Acknowledgements |
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ix | |
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1 Introduction: International Law, Violence, and Visibility |
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1 | (30) |
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1.1 International Law, Violence, and Visibility: War's Hidden Socio-ecological Legacy |
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1 | (7) |
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1.2 Pushing the Conversation Forward |
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8 | (5) |
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1.3 'New Wars' and the Environment |
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13 | (12) |
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1.4 Slow and Structural Violence |
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1.5 Overview of Arguments |
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25 | (6) |
Part I Concepts, Theories, And Debates |
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2 The Ecology of War and Peace: Unpacking the Assumptions |
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31 | (29) |
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31 | (1) |
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2.2 The Place of the Environment within Peace and Conflict Studies |
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32 | (20) |
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2.2.1 Of Scarcity, Greed, and Grievances: Nature and the Root Causes of Violent Conflict |
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36 | (8) |
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2.2.2 'Illicit' Trade in Natural Resources and the Political Economy of Civil Wars |
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44 | (4) |
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2.2.3 Environmental Peacebuilding and the Spectre of 'Liberal Peace' |
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48 | (4) |
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2.3 Adding Environmental-Justice to the Picture |
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52 | (6) |
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58 | (2) |
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3 Origins and Evolutions of Legal Debates on the Environment-Conflict 'Nexus' |
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60 | (45) |
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60 | (4) |
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3.2 From Grotius to the Contemporary Jus in Bello: Necessity, Distinction, and Proportionality as the Standards for Environmental Protection |
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64 | (7) |
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3.3 Reacting to Ecocide Perpetrated in the Vietnam War: Adding the 'Environment' to the Laws of Armed Conflict |
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71 | (5) |
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3.4 The 1990-1. Gulf War and the Codification of Environmental War Crime in the Statute of the International Criminal Court |
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76 | (5) |
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3.5 Interpretative Routes to Restrain 'Illegal' Resource Exploitation during Armed Conflict and Occupation |
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81 | (7) |
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3.6 Beyond the Laws of Armed Conflict |
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88 | (13) |
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3.6.1 Multilateral Environmental Agreements and Principles of Environmental Law: 'Greening' the Jus in Bello? |
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88 | (5) |
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3.6.2 International Human Rights Law and the Environment: A Complicated Relationship |
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93 | (8) |
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101 | (4) |
Part II The Practice Of International Law |
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4 War Crimes Tribunals and the International Court of Justice: Nature between Property Protection and Humanitarian Concerns |
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105 | (48) |
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105 | (2) |
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4.2 International and Hybrid Criminal Tribunals |
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107 | (15) |
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4.2.1 Post-World War II Tribunals and the Prosecution of Property Crimes |
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107 | (4) |
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4.2.2 The NATO Bombing Campaign in Former Yugoslavia: The Environment as a 'Casualty' of Warfare |
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111 | (5) |
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4.2.3 The Environment as the Means to Commit Humanitarian Atrocities |
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116 | (3) |
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4.2.4 The Special Court for Sierra Leone, Natural Resources, and the Economic Motives for Armed Struggle |
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119 | (3) |
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4.3 Two Different Paradigms of Justice: The Tension between International Criminal Justice and Environmental Justice |
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122 | (8) |
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4.4 The International Court of Justice |
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130 | (21) |
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4.4.1 The Nuclear Weapons Advisory Opinion: Slow Violence and Non Liquet |
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130 | (7) |
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4.4.2 The Armed Activities Case (Congo v. Uganda) |
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137 | (14) |
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151 | (2) |
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5 The United Nations Security Council: From 'Conflict Resources' to Climate Change as a 'Threat' to International Peace and Security |
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153 | (44) |
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153 | (3) |
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5.2 Sanctions and Resource-Driven Armed Conflict |
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156 | (7) |
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5.2.1 A Few Words on Sanctions |
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156 | (3) |
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5.2.2 The Evolving Objectives of Sanctions Targeting 'Conflict Resources': From Conflict Termination to Governance Interventions |
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159 | (4) |
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5.3 The UNSC and the Global Regulation of Resource Extraction in Conflict Zones |
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163 | (6) |
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5.4 Implementing Sanctions: Peacekeeping Operations and Panels of Experts |
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169 | (9) |
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5.4.1 Securitising Resource Extraction |
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169 | (4) |
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5.4.2 'Naming and Shaming' and Corporate Due Diligence |
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173 | (5) |
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5.5 A Narrow and Short-Term Approach to Peace |
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178 | (8) |
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5.5.1 Ignoring Conflict Root Causes |
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178 | (4) |
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5.5.2 Overlooking Sustainability Challenges |
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182 | (4) |
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5.6 Climate Change and International Peace and Security |
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186 | (9) |
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5.6.1 Different Accounts of 'Climate Security' |
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186 | (4) |
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5.6.2 Rethinking the Powers of the UNSC and Orthodox Approaches to Peace and Security |
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190 | (5) |
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195 | (2) |
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6 Truth Commissions: Conflicts over Extractive Resources and the Battle for Different Views of Nature |
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197 | (34) |
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197 | (4) |
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6.2 A Brief Overview of Truth Commissions |
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201 | (2) |
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6.3 Constructing the 'Truth' about Resource-Driven Wars in Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Timor-Leste |
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203 | (14) |
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6.3.1 Setting the Stage: Natural Resources and Conflict Causes and Dynamics |
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203 | (7) |
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6.3.2 Human Rights Abuses and 'Illegal' Resource Extraction |
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210 | (7) |
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6.4 Three Paradigms of Responsibility |
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217 | (12) |
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6.4.1 The Sierra Leonean TC: The Post-conflict State as the 'Main Agent of Change' |
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217 | (5) |
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6.4.2 The Liberian TC: The 'Economic Crimes' Lens |
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222 | (4) |
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6.4.3 The Timor-Leste TC: A Progressive Reading of Socio-economic and Nature Rights |
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226 | (3) |
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229 | (2) |
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7 Conclusion: Towards a Political Ecology of International Law |
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231 | (12) |
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7.1 Reframing 'The Environment' and Its Relation to Humanity in Rules Governing War |
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235 | (3) |
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7.2 Embracing Complexity: Rethinking the 'Nexus' between Nature, Conflict, and Peace |
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238 | (2) |
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7.3 Towards a Political Ecology of International Law |
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240 | (3) |
Bibliography |
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243 | (35) |
Index |
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278 | |