting similarity and species packing with oscillators
143(6)
Decomposition as an oscillatory process
149(3)
Seasonality and the Moran effect
152(5)
7 Multidimensionality
157(21)
Three-dimensional systems
158(4)
Multidimensional systems
162(4)
The promise of food webs
166(6)
Qualitative structure of directed graphs --- loop analysis
172(4)
Concluding remarks
176(2)
8 Trait-mediated indirect interactions
178(22)
Density-mediated indirect interactions
179(2)
Trait-mediated indirect interactions in principle: a basic nonlinearity
181(6)
Trait-mediated effects in the real world
187(4)
Consequences of trait-mediated indirect interactions
191(1)
Hypernetworks
191(5)
Multiple TMIIs
196(2)
Summary
198(2)
9 Critical transitions
200(21)
Inevitability of surprise
200(1)
Loss of biodiversity: expected or surprise?
201(4)
Hysteresis on a global scale
205(3)
The surprise of the coffee rust disease
208(6)
Agricultural syndromes as hysteretic phenomena with tipping points
214(4)
Basin boundary collisions: chaos and catastrophe
218(1)
Summary
219(2)
10 The "scientific" basis of agroecology
221(14)
Complexity science and ecology
222(2)
The four pillars of agroecology
224(6)
The "whole" of agroecology
230(1)
Solving farmers' problems in the age of ecological complexity
231(2)
The importance of thought-intensive technology
233(2)
References 235(12)
Index 247
John Vandermeer is Asa Gray Distinguished University Professor of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, USA.

Ivette Perfecto is George W. Pack Professor of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, USA.