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vii | |
Acknowledgements |
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ix | |
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1 Introduction: An Overview |
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1.1 Application of Ecological Modeling |
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1 | (3) |
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1.2 Model Classification and Model Types |
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4 | (3) |
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1.3 Application of the 14 Model Types |
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7 | (2) |
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1.4 The Ecosystem as an Object for Modeling |
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9 | (4) |
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11 | (2) |
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2.1 Advantages and Properties of Biogeochemical Models |
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13 | (3) |
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16 | (3) |
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2.3 The Modeling Procedure |
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19 | (14) |
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2.4 Ecological and Environmental Biogeochemical Models |
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33 | (6) |
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38 | (1) |
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3 Dynamic Population Models |
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3.1 A Definition of a Population Model |
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39 | (1) |
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3.2 The First Law (Model) of Population Dynamic: Malthus Law |
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40 | (3) |
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3.3 The Second Law of Population Dynamics: Verhulst Law |
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43 | (1) |
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3.4 A Logistic Population in Periodic Environment |
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44 | (2) |
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3.5 A Logistic Population in a Random Environment |
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46 | (2) |
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3.6 Prey--Predator Models |
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48 | (4) |
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3.7 Models of Competition |
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52 | (3) |
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3.8 Models of Cooperation |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (2) |
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58 | (3) |
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61 | (1) |
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3.12 A Brief History of Population Modeling |
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62 | (4) |
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63 | (3) |
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4.1 Steady State Model: Ecopath as an Example |
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66 | (2) |
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4.2 Ecopath Model for a Large Chinese Lake: A Case Study |
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68 | (18) |
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86 | (5) |
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86 | (5) |
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5 Earth's Surface Modeling |
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91 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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5.3 High Accuracy Surface Modeling |
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93 | (4) |
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5.4 The Fundamental Theorem of Earth's Surface Modeling and Its Corollaries |
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97 | (1) |
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98 | (5) |
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99 | (4) |
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6 Application of Structurally Dynamic Models (SDMs) |
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103 | (1) |
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104 | (4) |
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6.3 Development of Structurally Dynamic Models |
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108 | (4) |
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6.4 Overview of Structurally Dynamic Models Using Work Energy as Goal Function |
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112 | (3) |
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6.5 Development of Structurally Dynamic Model for Darwin's Finches |
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115 | (2) |
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6.6 Application of Structurally Dynamic Model for the Assessment of Ecological Changes Due to Climate Changes |
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117 | (4) |
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121 | (3) |
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121 | (3) |
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7 Artificial Neural Networks: Multilayer Perceptron for Ecological Modeling |
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124 | (1) |
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7.2 Multilayer Perceptron |
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125 | (7) |
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7.3 MLPs in Ecological Modeling |
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132 | (1) |
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7.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of MLPs |
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133 | (1) |
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7.5 Example of MLP Usage in Ecological Modeling |
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134 | (7) |
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138 | (3) |
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8 Ecotoxicological Models |
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8.1 Application of Ecotoxicological Models |
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141 | (3) |
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8.2 Characteristics of Ecotoxicological Models |
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144 | (10) |
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8.3 An Overview: The Application of Models in Ecotoxicology |
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154 | (1) |
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8.4 Estimation of Ecotoxicological Parameters |
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154 | (12) |
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8.5 Ecotoxicological Case Study I: Contamination of Agricultural Products by Cadmium and Lead |
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166 | (6) |
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8.6 Illustrations of Ecotoxicological Models Used as Experimental Tools |
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172 | (10) |
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176 | (6) |
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9.1 Fugacity Models: Development and Applications |
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182 | (3) |
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9.2 Fugacity Model for PAHs in Lake Small Baiyangdian, Northern China: A Case Study |
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185 | (20) |
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205 | (7) |
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206 | (1) |
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206 | (6) |
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10 Fuzzy Adaptive Management of Coupled Natural and Human Systems |
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212 | (1) |
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213 | (9) |
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222 | (2) |
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224 | (4) |
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224 | (4) |
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11 Coastal Ecosystem Modeling in the Context of Climate Change: An Overview With Case Studies |
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11.1 Models as Tools for Assessing the Effects of Climate Change on Coastal Ecosystems |
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228 | (2) |
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230 | (24) |
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11.3 Challenges in Predicting the Effects of Climate Change on Coastal Ecosystems |
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254 | (1) |
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255 | (6) |
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255 | (1) |
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255 | (6) |
Index |
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261 | |