Contributors |
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xix | |
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1 | (8) |
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1.1 Models of Lakes and Wetlands |
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1 | (3) |
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1.2 Ecological Engineering Applied to Lakes and Wetlands |
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4 | (5) |
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7 | (2) |
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Chapter 2 Structurally Dynamic Models of Lakes |
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9 | (26) |
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9 | (1) |
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2.2 How to Construct Structurally Dynamic Models and Definitions of Eco-Exergy |
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10 | (6) |
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16 | (7) |
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2.4 Development of a SDM to Describe the Competition Between Phytoplankton and Submerged Vegetation |
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23 | (4) |
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2.5 SDM Developed for Lake Fure |
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27 | (4) |
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2.6 Summary and Conclusions |
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31 | (4) |
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33 | (2) |
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Chapter 3 Development of Level-IV Fugacity-Based QWASI Model for Dynamic Multimedia Fate and Transport Processes of HCHs in Lake Chaohu, China |
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35 | (40) |
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35 | (3) |
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3.1.1 Hexachlorocyclohexanes and the Isomers |
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35 | (1) |
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3.1.2 HCHs Usage and Residue Level in the Study Site |
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36 | (1) |
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3.1.3 Level-IV Fugacity-Based QWASI Model |
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36 | (2) |
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3.2 Development of Level IV Fugacity-Based QWASI Model |
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38 | (13) |
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38 | (3) |
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3.2.2 Model Simulation and Validation |
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41 | (1) |
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3.2.3 Parameter Determination |
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41 | (8) |
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3.2.4 Sensitivity Analysis |
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49 | (1) |
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3.2.5 Uncertainty Analysis |
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50 | (1) |
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3.3 Results and Discussion |
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51 | (17) |
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3.3.1 Simulation of Seasonal Variations |
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51 | (5) |
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56 | (5) |
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3.3.3 Sensitivity Analysis of the Model Parameters |
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61 | (3) |
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3.3.4 Uncertainty Analysis of the Model Simulation |
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64 | (4) |
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68 | (7) |
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69 | (6) |
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Chapter 4 Eco-Risk Assessments for Toxic Contaminants Based on Species Sensitivity Distribution Models in Lake Chaohu, China |
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75 | (38) |
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75 | (3) |
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4.1.1 Ecological Risk Assessments |
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75 | (1) |
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4.1.2 Organochlorine Pesticides |
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76 | (1) |
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4.1.3 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons |
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76 | (1) |
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4.1.4 The Study Site of Lake Chaohu |
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77 | (1) |
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4.2 Materials and Methods |
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78 | (12) |
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4.2.1 Measurements of OCPs and PAHs |
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78 | (2) |
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4.2.2 Ecological Risk Assessments by SSD and PRA |
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80 | (10) |
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4.3 Eco-Risk Assessments for OCPs in Lake Chaohu |
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90 | (7) |
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4.3.1 The Residues of OCPs in the Water |
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90 | (2) |
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4.3.2 The Spatial and Temporal Distribution of OCPs in the Water |
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92 | (2) |
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4.3.3 Eco-Risk Assessments for OCPs |
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94 | (3) |
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4.4 Eco-Risk Assessments for PAHs in Lake Chaohu |
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97 | (16) |
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4.4.1 The Residues of PAHs in the Water |
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97 | (3) |
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4.4.2 Site-Specific Ecological Risk of PAHs Based on the SSD Method |
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100 | (1) |
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4.4.3 Probability of Ecological Risk of PAHs Based on the PRA Method |
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101 | (4) |
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4.4.4 Uncertainty Analysis |
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105 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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107 | (6) |
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Chapter 5 Addressing the Uncertainty in Modeling Watershed Nonpoint Source Pollution |
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113 | (48) |
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5.1 Introduction to the Issue |
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113 | (8) |
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5.1.1 Current Status of Nonpoint Source Pollution |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (2) |
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116 | (3) |
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5.1.4 Modeling for Decision Support |
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119 | (2) |
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5.2 Uncertainty in Modeling NPS Pollution: State of the Art |
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121 | (10) |
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5.2.1 A Framework for Analysis |
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121 | (2) |
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5.2.2 Parameter Uncertainty |
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123 | (3) |
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126 | (1) |
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5.2.4 Observational Uncertainty |
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127 | (2) |
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5.2.5 Model Structure Uncertainty |
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129 | (1) |
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5.2.6 Uncertainty About the Future |
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130 | (1) |
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5.3 Uncertainty Analysis for Complex NPS Pollution Models |
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131 | (18) |
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132 | (6) |
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5.3.2 Informal Bayesian Approaches |
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138 | (4) |
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5.3.3 Probabilistic Collocation Method (PCM) |
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142 | (7) |
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5.4 Improving Data and Model Structure: Future Directions |
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149 | (12) |
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5.4.1 Strategic Data Collection |
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149 | (2) |
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5.4.2 Process Understanding and Representation |
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151 | (1) |
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152 | (9) |
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Chapter 6 Extending the Application of Network Analysis to Ecological Risk Assessment for Aquatic Ecosystems |
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161 | (24) |
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161 | (2) |
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6.2 General Framework of Applying Network Analysis to ERA |
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163 | (1) |
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6.3 INA for ERA: Methodology and Rationale |
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164 | (5) |
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6.3.1 Food Web Investigation |
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164 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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6.3.3 A Conversion of Flow Currency |
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166 | (1) |
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6.3.4 Development of Risk Flow |
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167 | (2) |
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6.4 A Case Study of the Application of INA: ERA of a River Ecosystem Intercepted by Damming |
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169 | (5) |
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6.5 Network Indicators for Risk Management |
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174 | (2) |
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6.6 Identifying Uncertainty in Network Analysis |
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176 | (1) |
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6.7 A System-Based ERA Framework for Aquatic Ecosystems |
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177 | (2) |
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179 | (6) |
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179 | (6) |
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Chapter 7 Modeling the Purification Effects of the Constructed Sphagnum Wetland on Phosphorus and Heavy Metals in Dajiuhu Wetland Reserve, China |
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185 | (24) |
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185 | (1) |
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186 | (6) |
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7.2.1 General Situation of the Study Area |
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186 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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7.2.3 Simulation Experimental Method |
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188 | (1) |
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7.2.4 Storage and Processing Method for the Sphagnum and the Peat |
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189 | (1) |
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7.2.5 Chemical Analysis of the Sampling Water |
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190 | (1) |
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7.2.6 Purification Capacity and Purification Rate |
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190 | (1) |
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190 | (2) |
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7.3 Results and Discussion |
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192 | (12) |
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192 | (1) |
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7.3.2 Purification of the SW to TP |
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193 | (1) |
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7.3.3 Purification of SW to Divalent Metal Ions |
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193 | (2) |
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7.3.4 Purification Ability of the SW to Various Contaminants |
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195 | (1) |
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7.3.5 The Best Kinetic Model Selection for Purification Effects of Constructed SW |
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196 | (3) |
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7.3.6 Modeling the Purification Effects of the Constructed SW |
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199 | (4) |
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7.3.7 Importance of the SW, its Purification Mechanism, and Further Study |
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203 | (1) |
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204 | (5) |
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204 | (1) |
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204 | (5) |
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Chapter 8 Ecological Accounting for a Constructed Wetland |
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209 | (22) |
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209 | (2) |
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211 | (3) |
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8.2.1 Accounting Framework |
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211 | (1) |
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212 | (1) |
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8.2.3 Embodied Ecological Endowment Intensity Database |
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212 | (2) |
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214 | (10) |
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8.3.1 Case Description, Inventory, and Database |
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215 | (1) |
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8.3.2 Embodied GHG Emissions |
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215 | (3) |
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8.3.3 Embodied Solar Energy |
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218 | (4) |
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8.3.4 Embodied Cosmic Exergy |
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222 | (2) |
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224 | (7) |
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226 | (5) |
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Chapter 9 Modeling the Response of the Planktonic Microbial Community to Warming Effects in Maritime Antarctic Lakes: Ecological Implications |
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231 | (20) |
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231 | (2) |
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9.2 Study Area: Byers Peninsula, an Antarctic Special Protected Area |
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233 | (3) |
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9.3 Ecological Features: Lake Limnopolar and its Catchment |
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236 | (4) |
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9.4 Modeling of Lake Limnopolar |
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240 | (5) |
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245 | (6) |
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247 | (4) |
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Chapter 10 Analytical Modeling for Environmental Dispersion in Wetland |
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251 | (24) |
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251 | (5) |
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251 | (2) |
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10.1.2 Analytical Approaches |
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253 | (1) |
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10.1.3 Progresses in the Analytical Modeling of Environmental Dispersion |
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254 | (2) |
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256 | (10) |
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10.2.1 Momentum and Concentration Transport |
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257 | (1) |
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10.2.2 Analytical Approaches for Environmental Dispersion in Wetland Flows |
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257 | (9) |
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10.3 Environmental Dispersion for Depth-Dominated Wetland Flows |
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266 | (5) |
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10.3.1 Steady Flow Wetlands |
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266 | (1) |
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10.3.2 Tidal Flow Wetlands |
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266 | (1) |
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10.3.3 Two-Layer Flow Wetlands |
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267 | (1) |
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10.3.4 Ecological Degradation, Duration, and Influenced Region |
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268 | (3) |
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271 | (4) |
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272 | (3) |
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Chapter 11 Trade-Offs Between Biodiversity Conservation and Nutrients Removal in Wetlands of Arid Intensive Agricultural Basins: The Mar Menor Case, Spain |
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275 | (36) |
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Miguel-Angel Esteve-Selma |
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275 | (3) |
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11.2 Dynamic Modeling of the Mar Menor Watershed |
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278 | (6) |
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278 | (3) |
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11.2.2 Simulation Results |
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281 | (3) |
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11.3 Effects of Hydrological Changes on the Mar Menor Lagoon: Jellyfish Outbreaks |
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284 | (1) |
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11.4 Assessment of Ecosystem Services: Nutrient Removal |
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285 | (5) |
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11.4.1 Role of Wetlands and Effects of Measures to Reduce Nutrient Inputs into the Lagoon |
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285 | (1) |
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11.4.2 Cost-Effectiveness Analysis |
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286 | (3) |
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11.4.3 Economic Valuation of the Ecosystem Service of Nutrients Removal of Mar Menor Wetlands |
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289 | (1) |
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11.5 Assessment of Ecosystem Services: Biodiversity Conservation |
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290 | (12) |
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11.5.1 Changes in Aquatic Bird Populations in Relation to Nutrient Inputs and Related Trophic Variables: Indicator Species and Guilds |
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290 | (7) |
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11.5.2 Effects of Hydrological Changes on Habitats and Vegetation Dynamics |
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297 | (5) |
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11.6 Trade-Offs Between Ecosystem Services of Wetlands |
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302 | (3) |
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305 | (6) |
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306 | (5) |
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Chapter 12 Structurally Dynamic Model and Ecological Indicators to detect the crayfish invasion in a lake ecosystem |
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311 | (26) |
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311 | (2) |
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12.2 The Case Study of Lake Chozas (Spain) to Describe the Response to Biological Invasion |
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313 | (8) |
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12.2.1 The Structurally Dynamic Model of Lake Chozas |
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316 | (4) |
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12.2.2 Re-organization of Chozas Lake in Response to Biological Invasion |
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320 | (1) |
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12.3 Joint Application of Ecological Indicators to Assess the Health Status of Two Spanish Lakes |
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321 | (9) |
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12.3.1 Ecological Indicators |
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321 | (2) |
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12.3.2 Application of Ecological Indicators to Lakes Sentiz and Chozas |
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323 | (7) |
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330 | (7) |
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332 | (5) |
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Chapter 13 Development of Ecological Models for the Effects of Macrophyte Restoration on the Ecosystem Health of a Large Eutrophic Chinese Lake (Lake Chaohu) |
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337 | (38) |
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337 | (3) |
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340 | (19) |
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13.2.1 Procedures for Ecosystem Health Assessment Based on Ecological Model |
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340 | (1) |
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13.2.2 Development of Ecological Model for Ecosystem Health Assessment |
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340 | (17) |
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13.2.3 Ecosystem Health Indicators Used in the Ecological Models |
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357 | (2) |
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359 | (6) |
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13.3.1 Model 1 Calibration and Present Health State of Lake Chaohu Ecosystem |
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359 | (5) |
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13.3.2 Effects of Macrophytes on Lake Ecosystem Health |
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364 | (1) |
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365 | (3) |
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368 | (7) |
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369 | (1) |
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369 | (6) |
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Chapter 14 Development of Structural Dynamic Model for the Ecosystem Evolution of a Large Shallow Chinese Lake (Lake Chaohu) |
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375 | (36) |
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375 | (3) |
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14.1.1 Alternative States of Shallow Lakes |
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375 | (1) |
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14.1.2 Lake Chaohu as a Eutrophicated Shallow Lake |
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376 | (1) |
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14.1.3 Modeling Approaches for Restoration of Lake Chaohu |
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377 | (1) |
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378 | (13) |
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378 | (8) |
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14.2.2 Parameter Determination |
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386 | (1) |
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14.2.3 Seasonal Simulation and Validation |
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386 | (5) |
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14.3 Restoration Methods and the Possible Effects |
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391 | (8) |
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14.3.1 Potential Restoration Methods |
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391 | (2) |
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14.3.2 Possible Effects of Various Restoration Methods |
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393 | (6) |
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14.4 Structural Dynamic Approaches |
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399 | (12) |
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14.4.1 Structural Dynamic Approaches on the Lake Shift |
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399 | (1) |
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14.4.2 SDMs Results and Discussion |
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400 | (6) |
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406 | (1) |
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407 | (4) |
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Chapter 15 Exploring the Mechanism of Catastrophic Regime Shift in a Shallow Plateau Lake: A Three-Dimensional Water Quality Modeling Approach |
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411 | (26) |
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411 | (2) |
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15.2 Materials and Methodology |
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413 | (15) |
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15.2.1 Study Area: Lake Yilong |
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413 | (1) |
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15.2.2 Modeling Framework |
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414 | (10) |
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15.2.3 Model Development for Lake Yilong |
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424 | (4) |
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15.3 Results and Discussions |
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428 | (4) |
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15.3.1 Hydrodynamic Simulation and Calibration |
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428 | (1) |
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15.3.2 Water Quality Simulation and Calibration |
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428 | (2) |
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15.3.3 Simulation of the Catastrophic Regime Shift in Lake Yilong |
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430 | (2) |
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432 | (5) |
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432 | (1) |
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432 | (5) |
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Chapter 16 Floating Treatment Wetlands for Nutrient Removal in a Subtropical Stormwater Wet Detention Pond with a Fountain |
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437 | (32) |
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16.1 Overview of Stormwater Flow and Quality Impact |
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437 | (2) |
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16.2 Stormwater Treatment Capacity |
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439 | (4) |
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443 | (7) |
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443 | (1) |
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16.3.2 Materials and Methods |
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443 | (7) |
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16.4 Results and Discussion |
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450 | (11) |
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16.4.1 Temporal and Spatial Nutrients Distributions |
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450 | (6) |
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16.4.2 Operating HRT and REs |
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456 | (3) |
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16.4.3 Hydrological Processes |
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459 | (2) |
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16.5 BMP Credit Assessment |
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461 | (2) |
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463 | (6) |
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464 | (1) |
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464 | (5) |
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Chapter 17 System Dynamics Modeling for Nitrogen Removal in a Subtropical Stormwater Wet Pond |
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469 | (32) |
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469 | (1) |
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17.2 Limitations of Traditional Stormwater Ponds |
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470 | (3) |
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17.3 Floating Treatment Wetland Technologies |
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473 | (1) |
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17.4 Field Campaign for Investigating the Copper Impact |
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474 | (4) |
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17.5 Collection of Nutrient Data |
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478 | (3) |
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17.6 Investigation of Aquatic Nitrogen Cycling |
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481 | (2) |
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17.7 System Dynamics Modeling |
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483 | (2) |
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17.8 Results and Discussion |
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485 | (6) |
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17.8.1 Model Calibration and Validation |
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485 | (5) |
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17.8.2 Sensitivity Analysis for Addressing Copper-Related Ecotoxicity |
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490 | (1) |
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491 | (10) |
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Appendix A Stock Symbols Used in the STELLA Model |
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492 | (1) |
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Appendix B Flow Symbols Used in the STELLA Model |
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493 | (2) |
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Appendix C Converter Symbols Used in the STELLA Model |
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495 | (1) |
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496 | (5) |
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Chapter 18 Modeling Management Options for Controlling the Invasive Zebra Mussel in a Mediterranean Reservoir |
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501 | (18) |
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501 | (2) |
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503 | (4) |
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503 | (1) |
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503 | (2) |
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18.2.3 Zebra Mussel Mortality Rates and System Carrying Capacity |
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505 | (1) |
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18.2.4 Model Formulation and Calibration |
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506 | (1) |
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507 | (1) |
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18.4 Results and Discussion |
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507 | (6) |
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18.4.1 Population Dynamics and Model Calibration |
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507 | (1) |
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18.4.2 Total Phosphorus Effect |
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508 | (2) |
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18.4.3 Scenario with Increased Mortality |
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510 | (3) |
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513 | (6) |
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514 | (1) |
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514 | (5) |
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Chapter 19 SubWet 2.0. Modeling the Performance of Treatment Wetlands |
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519 | (20) |
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519 | (1) |
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520 | (1) |
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19.2.1 General Considerations |
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520 | (1) |
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19.2.2 Model Parameter Ranges and Default Values |
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521 | (1) |
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521 | (12) |
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19.3.1 Field Trials from a Cold Climate Environment (Arctic Canada, Natural Tundra Wetland Examples) |
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524 | (6) |
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19.3.2 Field Trial from a Warm Climate Environment (Iringa, Tanzania---a Constructed Wetland Example) |
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530 | (3) |
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19.4 Advantages of SubWet in Comparison to Other Predictive Tools |
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533 | (2) |
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19.5 Summary and Conclusions |
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535 | (4) |
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536 | (3) |
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Chapter 20 Framing the Need for Applications of Ecological Engineering in Arctic Environments |
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539 | (14) |
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539 | (2) |
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20.2 Review of Application of Ecological Engineering in the Arctic: 1970s to Present |
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541 | (5) |
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20.2.1 Revegetation of Disturbed Tundra |
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542 | (1) |
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543 | (2) |
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20.2.3 Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment and Rehabilitation |
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545 | (1) |
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20.3 Barriers to the Application Ecological Engineering in the Arctic |
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546 | (1) |
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20.4 Moving Research to Application |
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547 | (1) |
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547 | (6) |
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548 | (5) |
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Chapter 21 Exploratory Performance Testing of a Pilot Scale HSSF Wetland in the Canadian Arctic |
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553 | (14) |
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553 | (1) |
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554 | (2) |
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556 | (8) |
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564 | (3) |
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564 | (1) |
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565 | (2) |
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Chapter 22 Practical Aspects, Logistical Challenges, and Regulatory Considerations for Modeling and Managing Treatment Wetlands in the Canadian Arctic |
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567 | (18) |
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567 | (2) |
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568 | (1) |
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22.2 Logistical Challenges |
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569 | (9) |
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22.2.1 The Wastewater System |
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571 | (6) |
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22.2.2 Current Regulatory Framework in the Canadian Arctic |
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577 | (1) |
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|
578 | (2) |
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|
578 | (1) |
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22.3.2 Management/Infrastructure |
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|
578 | (1) |
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|
579 | (1) |
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|
580 | (1) |
|
22.4.1 Data Gaps/Science Needs |
|
|
580 | (1) |
|
22.4.2 Tundra Wetland as Part of the Treatment Chain |
|
|
581 | (1) |
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|
581 | (4) |
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|
581 | (4) |
|
Chapter 23 Modeling of Municipal Wastewater Treatment in a System Consisting of Waste Stabilization Ponds, Constructed Wetlands and Fish Ponds in Tanzania |
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|
585 | (16) |
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|
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|
585 | (1) |
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23.2 Previous Efforts in Modeling of Wastewater Treatment |
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|
586 | (2) |
|
23.3 Sampling and Model Development |
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|
588 | (1) |
|
23.3.1 Sampling and Analysis |
|
|
588 | (1) |
|
23.3.2 Model State Variables and Processes/Flows |
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|
588 | (1) |
|
23.4 Mathematical Equations |
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|
588 | (3) |
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23.4.1 WSP (Maturation Pond) |
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|
588 | (2) |
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23.4.2 Horizontal Subsurface Constructed Wetlands |
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|
590 | (1) |
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|
590 | (1) |
|
23.5 Model Simulations and Output |
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|
591 | (6) |
|
23.5.1 Waste Stabilization Pond (Maturation Pond) |
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|
591 | (1) |
|
23.5.2 Nitrogen Mass Balance in WSP |
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|
591 | (2) |
|
23.5.3 Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands |
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|
593 | (1) |
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23.5.4 Mass Balance in the HSSFCW |
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|
593 | (2) |
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|
595 | (1) |
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23.5.6 Mass Balance in the Fish Pond |
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|
595 | (2) |
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23.6 Conclusions and Recommendations |
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|
597 | (4) |
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|
597 | (1) |
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|
598 | (3) |
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Chapter 24 A Novel Subsurface Upflow Wetland with the Aid of Biosorption-Activated Media for Nutrient Removal |
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|
601 | (24) |
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|
601 | (2) |
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24.2 Regulation and Policy |
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|
603 | (2) |
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24.2.1 Current Regulation of Water Quality and OSTDS Standards |
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|
603 | (1) |
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|
604 | (1) |
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24.3 Biosorption-Activated Media |
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|
605 | (1) |
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606 | (15) |
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|
606 | (4) |
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24.4.2 Selection of Plant Species |
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|
610 | (2) |
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24.4.3 Sampling and Analysis |
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|
612 | (2) |
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24.4.4 Performance-Based Comparisons Between Wetland Cells |
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|
614 | (2) |
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24.4.5 SUW Effluent Performance Concentrations |
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|
616 | (2) |
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24.4.6 SUW Mass Balance with Removal Performance Data |
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|
618 | (3) |
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|
621 | (4) |
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|
621 | (1) |
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622 | (3) |
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Chapter 25 Tracer-based System Dynamic Modeling for Designing a Subsurface Upflow Wetland for Nutrient Removal |
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|
625 | (23) |
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625 | (2) |
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627 | (2) |
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629 | (3) |
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|
629 | (2) |
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25.3.2 Hydraulic Pathways of SUW |
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|
631 | (1) |
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25.4 Modeling the SUW System |
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|
632 | (11) |
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|
632 | (4) |
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25.4.2 Model Construction |
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|
636 | (2) |
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|
638 | (1) |
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25.4.4 Model Calibration and Validation |
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|
639 | (4) |
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25.5 Sensitivity Analysis |
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|
643 | (4) |
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|
647 | (1) |
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|
647 | (1) |
Acknowledgments |
|
648 | (1) |
References |
|
648 | (3) |
Index |
|
651 | |