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E-grāmata: Electric Fuses: Fundamentals and new applications

(Eaton Electrical Products Ltd, UK), (University of Nottingham, UK), (Brush/Hawker Fusegear, UK)
  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Sērija : Energy Engineering
  • Izdošanas datums: 24-Aug-2022
  • Izdevniecība: Institution of Engineering and Technology
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781839534096
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Electric Fuses: Fundamentals and new applicationsPalielināt
  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Sērija : Energy Engineering
  • Izdošanas datums: 24-Aug-2022
  • Izdevniecība: Institution of Engineering and Technology
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781839534096
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Fuses are designed to operate when over-currents, large and small, occur within electrical equipment; they thus interrupt the flow of current, preventing damage. They are needed for various power electric systems, for stationary and automotive applications, as well as power grid components like PV systems and distribution lines. Different types of equipment and voltages require special fuses, and their behaviour must be understood to guarantee correct choice and safe operation.

For the 3rd edition in 2004, Wright and Newbery's classic had been revised to include pre-arcing and arcing behaviour, retrofitting of fuses, chip and automotive fuses, and insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) protection. Edition 4 includes updates on standards and new applications. Data, standards descriptions and many illustrations have been revised and updated. Chapters cover pre-arcing and arcing behaviour of cartridge fuselinks, constructions and types of low-and high-voltage fuses as well as miniature, plug and other small fuses, various applications, standards, manufacture, quality assurance and inspection.

This reference is indispensable for researchers involved with power electric equipment, grids and motors, and experts engaged in fuse development, design and production.



This 4th edition of the classic reference on electric fuses has been substantially updated. The contents, data, descriptions and illustrations have been revised, and new topics added including fuses for photovoltaic systems, battery storage and electric vehicles.

About the authors xv
Preface xvii
Acknowledgements xix
Obituries xxi
List of principal symbols
xxiii
1 Introduction
1(16)
1.1 History of fuse development
1(8)
1.2 Basic requirements
9(2)
1.3 Fuse types and constructions
11(4)
1.3.1 Classifications
11(1)
1.3.2 Basic constructions
11(3)
1.3.3 `Resettable fuses' and fault limiters
14(1)
1.3.4 The antifuse
15(1)
1.4 World production
15(2)
2 Pre-arcing behaviour of cartridge fuselinks
17(28)
2.1 General behaviour
17(16)
2.1.1 Clearance of very high currents
19(3)
2.1.2 Clearance of high currents
22(2)
2.1.3 Behaviour at intermediate current levels
24(1)
2.1.4 Behaviour at currents near the minimum fusing level
25(3)
2.1.5 Mathematical and experimental studies
28(5)
2.2 Control of time/current characteristics
33(1)
2.3 M-effect
34(5)
2.3.1 Oxidation
38(1)
2.4 Skin and proximity effects
39(2)
2.5 Advances in modelling
41(4)
3 Arcing behaviour of cartridge fuselinks
45(18)
3.1 Basic conditions during the arcing period
45(3)
3.2 Arc model
48(1)
3.2.1 Cathode-fall region
49(1)
3.2.2 Anode-fall region
49(1)
3.3 Positive column
49(8)
3.3.1 Length of a positive column
49(4)
3.3.2 Cross-sectional area of a positive column
53(1)
3.3.3 Electrical conductivity of a positive column
54(3)
3.4 Complete mathematical model
57(6)
4 Constructions and types of low-voltage fuses
63(50)
4.1 Cartridge fuses
64(21)
4.1.1 Fuselink elements
64(3)
4.1.2 Further details on selection of element materials
67(2)
4.1.3 Fuselink bodies
69(1)
4.1.4 Filling material
69(1)
4.1.5 Industrial fuses
69(9)
4.1.6 Domestic fuses
78(2)
4.1.7 Fuses for the protection of circuits containing semiconductor devices
80(4)
4.1.8 Other types
84(1)
4.2 Semi-enclosed fuses
85(1)
4.3 Continental European fuses
85(11)
4.3.1 Blade-contact-type fuses
86(5)
4.3.2 End-contact or screw-type fuses
91(2)
4.3.3 Cylindrical-cap-contact fuses
93(2)
4.3.4 Semiconductor fuses
95(1)
4.4 North American fuses
96(8)
4.4.1 Industrial fuses
96(6)
4.4.2 Domestic fuses
102(1)
4.4.3 Semiconductor fuses
103(1)
4.5 Fuses for telecommunication power systems
104(1)
4.6 Fuses for railway applications
105(3)
4.7 Fuse for photovoltaic (solar power) systems
108(3)
4.8 Fuses for battery energy storage systems
111(2)
5 Constructions and types of high-voltage fuses
113(24)
5.1 Non-current-limiting fuselinks
113(5)
5.1.1 Expulsion fuses
114(2)
5.1.2 Liquid fuses
116(2)
5.2 Current-limiting fuselinks
118(10)
5.2.1 Constructions of Back Up or partial-range fuselinks
118(6)
5.2.2 Current-interrupting abilities and categories of fuselinks
124(3)
5.2.3 Full-Range fuselinks
127(1)
5.3 Continental European practice
128(2)
5.4 North American practice
130(7)
5.4.1 Current-limiting fuses
131(1)
5.4.2 Non-current-limiting fuses
131(6)
6 Constructions of miniature, plug and other small fuses
137(18)
6.1 Miniature fuses
137(13)
6.1.1 Cartridge fuselinks
138(7)
6.1.2 Subminiature fuses
145(1)
6.1.3 Universal modular fuselinks
146(4)
6.2 Domestic plug fuses
150(1)
6.3 Automotive fuses
151(4)
7 Application of fuses
155(76)
7.1 General aims and considerations
155(9)
7.1.1 Time/current relationships
156(2)
7.1.2 I2t
158(1)
7.1.3 Virtual time
159(1)
7.1.4 Published time/current characteristics
160(1)
7.1.5 Cut-off characteristics
161(1)
7.1.6 Operating frequency
161(1)
7.1.7 Application of fuses to DC circuits
162(2)
7.2 Discrimination and co-ordination
164(4)
7.2.1 Networks protected by fuses
165(1)
7.2.2 Networks protected by fuses and devices of other types
166(1)
7.2.3 Co-ordination between a current-limiting fuse and a directly associated device of lower breaking capacity
167(1)
7.3 Protection of cables
168(4)
7.4 Protection of motors
172(4)
7.4.1 Protection of soft starters
175(1)
7.5 Protection of power transformers
176(7)
7.6 Protection of voltage transformers
183(1)
7.7 Protection of capacitors
184(5)
7.8 Protection of semiconductor devices
189(26)
7.8.1 Protection requirements
189(2)
7.8.2 Basic protective arrangements
191(2)
7.8.3 Co-ordination of fuselinks and semiconductor devices
193(4)
7.8.4 Cyclic loading of semiconductor fuselinks
197(2)
7.8.5 Application of fuselinks to equipment incorporating semiconductor devices
199(5)
7.8.6 Protection of DC thyristor drives
204(4)
7.8.7 Protection of inverters
208(1)
7.8.8 Protection of power transistors
209(3)
7.8.9 Combination of rectifier and inverter
212(1)
7.8.10 Situations where there are high surge currents of short duration
213(1)
7.8.11 Special applications
214(1)
7.9 Protection against electric shock
215(2)
7.9.1 Protection against direct contact
215(1)
7.9.2 Protection against indirect contact
215(2)
7.10 Arc flash
217(2)
7.11 Power quality
219(1)
7.12 Protection of photovoltaic (PV) systems
220(8)
7.13 Protection of battery energy storage systems
228(3)
8 International and national standards
231(30)
8.1 Contents of standards
231(21)
8.1.1 Scope
232(1)
8.1.2 Normative references
232(1)
8.1.3 Definitions
233(1)
8.1.4 Standard conditions of operation
233(1)
8.1.5 Ratings and characteristics
234(5)
8.1.6 Markings
239(1)
8.1.7 Type tests
240(6)
8.1.8 Dimensions
246(1)
8.1.9 Application guides
246(6)
8.2 IEC fuse standards
252(2)
8.2.1 Low-voltage fuses
252(1)
8.2.2 High-voltage fuses
253(1)
8.2.3 Miniature fuses
254(1)
8.2.4 Temperature rise
254(1)
8.3 European standards
254(2)
8.3.1 British standards
255(1)
8.3.2 Other national standards
256(1)
8.4 North American standards
256(1)
8.4.1 Low-voltage and miniature fuses
256(1)
8.4.2 High-voltage fuses
257(1)
8.5 Approvals procedure
257(4)
9 Manufacture, quality assurance and inspection
261(10)
9.1 Quality assurance
261(1)
9.2 Design and manufacturing control
262(1)
9.3 Purchased material and components
263(4)
9.3.1 Bodies
264(2)
9.3.2 End caps
266(1)
9.3.3 Element material
266(1)
9.3.4 Granular filling material
266(1)
9.3.5 Machined parts for striker assemblies
267(1)
9.3.6 Components and other materials
267(1)
9.3.7 Calibration
267(1)
9.4 In-process inspection
267(2)
9.4.1 Production of fuselink elements
267(1)
9.4.2 Winding of high-voltage-fuselink elements
268(1)
9.4.3 Fuselink assembly
268(1)
9.4.4 Striker assemblies
268(1)
9.4.5 In-process final inspection
269(1)
9.4.6 Dimensional check
269(1)
9.4.7 X-ray examination
269(1)
9.4.8 Resistance measurement
269(1)
9.5 Other fuse parts
269(2)
10 Fuse recycling -- even after operation fuses are still useful
271(2)
References 273(6)
Glossary of terms 279(4)
Bibliography 283(2)
Index 285
Nigel P.M. Nurse was a senior engineer at Eaton Electrical Products Ltd, UK. He has been involved in the fuse link industry since 1976. Nigel worked closely with Gordon Newbery for much of his career, and his thesis was supervised by the late Prof. A. Wright. Nigel has been directly involved with the design, manufacture and applications of fuse links for over 40 years and is a co-author or author of a number of papers.



Arthur Wright was a professor of electrical engineering at the University of Nottingham. His specific expertise was in the fields of protective relaying and fuses.



P. Gordon Newbery was involved with the fuse industry for over 40 years. He was technical director for Brush/Hawker Fusegear and subsequently for the Bussmann Division of Cooper Industries in Europe and was involved with fuse standards in British and international committees.
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