| Acknowledgments |
|
xi | |
|
|
|
xiii | |
|
|
|
xix | |
| Foreword |
|
xxi | |
| Introduction |
|
xxix | |
| Democratization and Less-Than-Democratic Elections |
|
xxix | |
| Less-Than-Democratic Elections as Political Opportunities |
|
xxx | |
| Methods |
|
xxxiii | |
| Political Processes |
|
xxxiv | |
| Institutional Contexts |
|
xxxv | |
| Overview |
|
xxxix | |
|
Elections and Democratization in the Philippines |
|
|
1 | (32) |
|
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
Contending Views of Regime Transition and Democratization |
|
|
2 | (3) |
|
Variable Less-Than-Democratic Regime Types: Political Crossroads in the Difficult Journey from Authoritarianism to Democracy |
|
|
5 | (3) |
|
The Variable Problem of Exclusionary Electoral Practices |
|
|
8 | (1) |
|
The Philippine Political Transitions |
|
|
9 | (2) |
|
Electoralism and Democratization in the Philippines (1978-1986) |
|
|
11 | (3) |
|
National Electoral Competition and Local Democratization After 1986 |
|
|
14 | (4) |
|
Grassroots Citizenship Campaigns: Contesting the Meaning and Purpose of Elections After 1986 |
|
|
18 | (15) |
|
The Colonial Era and its Political Legacies, 1565-1945 |
|
|
33 | (38) |
|
|
|
33 | (1) |
|
Spanish Colonial Rule (1565-1898) |
|
|
34 | (7) |
|
American Colonial Rule (1898-1946) |
|
|
41 | (11) |
|
The Philippine Commonwealth (1935-1941) |
|
|
52 | (1) |
|
``Social Justice,'' Hacendero Resistance, and Democratic Opposition |
|
|
53 | (7) |
|
|
|
60 | (11) |
|
The Postwar Clientelist Electoral Regime, 1945-1972 |
|
|
71 | (32) |
|
|
|
71 | (1) |
|
Restoration of Cacique Democracy (1945-1954) |
|
|
72 | (8) |
|
Heyday of Cacique Democracy (1954-1972) |
|
|
80 | (12) |
|
|
|
92 | (11) |
|
The Institutionalization of Centralized Authoritarian Rule, 1972-1978 |
|
|
103 | (36) |
|
|
|
103 | (1) |
|
Imposition of Martial Law |
|
|
104 | (4) |
|
Extension of Centralized Authoritarian Holds Systemwide |
|
|
108 | (3) |
|
Rural Economic Development Strategy |
|
|
111 | (4) |
|
Building Rural Opposition to the New Society |
|
|
115 | (14) |
|
|
|
129 | (10) |
|
Elections and Democratization in the Marcos Era |
|
|
139 | (62) |
|
|
|
139 | (1) |
|
Breaking Through the ``Wall of Silence'' (1972-1978) |
|
|
140 | (15) |
|
Emboldened Opposition (1978-1983) |
|
|
155 | (10) |
|
The 1983-1986 Civic Uprising |
|
|
165 | (16) |
|
|
|
181 | (20) |
|
Local Struggles and National Regime Transition |
|
|
201 | (84) |
|
|
|
201 | (1) |
|
National Perspective on Post-Marcos Political Reconstruction |
|
|
202 | (11) |
|
Local Perspectives on the New Politics Campaign |
|
|
213 | (2) |
|
|
|
215 | (25) |
|
|
|
240 | (24) |
|
|
|
264 | (21) |
|
|
|
285 | (18) |
|
|
|
285 | (1) |
|
|
|
286 | (1) |
|
|
|
287 | (7) |
|
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
|
|
295 | (8) |
| Bibliography |
|
303 | (16) |
| Interviews |
|
319 | (4) |
| Index |
|
323 | |
